瑞典汽车工业市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.6特斯拉比亚迪吉利小米SU7

INDUSTRIES

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MARKETSAutomotiveindustryinSwedenCHAPTER

01OverviewNumberofpassengercarsinuseinSwedenfrom2012to2023(inmillions)PassengercarsinuseinSweden2012-20236.05.04.994.984.984.944.854.874.894.774.674.594.54.454.03.02.01.00.02012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220234Description:ThenumberofpassengercarsinuseinSwedenremainedstableatnearlyfivemillioncarsin2023.Thisfigurecomparestoroughly4.5millionasof2012.Overall,theSwedishpassengercarparchadbeenstableforthepastthreeyears.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2012to2023Source(s):StatisticsSweden;TrafikanalysDistributionofregisteredpassengercarsinSwedenasofJanuary1,2023,byregionDistributionofregisteredpassengercarsinSweden2023,byregionShareofpassengercars10%0%5%15%20%25%23.7%SouthWest23%StockholmEast19.4%16.7%Mid10.7%North5.7%Gotland0.7%5/statistics/787411/distribution-of-registered-passenger-cars-in-sweden-by-regionAsofJanuary2023,thelargestshareofcarswasinthesouthofSweden,amountingtonealy24percentofthetotalnumberofcarsinSweden.ThesmallestshareofcarswasinGotland,reachingunderonepercentofthetotalcarstockinSweden.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;January1,2023Source(s):Däckbranschensinformationsråd;TrafikanalysNumberofenterprisesinthemanufactureofmotorvehiclesindustryinSwedenfrom2010to2020Sweden:enterprisesinthemanufactureofmotorvehicles2010-2020250200198182180179180178174175159160154150100500201020112012201320142015201620172018b201920206Description:ThenumberofenterprisesinthemotorvehiclesmanufacturingindustryinSwedensawnosignificantchangesin2020incomparisontothepreviousyear2019andremainedataround160enterprises.However,2020markedthesecondconsecutiveincreaseofthenumberofenterprisesinthisindustry.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2010to2020Source(s):EurostatIndustryrevenueof"maintenanceandrepairofmotorvehicles"inSwedenfrom2012to2025(inmillionU.S.Dollars)Industryrevenueof"maintenanceandrepairofmotorvehicles"inSweden2012-20258,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000020122013201420152016201720182019*2020*2021*2022*2023*2024*2025*7Description:Thisstatisticshowstherevenueoftheindustry"maintenanceandrepairofmotorvehicles"inSwedenfrom2012to2018,withaforecastto2025.ItisprojectedthattherevenueofmaintenanceandrepairofmotorvehiclesinSwedenwillamounttoapproximately7,290.86millionU.S.Dollarsby2025.ReadmoreNote(s):2012-2018;*Estimate-Thisalsoappliesforpastyearsasdataprovidedbystatisticalinstitutionsoftenisnotavailableformorerecentyears.Currencyconversionfactor:(EUR(€)->USD(US$))=1.13,Theindustryclassificationisbasedon[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):Eurostat;CHAPTER

