欧洲绿色协议分析报告-培训课件外文版2024.5

POLITICS

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SOCIETYEuropeanGreenDealCHAPTER

01OverviewofClimateChangeintheEUEstimatedmeanannualtemperatureincreaseinselectcapitalcitiesintheEuropeanUnionby2050(indegreesCelsius)AveragetemperatureincreaseincapitalcitiesintheEuropeanUnion2050TemperatureincreaseindegreesCelsius0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0LjubljanaVilnius3.53.1BudapestStockholmBucharestHelsinkiSofia332.92.82.7VaduzRigaBratislavaAthens2.62.62.62.52.5TallinnWarsaw2.43Description:DuetoclimatechangetheSloveniancapitalLjubljanaisexpectedtoseeitsmeanannualtemperatureincreaseby3.5degreesCelsiusby2050.ThisisthelargestincreasethroughouttheEuropeanUnion,andwillbecomparabletocurrenttemperaturesrecordedinVirginiaBeach,USA.NorthernEuropeancitiessuchasLondon,ParisandBerlinwillseetemperaturesrisetolevelscurrentlyexperiencedintheAustraliancitiesofCanberraandMelbourne.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2019Source(s):PLOSONEEstimatedtemperatureincreaseofwarmestmonthincapitalcitiesintheEuropeanUnion(EU)in2050(indegreesCelsius)TemperatureincreaseofwarmestmonthincapitalcitiesintheEuropeanUnion2050987.88765432107.67.57.36.96.76.66.46.1

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3.32.72.64Description:Bytheyear2050,thetemperatureofthewarmestmonthinLjublijanaisexpectedtoincreasebyeightdegreesCelsius.ThisisthebiggestincreasewhencomparedtotheotherEuropeanUnioncapitalcities.ThecapitalcitiesofbothFranceandGermanyareexpectedtoseetemperaturesriseby6.1degreesCelsius.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2019Source(s):PLOSONENumberofheat-relateddeathsinEuropeduringthesummerof2022,bycountryHeat-relateddeathsinEuropesummer2022,bycountryHeat-relateddeaths30,000010,00020,00040,00050,00060,00070,000EuropeItaly61,67218,010Spain11,324GermanyFranceUnitedKingdomGreece8,1734,8073,4693,0922,4552,2121,277763RomaniaPortugalBulgariaPolandCroatiaSerbia7315745Description:Duringthesummerof2022,therewere61,762heat-relateddeathsrecordedontheEuropeancontinent.Ofthesedeaths,almosthalfwererecordedinjusttwosouthernEuropeancountries,ItalyandSpain.Italyhadtheunfortunatepositionofbeingboththecountrywiththegreatestabsolutenumberofheat-relateddeaths,aswellasbeingthecountrywiththemostinrelationtothesizeofitspopulation.HeatdeathsareanincreasinglysalientissueduringsummersinEurope,asclimate[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):EuropeSource(s):NatureMedicineHeat-relatedmortalityrateinEuropeduringtheSummerof2022,bycountry(inattributabledeathspermillioninhabitants)Heat-relatedmortalityrateinEuropeSummer2022,bycountryAttributabledeathspermillioninhabitants050100150200250300350EuropeItaly114295GreeceSpain280237PortugalBulgariaCroatiaMalta211176172147LithuaniaEstoniaRomaniaAlbaniaCyprus1281231221171136Description:AsclimatechangecausesaveragetemperaturestoriseacrosstheEuropeancontinent,thiswillinevitablyleadtoanincreasingnumberofheat-relateddeaths,ordeathsasaresultofexcessexposuretohightemperatures.ThisisparticularlyanissueforsouthernEuropeancountries,suchasItaly,Greece,Spain,andPortugal,whoarealreadyexperiencingamassiveuptickinthenumberofextremeheatdaysperyear,withtemperaturesoftenexceeding40degreesCelsiusinthesecountries[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):EuropeSource(s):NatureMedicineShareoffatalitiesfromextremeweatherandclimateeventsinEuropebetween1980and2020,bytypeShareoffatalitiescausedbyclimate-relatedextremeeventsEurope1980-2020Otherclimatologicalevents2%Meteorologicalevents3%Flooding4%Heatwaves91%7Description:HeatwaveeventsacrosstheEuropeanregionaccountedforupto91percentofthefatalitiescausedduetoextremeweatherandclimateeventsbetween1980and2020.Heatwaveeventswerealsothethirdhighestcauseofeconomiclossescausedbyweatherandclimateeventsduringthatperiod,accountingforupto14percentoflosses.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;1980to2020Source(s):EEA;TheGuardianShareofinsuredeconomiclossesfromextremeweatherandclimateeventsinEuropebetween1980and2020,bytypeShareofinsuredlossesduetoclimate-relatedeventsinEurope1980-2020,bytypeOtherclimatologicalevents9%Heatwaves7%Meteorologicalevents56%Hydrologicalevents28%8Description:InEurope(EEA32),thetotalvalueofinsuredeconomiclossescausedbyweatherandclimate-relatedeventsbetween1980and2020amountedtoover116billioneuros.Hydrologicalevents(mostlyfloods)accountedfor28percentoflosses.Meteorologicaleventsaccountedforthelargestshare,at56percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;1980to2020Source(s):EEANumberofreportedfloodeventsinEuropefrom2016to2023NumberofreportedfloodeventsinEurope2016-2023706664605040302010055504735272620162017201820192020202120222023*9Description:In2022,therewere27floodeventsrecordedinEurope,downfrom66registeredayearearlier.Inthefirstninemonthsof2023,another26eventshadbeenreported.Asofthatyear,SerbiaandHungarywereamongthecountriesmostexposedtofloodsinEurope,basedonriskindexscore.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;2016toSeptember2023;*DatafromJanuarytoSeptember.Source(s):FloodList;CHAPTER

02EUCarbonEmissionsAnnualgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)atcurrentpricesanddomesticmaterialconsumption(DMC)intheEuropeanUnionfrom2000to2021EUgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)anddomesticmaterialconsumption(DMC)2000-2021GrossDomesticProductDomesticMaterialConsumption16,000,00014,000,00012,000,00010,000,0008,000,0006,000,0004,000,0002,000,00008000000700000060000005000000400000030000002000000100000002000

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202111Description:TheEuropeanUnion'sdomesticmaterialconsumption(DMC),thatis,thetotalamountofmaterialsusedannuallywithintheEuropeaneconomy,haspartiallydecoupledfromgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),thetotalmonetaryvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedintheeconomy,overtheperiodsincetheglobalfinancialcrisisof2007-2008.Historically,GDPandDMChavebeentightlylinked,withanincreaseinproductionresultinginanincreaseintheuseofmaterials-alogical[...]ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2000to2021Source(s):EurostatTotalgreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from1990to2021(inmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)TotalgreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion1990-20215,0004,8004,6004,4004,2004,0003,8003,6003,4003,2003,00012Description:GreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnionwere3.5billionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent(MtCO₂e)in2021.ThiswasanincreaseoffivepercentfromtheCOVID-19inducedslumpin2020.Nevertheless,EUGHGemissionsremainedbelowpre-pandemiclevelsin2021.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2021;ExcludingLULUCFSource(s):EEAIncreaseanddecreaseofgreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from1990to2021,bysource(inmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)ChangeingreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion1990-2021,bysourceEmissionchangeinMtCO₂e-150-100-50050100150Roadtransportation(CO₂)Refrigerationandairconditioning(HFCs)Forestland(CO₂)Agriculturalsoils:directN₂Oemissions(N₂O)Cropland(CO₂)Cementproduction(CO₂)Adipicacidproduction(N₂O)Nitricacidproduction(N₂O)Commercial&institutionalfueluse(CO₂)Managedwastedisposalsites(CH)Fugitiveemissionsfromoilandnaturalgas(CH)Entericfermentation:cattle(CH)Fugitiveemissionsfromsolidfuels(CH)13Description:GreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)decreasedacrossanumberofsectorsbetween1990and2021.Thebiggestreductionwasinthepublicelectricityandheatproductionsector,whereemissionsfellbyroughly518millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.Thisreductionisattributabletoanincreaseinrenewableenergy,andamoveawayfromcoalconsumption.Incomparison,roadtransportemissionswere131millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxide[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2021Source(s):EEAChangeinmethane(CH4)emissionsintheEuropeanUnionfrom1990to2022,bysector(inpercent)ChangeinmethaneemissionsintheEuropeanUnion1990-2022,bysectorChangeinemissions2005to2022

