新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U14-Argumentation

oreurriculum新时代核心英语教程写作214UNITArgumentationArgumentationanalogy类比argumentation论证confirmation证明controversy争议deduction演绎hastygeneralization草率概括KeyTermshostileaudience强烈反对的读者induction归纳logicalfallacy逻辑谬误majorpremise大前提minorpremise小前提persuasion劝说proposition命题，（议论文）主题思想refutation反驳KeyTermssupportiveaudience支持的读者syllogism三段论法waveringaudience摇摆不定的读者MainContentsStrategiesfororganizinganargumentationessaySampleappreciationStrategiesforusingargumentationandpersuasion2.ChoosingtheproperstructureforyourargumentationessayDifficultPoints1.Avoidinganddetectinglogicalfallaciesinyourargumentationessay3.DistinguishingbetweenargumentationandexpositionTopursuadeTodefendToattackPurposesofargumentationExposition:advanceaspecificpointofviewandthensupportitwithevidence.Argumentation:assumeacontroversy,supportapoint,andaddressopposingviewpointsDifferencesbetweenargumentationandexpositionTellwhetherthefollowingstatementsarearguableornotandexplainyourreasons.Activity11.Privatecarsarethenumberonekilleronroads.Arguablebecause“thenumberone”isdebatable.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsarearguableornotandexplainyourreasons.Activity12.Plantsproduceoxygenthattheworldneedstosustainlife.Notarguablebecauseitisafact.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsarearguableornotandexplainyourreasons.Activity13.Shakespearediedin1616.Notarguablebecauseitisafact.Tellwhetherthefollowingstatementsarearguableornotandexplainyourreasons.Activity14.MoYanismyfavoritewriter.Notarguablebecauseitisastatementofpersonalpreference.StrategiesforusingargumentationandpersuasionStrategiesforusingargumentationandpersuasionThefollowingstrategiescanhelpyouprepareaconvincingandlogicalargumentationessay.ConsideryouraudienceExamineopposingviewsandestablishcommongroundThinklogically—inductionanddeductionAvoidlogicalfallaciesStrategiesforusingargumentationandpersuasionIngeneral,mostreaderswillfallintooneofthefollowingcategories.thesupportiveaudiencethewaveringaudiencethehostileaudienceConsideryouraudienceNoneedforahighlyreasonedargumentfilledwithfacts,examplesandstatisticsRelyprimarilyonastrongemotionalappeal–toreinforcereaders’commitmenttoyourviewpoint.SupportiveaudienceAvoidanoppressiveemotionalappeal.Trytocreatecredibilityandreliabilitybyfocusingonprovidingunified,coherent,accurateandsufficientfacts,statistics,examples,andauthoritativestatements.WaveringaudienceAvoidemotionalappealswhichmightseemirrational,sentimental,orevencomical.Trytorelyonlogicalreasoningandhard-to-disputefacts.HostileaudienceConsiderissuesfrommorethanoneperspective.Findareasofcommonalityinopposingviews.Finallydetermineappropriatestartingpointsforargumentsinyourwriting.ExamineopposingviewsandestablishcommongroundWorkingroupsofsixoreightandreadthehypotheticalscenarioonp.188together.Thendivideyourgroupintotwoteams,oneteamrepresenting“you,”andtheother“your”parents.Eachteamshallwritedownthepositionandtheargumentsontheissue.Next,shareyourwritinginyourgroupandfindoverlap(commonground).Finally,writedowntheconvincingargumentsaccordingtothecommonground.Activity2Eachteamshallwritedownthepositionandtheargumentsontheissue.Activity2Fromyourparents’perspective:Position:Youcan’tgoouttowatchthemoviewithChrisatsuchalatehour.Arguments: 1.Itisnotsafetogobackhomelate.2.Chrisisagoodboy/girl,butyouhaveknownhim/herforjustonemonth.Eachteamshallwritedownthepositionandtheargumentsontheissue.Activity2Arguments: 3.Chrismaynotbestrongenoughtoprotectyouincaseofemergencies.4.YouneedmoretimetoknowChrisbetter.5.Itisnotworthwhiletostayoutsidelateonlyforamovie.6.Limitedreleasemoviesmaynotbeworthwatching.Eachteamshallwritedownthepositionandtheargumentsontheissue.Activity2Arguments: 7.Youcangoandwatchthemovieatsomeothertime.8.Therewillbeastormtonight.9.Yourfatherisleavingat10:00tonightforsomeothercityandwon’tbebackforamonth.Heexpectstohavedinnerwithyouanddiscusssomeplanswithyoutonight.Eachteamshallwritedownthepositionandtheargumentsontheissue.Activity2Fromyourperspective:Position:IwanttogooutwithChristowatchalimitedreleasemoviealthoughitmeansIhavetoarrivehomeanhourlate.Arguments: 1.YouknowChriswell.2.Chriswilltakemehomesafely.Eachteamshallwritedownthepositionandtheargumentsontheissue.Activity2Arguments: 