02CarsalesNumberofpassengercarssoldinSwedenfrom2009to2023PassengercarsalesinSweden2009-2023400,000350,000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,00002009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220239Description:In2023,over289,800passengercarsweresoldinSweden.Thiswasanincreaseof0.6percentcomparedtothepreviousyear.Duringthepasttenyears,theamountfluctuated,peakingin2017atroughly379,000units.2009sawthelowestnumberofcarssoldinthecountry,amountingtoonlyabout213,000.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenYear-over-yearpercentagechangeinnumberofpassengercarssoldinSwedenfrom2009to2023ChangeinpassengercarmarketsalesinSweden2009-20234035.64302010013.5412.747.885.283.081.90.650.6-3.762013-4.292022-10-20-30-6.762018-8.362012-15.972009-17.98202020102011201420152016201720192021202310Description:ThenumberofpassengercarssoldinSwedenin2010increasedbyover35percentfrom2009.Thiswasfollowedbyadeclinein2012and2013untilthemarketreturnedtogrowthin2014.ThesaleofpassengercarsinSwedenin2023was0.6percenthigherthansalesin2022.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofpassengercarsinuseinSwedenfromJanuary2020toDecember2023(inmillions)MonthlynumberofregisteredpassengercarsinSweden2020-20235.25.25.15.15.05.04.94.911Description:ThenumberofregisteredpassengercarsinSwedenremainedquitestableinthepastyear.InDecember2023,nearlyfivemillionpassengercarswereregisteredintheScandinaviancountry.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;January2020toDecember2023Source(s):StatisticsSweden;TrafikanalysNumberofpassengercarssoldbytheleadingbrandsinSwedenin2023LeadingpassengercarmakesinSweden2023Unitssold05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,000VolvoVW41,31232,756KiaToyotaTesla24,39323,48320,388Audi18,540BMW15,59914,90113,969MercedesSkodaPeugeotMG7,6956,8896,6645,802FordRenault12Description:In2023,VolvowasthemostpopularcarbrandinSweden.Duringthatyear,over41,300passengercarsweresold,whichwasadecreaseofabout10percentcomparedtothepreviousyear.Anothercarbrandwhichalsoexperiencedadeclineinsalesdemandfrom2022to2023wasVolkswagenwithnearly32,800unitssold.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofpassengercarssoldbytheleadingmodelsinSwedenin2023LeadingpassengercarmodelsinSweden2023Unitssold02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,00018,000TeslaModelYVolvoXC40VolvoXC60VWID.416,46113,60611,63211,012SkodaEnyaqKiaNiroToyotaRAV4VolvoS/V60KiaSportageKiaCeed6,3296,0925,8505,4634,9214,891AudiQ4e-TronKiaEV6VolvoS/V90N4,4124,3464,13513Description:TheTeslaModelYandVolvoXC40werethemostsoldcarmodelsinSwedenin2023,atnearly16,500andjustabout13,600units,respectively.InthirdplacecametheVolvoXC60withasalesamountofroughly11,600thatyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenCHAPTER

03LeadingbrandsNumberofVolvocarssoldinSwedenfrom2009to2023VolvocarsalesinSweden2009-202380,00075,50671,22171,23869,94370,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000065,28261,49658,86253,74153,93952,80052,69148,22045,89941,80841,31220092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202315Description:In2023,over41,300VolvocarsweresoldinSweden.Thiswasadecreaseofsome10percentyear-over-year,andthesixthtimesince2012thatthecompanydidnotexperienceariseinsales.Nevertheless,VolvowasactuallytheleadingpassengercarbrandinSwedenthatyear,surpassingVolkswagenbymorethan8,500soldpassengercars.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofnewVolkswagencarregistrationsinSwedenfrom2009to2023VolkswagennewcarregistrationsinSweden2009-202370,00060,00050,00057,82357,48853,47151,91348,94544,94843,49242,73242,81739,39337,90440,00030,00020,00010,000035,69933,71232,75623,09220092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202316Description:SwedishnewregistrationsofVolkswagencarsfluctuatedbetween2009and2023,peakingat57,800unitssoldin2016.In2023,therewerenearly32,800unitsofVolkswagencarssoldinSweden.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofKiacarssoldinSwedenfrom2009to2023KiacarsalesinSweden2009-202335,00030,00029,86729,84925,45325,19124,39325,00020,00015,00010,0005,000023,09223,04521,78818,15716,54616,08714,74614,84313,2399,37220092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202317Description:SwedishsalesofKiacarsexperiencednetgrowthovertheperiod,increasingfrom9,400unitssoldin2009tonearly24,400unitssoldin2023.However,2023salesrepresentedayear-over-yeardecreaseofaround18.3percentcomparedto2022.NewKiaregistrationspeakedinSwedenin2021.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofToyotacarssoldinSwedenfrom2009to2023ToyotacarsalesinSweden2009-202330,00025,00023,92423,48323,28023,07722,89222,71722,33221,79521,62820,50819,33820,00015,00010,0005,000018,92217,20216,59516,60820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202318Description:SwedishsalesofToyotacarsfluctuatedoverthisperiod,peakingat23,900unitssoldin2021.In2023,therewerenearly23,500ToyotacarssoldinSweden.Thisrepresentedanincreaseofunderonepercentcomparedto2022salesfigures.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofTeslacarssoldinSwedenfrom2020to2023TeslacarsalesinSweden2020-202325,00020,00015,00020,3889,186202210,0005,00008,08020214,9492020202319Description:In2023,some20,400Tesla-brandedpassengercarsweresoldinSweden.Thisrepresentedasharpincreaseofoverdoublethesalesvolumerecordedin2021,whensome9,200newTeslashittheSwedishroads.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2020to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofnewAudicarsregisteredinSwedenfrom2009to2023AudicarsalesinSweden2009-202325,00022,66220,61920,43619,92220,00015,00010,0005,000018,87218,61318,54018,05117,46917,23817,08216,16215,06413,87412,19320092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320Description:SwedishregistrationsofAudicarsfluctuatedbetween2009and2023,reachingabove18,500unitsin2023.Thisrepresentedayear-over-yearincreaseinAudisalesofaround33.6percent.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofBMWcarssoldinSwedenfrom2009to2023BMWcarsalesinSweden2009-202325,00022,14621,41920,90119,97919,68420,00015,00010,0005,000018,12517,72616,56316,03616,08816,19216,20515,59913,96711,37220092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202321Description:SwedishsalesofBMWcarsincreasedfrom11,400unitssoldin2009topeakat22,100unitsin2016.By2023,therewerenearly15,600newBMWcarsregisteredinSweden,whichrepresentedayear-over-yeardecreaseof5.82percent.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofMercedescarssoldinSwedenfrom2009to2023MercedescarsalesinSweden2009-202325,00019,64419,70019,13320,00015,00010,0005,000018,17017,00016,73515,75414,90114,02111,86111,40811,53510,4949,21420137,6562009201020112012201420152016201720182019202020212022202322Description:SwedishsalesofMercedescarsexperiencednetgrowthovertheperiod,risingfrom7,700unitssoldin2009andpeakingatalmost20,000unitssoldin2020.By2023,salesdippeddowntosome14,900units,whichrepresentedayear-over-yeardecreaseof5.41percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofnewSkodacarsregisteredinSwedenfrom2009to2023SkodanewcarsalesinSweden2009-202320,00018,06217,31918,00016,00014,00012,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,000017,16516,19915,15014,39613,93113,96913,33912,83812,49312,17811,95211,7307,94920092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202323Description:SwedishregistrationsofSkodacarsexperiencednetgrowththroughouttheperiod,increasingfrom7,950unitsin2009tonearly14,400salesin2020.WhileSkodasalesslumpedin2021and2022,theyreachedsome14,000in2023.Thisamountedtoayear-over-yearincreaseof19.1percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2009to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenNumberofPeugeotcarssoldinSwedenfrom2020to2023PeugeotcarsalesinSweden2020-202312,0009,84410,0008,0006,0004,0002,00009,0187,8427,695202020212022202324Description:In2023,some7,700Peugeot-brandedpassengercarsweresoldinSweden.ThisarkedthesecondyearwhensalesfromtheFrenchbranddecreasedinthecountry,downsome1.9percentyear-over-year.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2020to2023Source(s):MobilitySwedenCHAPTER