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50%-100%Agriculture-50%100%150%200%250%FuelExploitationWasteBuildingsTransportIndustrialCombustion&processesPowerIndustry14Description:MostEuropeanUnionsectorshaveobservedanoveralldecreaseinmethaneemissionssince1990,withtheexceptionofthepowerindustry.TheEuropeanUnion'spowerindustry-relatedmethaneemissionswere211percenthigherin2022whencomparedto1990levels,and45percenthigherwhencomparedto2005levels.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2022Source(s):EDGAR/JRC;EuropeanCommission;Expert(s)(Crippaetal.(2023));VarioussourcesGreenhousegasemissionspercapitaintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)in1990and2021,bycountry(inmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)GreenhousegasemissionspercapitaintheEuropeanUnion1990-2021,bycountryEmissionsinmetrictonsofCO₂equivalentpercapita202119900510152025303514.67LuxembourgIreland33.3212.3412.4615.8311.3310.6CzechiaPolandCyprus19.439.719.759.57BelgiumNetherlandsEstonia14.639.569.4814.8925.679.148.668.647.85GermanyAustriaFinland15.7510.314.29Bulgaria11.3615Description:LuxembourghadthehighestpercapitaGHGemissionsintheEuropeanUnionin2021,at14.7metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentperinhabitant.Luxembourg`spercapitaGHGemissionsareroughlydoubletheaverageEUpercapitaGHGemissions.Nevertheless,percapitaemissionsinLuxembourghavefallen56percentsince1990.MostEUmembercountrieshaveexperiencedareductioninpercapitaemissionssince1990.

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990and2021Source(s):EEADistributionofcarbondioxideemissionsintheEuropeanUnionin2021,bykeysourceBreakdownofCO₂emissionintheEuropeanUnion2021,bykeycategoryCementproduction3%Other**4%Steelproduction3%Petroleumrefining3%Roadtransportation27%Commercial/institutional5%Residential11%Manufacturingindustriesandconstruction17%Publicelectricityandheatproduction27%16Description:Roadtransportationaccountedforapproximately28percentofcarbondioxide(CO₂)intheEuropeanUnionin2021,makingitthelargestsourceofCO₂.Publicelectricityandheatproductionwasthesecond-largestsource,at27percent..

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2021;*ExcludingForestLandremainingForestLand.**Otheriscalculatedbysubtractingthepresentedcategoriesfromthesectortotalpercentagesareroundedandmayleadtoasumhigherthan100%Figureswerecalculatedby[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):EEA;CumulativecarbondioxideemissionsinselectedcountriesinEuropefrom1750to2021(inmillionmetrictons)HistoricalCO₂emissionsinEurope1750-2021,byselectcountryUnitedKingdomGermanyFranceItalyRussiaPoland140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,00001750

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202117Description:TheindustrialrevolutionbeganintheUnitedKingdomin1750,wellbeforeitspreadacrosstheworld.Foranumberofdecadesitwasresponsiblefor100percentofproduction-basedcarbondioxide(CO₂)emissions.Attheturnofnineteenthcentury,othercountriesinEuropehadbeguntoindustrialize.ReadmoreNote(s):France,Germany,Italy,Poland,Russia,UnitedKingdom;1750to2021Source(s):GlobalCarbonProject;OWIDCHAPTER

03EUGreenTransitionAnnualgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),domesticmaterialconsumption(DMC),andresourceproductivityintheEuropeanUnionfrom2000to2022(inchain-linkedvolumes,where2000=100)GDP,domesticmaterialconsumption,andresourceproductivityintheEU2000-2022GrossDomesticProductDomesticMaterialConsumptionResourceProductivity14513512511510595852000

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202219Description:Since2008,resourceproductivityintheEuropeanUnionhasincreaseddramatically,astheEU'sgrossdomesticproducthasincreasedconsistently,whilethematerialconsumptionofeconomieswithintheEUhasdeclined.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2000to2022Source(s):EurostatNetgreenhousegasemissionsreductiontargetsintheEuropeanUnionfrom2020to2050,relativeto1990levelsGHGemissionsreductiontargetsintheEuropeanUnion2020-20500%-20%-40%-60%-80%-100%-120%20202030(previoustarget)2030205020Description:In2008,theEuropeanUnionsetthetargetofcutting20percentofnetgreenhousegasemissionsby2020,relativeto1990levels.TheEUovershotthistargetbycuttingGHGemissions34percentbelow1990levelsby2020.

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2020Source(s):CounciloftheEuropeanUnionAnnualrawmaterialconsumptionintheEuropeanUnionfrom2000to2020inabsoluteandinpercapitatermsEUrawmaterialconsumptioninabsoluteandpercapitaterms2000-2020ThousandsoftonnesTonnespercapita9,000,00020181614121088,000,0007,000,0006,000,0005,000,0004,000,0003,000,0002,000,0001,000,000064202000

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202021Description:TheEuropeanUnionhasseenamarkedreductioninboththeabsoluteandpercapitaconsumptionofrawmaterialssincetheglobalfinancialcrisisof2007-2008,withtheEUconsumingaroundsixtrilliontonnesofrawmaterialsin2020,comparedto8.3trillionin2007.RawmaterialconsumptionisakeyeconomicandenvironmentalindicatorintheEuropeanUnion'seffortstostimulateatransitiontowardsasustainableandgreeneconomy,mainlythroughitsGreenDealindustrialplan.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2000to2020Source(s):EurostatAnnualgreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from1990to2021,bysector(inmillionmetrictonsofCO₂equivalent)GreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion1990-2021,bysectorEnergysupplyInternationalshippingTransportInternationalaviationIndustryWasteAgricultureOthercombustionResidential/commercial6,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000022Description:GreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnionhavedecreasedacrossmostsectorssince1990,withtheexceptionoftransportation.In2021,domestictransportationemissionsamountedto792MtCO₂e–nearly18percenthigherthanin1990.Meanwhile,energysupplyemissionshavefallenapproximately44percentduringthisperiodtojustover900MtCO₂e.ThereductioninenergysupplyemissionshashelpedcutEUannualGHGemissionsbyroughly32percent,relativeto[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2021Source(s):EEAAnnualemissionsofgreenhousegases(GHG)intheEuropeanUnionfrom2008to2021,byeconomicactivity(inbillionsoftonnes)EmissionsofgreenhousegasesintheEuropeanUnion2008-2021,byeconomicactivityManufacturingElectricity,gas,steamandairconditioningsupplyTransportationandstorageWholesaleandretailtrade;repairofmotorvehiclesandmotorcyclesMiningandquarryingAgriculture,forestryandfishingWatersupply;sewerage,wastemanagementandremediationactivitiesConstructionHumanhealthandsocialworkactivitiesProfessional,scientificandtechnicalactivitiesRealestateactivitiesPublicadministrationanddefence;compulsorysocialsecurityAdministrativeandsupportserviceactivitiesEducationAccommodationandfoodserviceactivitiesFinancialandinsuranceactivitiesInformationandcommunicationArts,entertainmentandrecreationOtherserviceactivities4.03.02.01.00.02008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202123Description:Thetotalannualemissionsofgreenhousegases(GHG)intheEuropeaneconomyhasreducedfromaround3.76billionstonnesperyearin2008,tolesthanthreebilliontonnesperyearinthe2020s.ThisstarkreductioninGHGemissionshasbeenparticularlyfacilitatedbyreductionsintheareasofelectricity,gas,steam,&airconditioningsupply,aswellasintransportation&storage.Ontheotherhand,manufacturingandagriculture,forestry,&fishinghaveremainedrelativelystablein[...]ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2008to2021Source(s):EurostatChangeingreenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)from1990to2021,bycountryGreenhousegasemissionschangeintheEuropeanUnion1990-2021,bycountryChangeinemissions-40%-80%Sweden-70%-60%-50%-30%-20%-10%0%RomaniaLithuaniaEstoniaSlovakiaBulgariaDenmarkGermanyHungaryCzechiaEU-27GreeceCroatia24/statistics/1223411/ghg-emission-change-european-union-eu-countriesIn2021,greenhousegasemissionsintheEuropeanUnion(EU-27)werenearly30percentlowerthantheywerein1990.Asof2021,GHGemissionsinGermany–thelargestemitterintheEU–hadfallen39.8percent,relativeto1990levels.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;1990to2021;IncludingLULUCFandinternationalaviationSource(s):EEACHAPTER

