英语语法讲解之定语从句

英语语法讲解之定语从句时间：2016-08-12作者：来源：学习方法网一．几个基本概念1.定语从句的定义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。3.定语从句的位置：紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。4.引导词：引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/whom/which/as﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why5.引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。【as除外】6.引导词的功能(作用)：﹙1﹚连接先行词和定语从句。﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语)。7.定语从句的类型：﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。①直接由引导词引导定语从句Themanwhoyou’retalkingtoismyfriend.②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导Themantowhomyou’retalkingismyfriend.IneedapenwithwhichIcanwritealetter.=IneedapieceofpaperonwhichIcanwritealetter.介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.Thepalace(which/that)Ioftenpayavisittowasbuiltinthe17thcentury.=ThepalacetowhichIoftenpayavisitwasbuiltinthe17thcentury.﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。①直接由引导词引导定语从句。②由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导。Iliveinahousefarawayfromthecity，infrontofwhichisabigtree.Thereisanappletreestandingatthegate，onwhicharemanyapples.ThisisthemantowhomIgavethebook.③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“ofwhich/whom+名词/代词”(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)引导。One，some，any，none，all，both，several，many，most，neither，either等词、数词、分数或百分比与ofwhom或ofwhich连用。Hehasfivechildren，twoofwhomareabroad.(比较：Hehasfivechildren，andtwoofthemareabroad.)Wehavethreebooks，noneofwhichis/areinteresting.(比较：Wehavethreebooks，butnoneofthemis/areinteresting.)除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。2.非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。Theengineer，whoselegwasbadlyhurt，wasquicklysenttohospital.(那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤)Theengineerwhoselegwasbadlyhurtwasquicklysenttohospital.(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)3.在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who，做宾语时用whom；指物做主语，宾语都用which；关系副词用when或where，也不能省略。Theman，______issittingonthechair，ismyfather.Thewoman，_______Imetyesterday，ismyEnglishteacher.Thecity，_______isfaraway，isverybeautiful.HewenttoAmerica，______hisparentslive.HejoinedtheArmyyesterday，______Ileft，too.4.whose引导非限定性定语从句：Thehouse，whosewindowfacessouth，ismine.=Thehouse，thewindowofwhichfacessouth，ismine.=Thehouse，ofwhichthewindowfacessouth，ismine.二。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Doyouknowthegentlemanwho/thatissittingthere？2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。①当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时，关系代词可省略。Doyouknowthegentleman(whom/who/that)wemetjustnow？②当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。Theman(whom/who/that)Ispokewithismyteacher.ThemanwithwhomIspokeismyteacher.※注：固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如lookfor，takecareof等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。Sheistherightgirl(who/whom/that)wearelookingfor.3.whose：指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。Whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whom+the=n.Ididn’tfindthedeskwhoselegwasbroken.(主语)HeisthestudentwhosepencilIbrokeyesterday.(动宾)ThebossinwhosecompanyIworkisverykind.(介宾)4.which/that指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。①当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。②当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。Thehousewhich/thatwasdestroyedintheearthquakeisweak.Thepen(which/that)youfoundyesterdayismine.Thegames(that/which)theyoungmencompetedinweredifficult.Thegamesinwhichtheyoungmencompetedweredifficult.※注：介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。※5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省略。主要用于“thesame…as…；such…as…；so…as…；as…as…；asfollows”固定结构中，形式固定此时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m)，which，或that引导定语从句：SuchpeopleasknewHillthoughthewashonest.SuchpeopleasHillknewthoughthewashonest.Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.Thechildknowsasmuchasgrow-ups(know).I’dliketohavethesamebooksasareusedinyourschool.HeisnotsuchapersonasIexpected.Hewillmarryasprettyagirlashecanfind.※注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数。