04ElectricandhybridvehiclesNumberofnewlyregisteredbattery-electricpassengercarsinSwedenfromMay2020toDecember2023Monthlynumberofnewlyregisteredall-electricpassengercarsinSweden2020-202320,00018,00016,00014,00018,20712,64412,55211,69611,00511,40810,12812,00010,08210,00010,9709,8329,4549,2548,7068,3658,0367,8717,4868,0006,0004,0002,00006,9836,6096,5296,5286,2124,3335,9274,7925,5494,6345,491

5,5005,2214,8883,9724,8062,5563,6782,7292,3452,6251,4162,1201,7061,3071,16184126Description:InDecember2023,thenumberofnewlyregisteredbattery-electricpassengercarsinSwedenamountedtoover11,400units.Thisindicatesasharpdecreaseyear-on-yearcomparedtoDecember2022,whensome18,200carswereregistered.Intheperiodshown,December2022heldarecord-highnewall-electricpassengercarregistrations.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;May2020toDecember2023Source(s):StatisticsSweden;TrafikanalysNumberofnewlyregisteredhybridpassengercarsinSwedenfromMay2020toDecember2023MonthlynumberofnewlyregisteredhybridpassengercarsinSweden2020-20233,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,0005003,3013,0732,9602,9222,4041,9922,7862,7352,8032,5052,7072,3822,624

2,6232,5822,5062,2662,4522,1802,3372,1762,3282,2512,1932,1612,0452,0241,6001,8941,9141,8651,8551,7901,7761,730