04EUSpendingonEnvironmentandClimateActionEuropeanUnion'slong-termbudgetandNextGenerationEUforenvironmentandclimateactionfrom2021to2027,byfund(inbillioneuros)EU'sbudgetforenvironmentandclimate2021-2027FundsinbillioneurosNextGenerationEULong-termbudget602481012141610.87TotalProgrammeforEnvironmentandClimateAction(LIFE)JustTransitionFund14.4805.4310.878.4526Description:TheEuropeanUnion'slong-termbudgetforenvironmentalandclimateobjectivesisapproximately14.4billioneuros.TheEUbudgetundernaturalresourcesandenvironmentfocusoninvestinginsustainableagricultureandmaritimesectors,alongwithclimateaction,environmentalprotection,foodsecurityandruraldevelopment.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2021;incurrentprices.Source(s):EuropeanCommissionEuropeanUnion'sbudgetcommitmenttowardsenvironmentandclimateactionfrom2021to2027(inmillioneuros)EUbudgetcommitmentsforenvironmentandclimateaction2021-202716,00014,00012,00010,0008,00014,4826,0004,0002,12720252,19520262,26720272,01720232,06820241,88520211,92320222,00002021-202727Description:TheEuropeanUnion'slong-termbudgetforenvironmentalandclimateobjectivesisapproximately14.4billioneurosforthesevenyearperiodfrom2021to2027.Tohelpachieveitsclimategoals,theEUhasdecidedtointegrateclimateactionacrosstheentireEUbudget.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2021;fromMultiannualfinancialframeworkatcurrentprices.Source(s):EuropeanCommissionShareofRecovery&ResilienceFacility(RRF)fundsallocatedtoGreenTransitionprojectsintheEuropeanUnionin2020,bymemberstateShareofEURecovery&ResilienceFacilityfundsallocatedforGreenTransition2020GreentransitionGreentransition&Social,economic,andinstitutionaldevelopmentDigitaltransformation&Greentransition100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%28Description:TheRecovery&ResilienceFacility(RRF)isainstrumentcreatedbytheEuropeanUnionaspartoftheireconomicstimulusplanlaunchedinthewakeoftheCOVID-19pandemic,knownastheNextGenerationEUplan,whichseekstoboosttheEuropeaneconomythroughstrategicinvestmentsinthegreentransition,digitalinfrastructure,andsocial,economic,andinstitutionaldevelopment.TheRRFwilldistributeover700billionEurostoEUmemberstatesovertheperiodfrom2021to[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2020to2027Source(s):BruegelNumberofgreen,sustainable,andsocial(GSS)bondsissuedinEuropeasof2022,bytypeVolumeofGSSbondsissuedinEurope2022,bytype35,00030,00025,00031,82522,66620,00015,00010,0005,00006,0553,104SocialGreenSustainabilityTotal29Description:AsofDecember31,2022,atotalof31,825green,sustainable,andsocial(GSS)bondswereissuedinEurope.ThevastmajorityofGSSbondsissuedweregreenbonds,amountingto22,666.Bycontrast,only3,104sustainabilitybondswereissuedasof2022.Green,social,andsustainablebonds(GSS)arefixed-incomeinstrumentswhichfinanceprojectsthathaveapositiveimpactontheenvironment,socialcauses,andonsustainability.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe;AsofDecember31,2022Source(s):ClimateBondsInitiativeFinancialcontributionsforclimatechangemitigationandadaptationindevelopingcountriesraisedbytheEuropeanUnionfrom2013to2021(inbillioneuros)ClimatefinancecontributionsoftheEuropeanUnion2013-2021252015105020132014201520162017201820192020202130Description:TheEuropeanUnionraised23billioneurosinclimatefinancecontributionsin2021.Thesefunds,whichgotowardshelpingdevelopingcountriesmitigateandadapttotheimpactsofclimatechange,havemorethandoubledsince2013.TheEUandit'smemberstatesarethelargestproviderofpublicclimatefinanceintheworld.ReadmoreNote(s):EU;2013to2021Source(s):CounciloftheEuropeanUnionCHAPTER

05PublicOpiniononEUClimatePolicyOpinionofcitizensintheEuropeanUniononwhethertheEUisdoingenoughtoensurethatthegreentransitionisfairin2022PublicopiniononwhethertheEUismakingsurethegreentransitionisfair2022TotallyagreeTendtoagreeDon'tknowTendtodisagreeTotallydisagree100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%32Description:ThecountriesintheEuropeanUnionwiththegreatestproportionoftheircitizensagreeingthattheEUisdoingenoughtoensurethatthetransitiontoagreeneconomyandenergysystemisfairareMalta,Cyprus,andPoland.Ontheotherhand,France,Greece,andGermanyhavethegreatestshareofcitizensrespondingthattheEUisnotdoingenough.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;May30toJune28,2022;26,395respondentsSource(s):EuropeanCommissionShareofEuropeanswhowouldgiveupflyingtofightclimatechangein2020,bycountryEU-27opinionongivingupflyingtofightclimatechange2020Shareofrespondents30%0%10%20%40%50