Ourteamlostthegame，as/whichwasreportedinthenewspaper.Shewasterrified，as/whichIcouldseefromhereyes.Hemarriedher，as/whichwasnatural.区别：①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。Hemarriedher，as/whichwasnatural.=Aswasnatural，hemarriedher.MarkTwinisagreatwriter，which/asisknowntoall.=Asisknowntoall，MarkTwinisagreatwriter.②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：asweallknow，asisknowntoall，aseverybodycansee，asisexpected，Asisknown/said/reported/told/weallknow等。如：Asweallknow，paperwasfirstmadeinChina.Toshutyoureyestofacts，asmanyofyoudo，isfoolish.③主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.Ourclasshaswonthefootballmatch，whichmadeusveryhappy.Bamboosarehollow，whichmakesthemverylight.④从句含否定意义时常用which.Shedidn’tpasstheexam，whichwecouldn’texpect.Shedidn’tpasstheexam，asweexpected.6.when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。IstillrememberthetimewhenIjoinedtheLeague.=IstillrememberthetimeonwhichIjoinedtheLeague.=Istillrememberthetime(which/that)IjoinedtheLeagueon.7.where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。IstillremembertheschoolwhereIjoinedtheLeague.=IstillremembertheschoolinwhichIjoinedtheLeague.=Istillremembertheschool(which/that)IjoinedtheLeaguein.※注：对关系副词when，where的认识。①.先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。I’llneverforgetthetime(which/that)IspentinBeijing.②.先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。Thisisthefactory(which/that)hevisitedyesterday.③.当句型为It/This/Thatis(was)thefirst(second…last)time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数，不是时间。It/Thisisthefirsttimethatwetravel.It/ThisisthelasttimethatIshallgiveyoualesson.8.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason，不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why=forwhichIdon’tknowthereasonwhyhewaslateyesterday.Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslateisthathemissedthebus.※注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why.Thisisthereason(that/which)hegave/explainedtous.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较：Iwillneverforgettheday(which/that)IspentinHongkong.(spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)Iwillneverforgetthedaywhen/onwhichHongkongreturnedtoitsmotherland.(从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)Thereason(that/which)hegavefornotcomingtoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.(gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)Thereasonwhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterdayisn’tbelievable.(从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)三。值得注意的几个问题：第一。当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyear.Thisisthefirstbook(that)Iborrowfromthelibrary.※Heisthefirststudentthat/whocametoschooltoday.2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandtheschool(that)hehadvisited.3.当先行词本身是all的，用that.(allthat=what)Allthat(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.=All(what)Iwanttosaytoyouis“Thankyou”.Gooverallthat(what)welearned.=Gooverall(what)welearned.(that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略)4.先行词为something，anything，nothing，everything，thing时，用that.I’lltellyouanything(that)Iknow.5.当先行词前有all，much，little，many，(a)few，every，some，any，no，only，thevery，oneof，theonly，thelast，thenext等修饰语时。Thisisoneofthebooks(that)I’mveryinterestingin.※ThisisoneofthebooksinwhichI’mveryinteresting.Thisistheonlybook(that)Iread.Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Alltheglassesthatwereonthetablefelloffontothefloor.6.(人，物)，当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时，用that引导以避免混淆。Whoisthemanthatistalkingwiththelady？Whichofyouthatknowtheanswercancometothefront？7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用that.Helikesthegirlthatsheusedtobe.第二。当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时。Theroominwhichhelivesisverylarge.2.引导非限定性定语从句时(主，宾都用which，都不能省略).Football，whichisaveryinterestinggame，isplayedallovertheworld.Thehouse，whichIvisitedyesterday，isverylarge.3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句。Healwaysmakesfunofme，whichupsetsme.第三。其他特殊情况。1.先行词是these，those指人时，关系代词只用who.Thosewhoareplayingovertherearemystudents.2.