1,7421,6315,6431,5291,5181,4911,3291,2631,152027Description:InDecember2023,therewerealittleunder2,500newlyregisteredhybridcarsinSweden.Thenumberincreasedcomparedtothesamemonthofthepreviousyearwhenjustunder2,200hybridpassengercarswerenewlyregistered.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;May2020toDecember2023Source(s):StatisticsSweden;TrafikanalysNumberofnewlyregisteredplug-inhybridelectricpassengercarsinSwedenfromMay2020toDecember2023Monthlynumberofnewlyregisteredplug-inhybridpassengercarsinSweden2020-202316,00014,00012,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,000028Description:InDecember2023,therewereover7,100newplug-inhybridcarregistrationsinSweden.Thenumberindicatesasignificantyear-on-yeardecrease,witharound8,300plug-inhybridcarsnewlyregisteredinthecountrythepreviousDecember.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;May2020toDecember2023Source(s):StatisticsSweden;TrafikanalysNumberofhybridpassengercarsinuseinSwedenfrom2010to2023HybridpassengercarparcinSweden2010-2023250,000200,000150,000100,00050,0000190,756173,476152,738130,405110,95290,27371,474201755,203201642,778201534,930201428,357201323,699201221,389201119,210201020182019202020212022202329Description:ThenumberofhybridpassengercarsinuseinSwedenhasincreasedtonearly190,800in2023.Incomparison,19,210hybridpassengercarswereregisteredinSwedenin2010.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2010to2023Source(s):StatisticsSweden;TrafikanalysNumberofplug-inhybridelectricpassengercarsinuseinSwedenfrom2012to2023Plug-inhybridelectricpassengercarparcinSweden2012-2023300,000250,000200,000150,000100,000272,342239,531189,498122,29066,609201949,394201850,00032,253201718,84420169,78020154,92220146511,637201302012202020212022202330/statistics/736421/number-of-registered-plug-in-hybrid-passenger-cars-in-swedenThenumberofplug-inhybridelectricpassengercarsinuseinSwedenincreasedduringthepastyears,amountingtoover272,300asof2023.Incomparison,roughly650plug-inhybridelectricpassengercarswereregisteredinSwedenin2012.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2012to2023Source(s):StatisticsSweden;TrafikanalysNumberofelectricvehiclechargingpointsinSwedenbetweenthefirstquarterof2020andthefourthquarterof2023,bycurrenttypeNumberofelectricvehiclechargingpointsinSwedenbycurrenttype2020-2023ACDC40,00035,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,0000Q12020

Q22020

Q32020

Q42020

Q12021

Q22021

Q32021

Q42021

Q12022

Q22022

Q32022

Q42022

Q12023

Q22023

Q32023

Q4202331Description:Asofthefourthquarterof2023,Swedenrecordedsome32,400alternatingcurrentchargingpoints.Thesetendedtoofferslowerchargingoptionsthantheirdirectcurrentcounterparts,whichmadeupnearly4,800oftheavailablechargingpointsinthecountrythatquarter.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;Q12020toQ42023Source(s):EAFOCHAPTER

05ConsumerbehaviorAttitudestowardsmobilityinSwedenasofDecember2023AttitudestowardsmobilityinSweden2023Shareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%OwningacarisimportanttomeThepublictransportationsysteminmyareaisgoodDrivingcarsisbadfortheenvironment51%44%32%31%31%IamacarenthusiastItrytooptformoreenvironmentally-friendlymeansoftransportationFuelpricesaremakingmeoptforotherformsoftransportation(e.g.,bike)TherearenotenoughparkingspaceswhereIliveIcanimagineusingaself-drivingtaxi26%20%18%18%IspendtoomuchtimecommutingTheelectricinfrastructurepreventsmefromgettinganelectriccarNoneoftheabove14%4%33Description:Whenaskedabout"Attitudestowardsmobility",mostSwedishrespondentspick"Owningacarisimportanttome"asananswer.51percentdidsoinouronlinesurveyin2023.ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023;2025respondents;18-64yearsSource(s):ConsumerInsightsCarfeaturesinSwedenasofDecember2023CarfeaturesinSweden2023Shareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%WirelesssmartphoneconnectionAdaptivecruisecontrolsystemWiredsmartphoneconnectionParkingassistant52%40%36%34%Permanentlyinstalleddisplay(cockpitorcenterconsole)Activelaneassist28%21%eCall(automaticemergencycall)Lanedeparturewarningsystem(passive)PermanentlyinstalledinternetconnectionNoneoftheabove16%16%14%12%Don'tknow7%34Description:Whenaskedabout"Carfeatures",mostSwedishrespondentspick"Wirelesssmartphoneconnection"asananswer.52percentdidsoinouronlinesurveyin2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023;1691respondents;18-64years;respondentswhohaveacaravailableintheirhousehold(Mobility,Travel)Source(s):ConsumerInsightsCarpurchaseintentioninSwedenasofDecember2023CarpurchaseintentioninSweden2023Shareofrespondents0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%Yes,anewcarYes,ausedcarYes,aneworausedcarNo15%18%10%43%Don'tknow14%35Description:Whenaskedabout"Carpurchaseintention",18percentofSwedishrespondentsanswer"Yes,ausedcar".Thisonlinesurveywasconductedin2023,among2,025consumers.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023;2025respondents;18-64yearsSource(s):ConsumerInsightsSatisfactionwithcarmakeinSwedenasofDecember2023SatisfactionwithcarmakeinSweden2023Shareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%48%VerysatisfiedSatisfied36%NeithersatisfiednordissatisfiedDissatisfied12%2%Verydissatisfied1%Don'tknow2%36Description:48percentofSwedishrespondentsansweroursurveyon"Satisfactionwithcarmake"with"Verysatisfied".Thesurveywasconductedin2023,among1,691consumers.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023;1691respondents;18-64years;respondentswhohaveacaravailableintheirhousehold(Mobility,Travel)Source(s):ConsumerInsightsWillingnesstochangecarmakeinSwedenasofDecember2023WillingnesstochangecarmakeinSweden2023Shareofrespondents0%5%10%15%20%25%30%VerylikelyLikely16%23%NeitherlikelynorunlikelyUnlikely31%12%Veryunlikely10%Don'tknow8%37Description:16percentofSwedishrespondentsansweroursurveyon"Willingnesstochangecarmake"with"Verylikely".Thesurveywasconductedin2023,among1,691consumers.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023;1691respondents;18-64years;respondentswhohaveacaravailableintheirhousehold(Mobility,Travel)Source(s):ConsumerInsightsPurchasecriteriaforcarsinSwedenasofDecember2023PurchasecriteriaforcarsinSweden2023Shareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%Safety53%FuelefficiencyHighqualityHighdrivingcomfort45%44%41%40%39%LowpriceSuitabilityforeverydayuseSpaciousness35%PropulsiontypeEnvironmentalfriendlinessDesign30%29%28%GoodwarrantyandcustomerserviceMypreferredmake25%20%Goodconnectivitywithsmartphonesandinternetservices17%38Description:"Safety"and"Fuelefficiency"arethetoptwoanswersamongSwedishconsumersinoursurveyonthesubjectof"Purchasecriteriaforcars".ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023;2025respondents;18-64yearsSource(s):ConsumerInsightsPropulsionsystemsinconsiderationbytypeinSwedenasofDecember2023PropulsionsystemsinconsiderationbytypeinSweden2023Shareofrespondents10%

15%0%5%20%25%30%35%40%45%Hybrid(combinationofcombustionandelectricdrive)42%Gasoline40%Electric32%DieselBuyingacarisnotanoptionformeOther22%6%2%Don'tknow8%39Description:Whenaskedabout"Propulsionsystemsinconsiderationbytype",mostSwedishrespondentspick"Hybrid(combinationofcombustionandelectricdrive)"asananswer.42percentdidsoinouronlinesurveyin2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;JanuarytoDecember2023;2025respondents;18-64yearsSource(s):ConsumerInsightsCHAPTER

06TiresImportvalueofrubbertiresandtubesintoSwedenfrom2010to2023(inmillionSEK)ImportvalueofrubbertiresandtubesintoSweden2010-202314,00012,00012,366.1611,507.210,079.459,843.979,680.5110,0009,088.188,601.33

8,541.218,625.538,179.117,841.648,0006,0004,0002,00007,453.797,488.137,155.012010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202341Description:Inrecentyears,thevalueofimportedrubbertiresandtubesintoSwedenfluctuated.Asof2023,theimportvalueamountedtoroughly11.5billionSwedishkronor.Theamountpeakedin2022,atabout12.4billionkronor.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2010to2023;Incl.retreadingandrebuildingofrubbertiresSource(s):StatisticsSwedenExportvalueofrubbertiresandtubesfromSwedenfrom2010to2023(inmillionSEK)ExportvalueofrubbertiresandtubesfromSweden2010-20233,0002,5002,584.042,408.792,103.072,0001,785.47

1,793.191,730.051,710.11,639.331,621.081,603.981,495.921,482.721,454.681,428.541,5001,00050002010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202342Description:Intheperiodfrom2010to2023,thevalueofexportedrubbertiresandtubesfromSwedenfluctuated.Asof2023,theexportvaluepeakedatroughly2.4billionSwedishkronor.Comparedtothepreviousyear,thiswasasmalldecrease.

ReadmoreNote(s):Sweden;2010to2023;includingretreadingandrebuildingofrubbertires.Source(s):StatisticsSwedenShareofsoldstuddedtiresforpassengercarsinSwedenduringwint