先行词是人称代词(he，she…)时，关系代词只用who.Hewhodoesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.3.不定代词someone，anyone，everyone，noone，somebody，anybody，everybody作先行词时，关系代词用who.Anybodywhobreakstheruleswouldbepunished.4.①先行词是theonlyoneof+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式(因为此时的先行词是theonlyone，而不是of后的可数名词复数).Heistheonlyoneoftheboysthatlikesplayingthepiano.Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatisborrowed.②先行词是oneof+可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式(因为此时的先行词是of后的可数名词复数，而不是one).Thisisoneofthestudentswhoarelate.5.当主句缺先行词时，用theone代替，但须注意：theone只能代替可数名词单数。如为不可数名词时，指什么用什么。IsthisschooltheoneIvisitedyesterday？Ispopmusicthemusichelikesbest？6.当先行词是theway，在定语从句中充当方式状语时(theway表“以…方式/方法”)，引导词通常用that或省略，也可用inwhich.Idon’tliketheway(that)youspeak.=Idon’tlikethewayinwhichyouspeak.=Idon’tliketheway(which/that)youspeakin.【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】在定语从句中，介词+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代词的结构浅析如下：1.介词+which在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语，代替相应的关系副词when，where和why.如：Istillrememberthedayonwhich(when)Ifirstcametoschool.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。Thefactoryinwhich(=where)Iworkisalargeone.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。Thisisthereasonforwhich(=why)hewaslate.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。2.介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作地点状语，表示存在关系，定语从句主谓一般要倒置。Theyarrivedatafarmhouse，infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.他来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。Isawaman，ontheheadofwhomstoodabird.我看见一个人，他的头上站着一只鸟。3.介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)在定语从句中作目的、方式或地点状语。这种结构中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如：Couldyoutellmeforwhomyou’veboughtthiscoat？你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗？Theman，fromwhomIlearnedthenews，isanengineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。4.介词+which/whom，用于被动结构的定语从句中，作状语，说明动作的出发者。如：Thewolfbywhichthesheepwaskilledwasshot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。Themanbywhomthewolfwasshotwasagoodhunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。5.不定代词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的部分，常用的不定代词有：both，all，any，some，each，none，most等。如：Therearealotofbookshere，noneofwhichbelongstome.这儿有许多书，可一本也不属于我。YesterdayMaryboughtafewclothes，allofwhichwereexpensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服，他们都很贵。6.数词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，说明整体与部分的关系。数词可以是基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如：Inourclasstherearefifty-fourstudents，twenty-fiveofwhomaregirls.我们班有54名学生，25人是女生。Twowatcheswerestolen，oneofwhichwasmine.两只手表被偷了，其中一只是我的。7.名词+of+which代替whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。如：Isawsometrees，theleavesofwhich(=whoseleaves)wereblackwithdisease.我看见一些树，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。Iliveinahouse，thewindowsofwhichareallbroken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。8.介词+which(指物)/whose(指人)修饰后边的名词。如：Itrainedallnightandallday，duringwhichtimetheshipwasbrokenintopieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这期间轮船撞碎了。Thedriverwasthemanfromwhoseroomshehadstolenthemaps.司机就是那个人，她从他的房间偷走地图。9.形容词最高级+of+which/whom结构，在定语从句中，作定语，表部分关系。如：Chinahasthousandsofislands，thelargestofwhichisTaiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。Inourclasstherearetwentygirls，thecleverestofwhomisLiHua.我们班有20名女生，最聪明的是李华。10.介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，相当于一个定语从句。如：Atlasthehadsomethingaboutwhichtowritehome.他终于有了给家里写信的内容了。Hehadnokeywithwhichtoopenthedoor.他没有开门的钥匙。Hehasasmallroominwhichtolive.【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数保持一致。ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyMarkTwain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。(先行词是books，因此动词应用were.)2.关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当一个句子成分，因此要注意避免从句中句子成分的重复出现。ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisitedit.ThisisthemostbeautifulplacethatIhavevisited.这是我参观过的最美的地方。(去掉it，因that代替先行词themostbeautifulplace在定语从句中作visit的宾语，再加it就多余了。)TheschoolwhereIworkedthereisabigone.TheschoolwhereIworkedisabigone.