3.Chrisisaniceandtrustworthyboy/girlaccordingtomyobservationduringthepastmonth.4.Ihavebeenlongingtoseethismovieforthreemonths.5.ThemoviestarsJackyChen,myfavoritestar.6.Icanlearnalotfromthemovie.Eachteamshallwritedownthepositionandtheargumentsontheissue.Activity2Arguments: 7.Themovieisshownforonlyonedayandonenight,butduringthedayIhavetoattendclasses.8.YoulikeJackyChen,too.Soifyouworryformysafety,youcancometowatchthefilmtoo.Icangetyouthetickets.9.I’malready19yearsold.Eachteamshallwritedownthepositionandtheargumentsontheissue.Activity2Arguments: 10.I’llbelateforjustanhour.I’mnotstayingoutovernight.Next,shareyourwritinginyourgroupandfindoverlap(commonground).Activity2Studentsmayfindthefollowingcommonground:1.Themovieisworthwatching.2.Safetyisimportant.3.Chrisisaniceboy/girl.4.Parents’rulesandregulationsshouldbefollowedbychildren.5.It’snotsafeforachildtoreturnhomealonelateatnight.inductiondeductionThinklogically—inductionanddeductionInductionInductionistheprocessofreasoningfromtheparticulartothegeneral.Itinvolvestheexaminationofspecificcases,facts,orexamples.Onthebasisofthesespecifics,youthendrawaconclusionormakeageneralization.DeductionDeductivereasoningbeginswithageneralizationthatisthenappliedtoaspecificcase.Majorpremise:Nodogshavefeathers.Minorpremise:Snowballisadog.Conclusion:Therefore,Snowballdoesnothavefeathers.Explainwhichstrategyofreasoningisusedineachoftheparagraphsonp.190.Activity31.DeductionisusedinParagraph1becausethewriterdevelopstheparagraphfromageneralization(Beingtheeldestchildofmyfamily,Imustshouldermoreresponsibilitiesthanmyyoungerbrother)tospecificdetails.Explainwhichstrategyofreasoningisusedineachoftheparagraphsonp.190.Activity32.InductionisusedinParagraph2becausethewriterdevelopstheparagraphfromspecificdetailstoageneralconclusion(Allthepeople,places,andthingstoseedefinitelymakeSwitzerlandagreatplaceforaholiday).Logicalfallaciesarelogicalerrorsthatreflectyourinabilitytothinkclearlyandthereforeweakenyourargument.AvoidlogicalfallaciesHastygeneralizationresultswhensomeonebasesaconclusionontoolittleevidence.Overgeneralizationissimilartohastygeneralization,bothofwhichclaimthatsomethingisdefinitelytruewithastatedorimpliedalways,never,greatest,best,orotherabsolutesandsuperlatives.HastygeneralizationandovergeneralizationHastygeneralizationandovergeneralizationThefollowingsentencesareexamplesofovergeneralization.Poorstudentsarearesultofpoorteachers.Allnorthernerslikeeatingwheatenfood.Inasyllogism,youmustmakesurethatbothpremisesaretrue,thattheminorpremiseisastatementaboutaspecificindividualwithinthegroupofthemajorpremise,andthatthethreestepsfollowtheproperorder.MisuseofsyllogismsSyllogisticfallacyThefollowingisanexampleofmisuseofsyllogismcausedbyafaultymajorpremise.Majorpremise:Allhumanbeingslikefruit.Minorpremise:Robertisahumanbeing.Conclusion:Therefore,Robertlikesfruit.Thisisthefallacyofassumingthattwocircumstancesorthingsaresimilarinallimportantrespectsbutinfacttheyarenot.FalseanalogyFalseanalogyThefollowingisanexampleoffalseanalogy.Ouruniversityshouldnotrequireawritingcourseforjuniors.BeijingForeignStudiesUniversitydoesnotrequireawritingcourseforjuniors,andthestudentswritewellwithoutit.Apersonalattackreferstoabusiveremarksonsomeoneyoudisagreewithonthebasisofsomepersonaltraitsinsteadofquestioningaclaim.PersonalattackPersonalattackThefollowingisanexampleofpersonalattack.Leoisabadteamleader,becausehelookssougly.Usingtheopinionofsomeonewhoiswell-knownbutwhoisnotanexpertonthetopicofyourargumentdoesnotprovideusefulsupportforyourargument.FaultyauthorityFaultyauthorityThefollowingisanexampleoffaultyauthority.Mypoliticalscienceteachersaysthatthenewmathisimpossibleforchildrentolearn.Circularreasoningoccurswhenawritertriestosupportaclaimbyrestatingitindifferentwords.CircularreasoningCircularreasoningThefollowingisanexample.Janeisanimpressivespeakerbecauseshealwaystouchesherlistenersdeeply.Slantedlanguageconveysconnotationsthatsuggestextremeapprovalordisapprovalofasubject.SlantingTheeither-orfallacyassertsthatonlytwochoicesexistwhen,infact,severaloptionsarepossible.Either-orfallacyEither-orfallacyThefollowingisanexample.Unlesscollegescontinuetoofferscholarshipsbasedsolelyonstudents’financialneed,nostudentslivinginpovertywillbeabletoattendcollege.Faultycausalrelationshipmakesfalseconnectionsbetweentwoeventsbyputtingtheminacausalrelationship.FaultycausalrelationshipFaultycausalrelationshipThefollowingisanexample.Alcoholismiscausedbytheavailabilityofalcohol.Evadingtheissueisa“handy”fallacythatpeoplepressintoservicetoevadeaproblemwhileappearingtobemakingapoint.EvadingtheissueEvadingtheissueThefollowingisanexample.That’sagreatrestaurant.Youcanseehowshiningcleanitskitchenis!Readthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity41.Peopleareallowedtodrinkinrestaurants,sotheyshouldbeallowedtosmokeinrestaurantsaswell.FalseanalogyReadthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity42.Girlsarenotgoodatscience.OvergeneralizationReadthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity43.Don’tlistentoFred’sideasforanewcomputersystem.Youknow,he’samiser.evadingtheissueReadthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity44.Wemustsetupastrictdresscode,oremployeeswilldressinappropriately.Either-orfallacyReadthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity45.Ifablackcatcrossesyourpath,you’llhavebadluck.FaultycausalrelationshipReadthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity46.Weshouldnotallowgirlsfromthatpartofthetowntogetintoourclub.Ionceknewagirlfromthereandshewasathief!HastygenerationReadthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity47.Stayinguplateisdetrimentaltohealthbecauseitcausesharmtothebody.CircularreasoningReadthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity48.Peoplecan’tbetrusted.Jerryisaperson.Therefore,Jerrycan’tbetrusted.Syllogisticfallacy(faultymajorpremise)Readthefollowingargumentstofindoutwhatfallaciesarecommitted.Activity49.Weshouldabolishthatschoolrule.Manyrespectedpeople,suchasactorMr.Handsome,havepubliclystatedtheiroppositiontoit.FaultyauthorityStrategiesfororganizinganargumentationessayStrategiesfororganizinganargumentationessayUnlikeanexpositoryessay,anargumentationessaybuildsoncontroversy.Whendefendinghisorherownclaim,agoodwriterisalsosupposedtoassumeopposingviewsandknowhowtorefutethem.StrategiesfororganizinganargumentationessayI.IntroductionA.IdentificationofthecontroversyB.Statementofthethesis/claimII.BodyA.Confirmation/Supportforthethesis/claimB.RefutationofopposingviewsIII.ConclusionA.Restatementofthethesis/claimB.ClosingstatementThebasicstructureofanargumentationessay67ConfirmationTypesofevidencefactsexamplesexpertopinionspersonalexperiencesstatisticspersonobservations68unifiedreasonableCharacteristicsofevidenceadequatespecificrepresentativeaccuratedramaticConfirmationPattern1IntroductionwiththethesisSupportingidea1Supportingidea2Supportingidea3Opposingidea(s)+Refutation(s)ConclusionThestructureofanargumentationessayPattern2IntroductionwiththethesisOpposingidea(s)+Refutation(s)Supportingidea1Supportingidea2Supportingidea3ConclusionThestructureofanargumentationessayPattern3IntroductionwiththethesisOpposingidea1+Refutation1Opposingidea2+Refutation2Opposingidea3+Refutation3Supportingidea(s)ConclusionThestructureofanargumentationessayPattern4IntroductionwiththethesisSupportingidea1withOpposingidea1+Refutation1Supportingidea2withOpposingidea2+Refutation2Supportingidea3withOpposingidea3+Refutation3ConclusionThestructureofanargumentationessayReadtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowittoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5ThisessayisorganizedinPattern2oftheclassicstructure.IntroductionwiththethesisMarineparksareunnecessaryandcruel,andthereforeshouldbeprohibited.Readtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowtoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5BodyOpposingideasOpposingidea1Refutation1Opposingidea2Refutation2Opposingidea3Refutation3SupportingideasSupportingidea1Supportingidea2Supportingidea3Supportingidea4Readtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowtoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5OpposingideasOpposingidea1:Marineparksprovidetheonlyopportunityformuchofthepublictoseemarinemammals.Refutation1:MarinemammalscanbeviewedinthewildinmoreplacesontheAustraliancoast,atanearerdistance,andforfree.Readtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowtoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5OpposingideasOpposingidea2:Weneedmarineparksforscientificresearch.Refutation2:Researchundertakenatmarineparksisgenerallynotreliable.Readtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowtoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5OpposingideasOpposingidea3:Marineparksattractalotofforeigntouristsandincreasesourforeignexchangeearnings.Refutation3:Touristscometoseeournativewildlifeinitsnaturalenvironmentandnottoseeitincagesandcementpools.Weshouldbepromotingourbeautifulnaturalenvironmenttotouristsandnottheuglyconcretemarineparkvenues.Readtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowtoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5SupportingideasSupportingidea1:Thedolphinsandwhalesinthewildareusedtoroaminglongdistancesacrosstheseas.Supportingidea2:Concretewallsofthepoolsinterferewiththeanimals’sonarsystemsofcommunication.Readtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowtoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5SupportingideasSupportingidea3:Keepingtheminpoolsrestrictsthefreedomofcreaturesthatmayhaveveryhighlevelsofintelligenceandsophisticatedlanguageabilities.Readtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowtoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5SupportingideasSupportingidea4:Therearemanydocumentedcasesofmarinemammalshelpinghumanswhoareindangeratseaorhelpingfishermenwiththeirwork.Readtheessayonp.195andthenfillinthetablebelowtoillustratetheorganizationalpatternoftheessay.Activity5ConclusionthatrestatesthethesisMarineparksareunnecessaryandcruel,andshouldbeclosed,orattheveryleast,nonewanimalsshouldbecapturedformarineparksinthefuture.Awell-developedargumentationessayoftenturnsouttobelongerthanotheressaysdo.identifythecontroversyandassertathesisbecharmingprovidenecessarybackgroundinformationstateyourplanofproofHowtointroduceanargumentationessayUsually,youcanfollowthetypicaloutlineintroducedonp.194anddividethebodyofanargumentationessayintotwoparts:confirmationrefutationHowtodevelopthebodyofanargumentationessayExamplesFactsAuthoritativeorexpertopinionsStatisticalfindingsPersonalexperiencesPersonalobservations.ConfirmationSinceargumentationfocusesoncontroversialissues,youshouldalsotakeopposingviewsintoaccountandsearchforconflictingviewpoints.However,youshouldnotdeliveryourrefutationarrogantly.RefutationInanessayarguingformoregovernmentexpenditureonchildcarecenters,youmayassumethefollowingopposingideas.Refutethemonebyone.Activity6Opposingidea1:Childrenwhogotochildcarecentersatanearlyagemissoutonimportantearlylearningthatoccursinparent-childinteraction.Inanessayarguingformoregovernmentexpenditureonchildcarecenters,youmayassumethefollowingopposingideas.Refutethemonebyone.Activity6Refutation1:However,childcarecentersmayactuallyassistchildrenintheirearlylearning.Theygivechildrenanopportunitytomixwithotherchildrenandtodevelopsocialskillsatanearlyage.Indeed,awholerangeoflearningoccursinchildcarecenters.Inanessayarguingformoregovernmentexpenditureonchildcarecenters,youmayassumethefollowingopposingideas.Refutethemonebyone.Activity6Opposingidea2:Childrencanbeemotionallydeprivedinchildcarecenters.Inanessayarguingformoregovernmentexpenditureonchildcarecenters,youmayassumethefollowingopposingideas.Refutethemonebyone.Activity6Refutation2:However,parentsandchildrenneedtospendsometimeapart.Moreover,childrenbecomelessdependentontheirparents,andparentsthemselvesarelessstressedandmoreeffectivecare-giverswhenthereareperiodsofseparation.Inanessayarguingformoregovernmentexpenditureonchildcarecenters,youmayassumethefollowingopposingideas.Refutethemonebyone.Activity6Opposingidea3:Thegovernmentcannotaffordtheenormouscostinvolvedinsupportingchildcareforworkingparents.Inanessayarguingformoregovernmentexpenditureonchildcarecenters,youmayassumethefollowingopposingideas.Refutethemonebyone.Activity6Refutation3:However,workingparentsactuallycontributetonationaleconomybyutilizingtheirproductiveskillsandpayingincometaxes.Withoutchildcarecenterstosolvetheirworriesathome,non-workingparentswillbecomeadrainonthetaxsystembydependingontheirspousesforrebates.HowtoendanargumentationessayYoucanendanargumentationessaybyrestatingyourthesisindifferentwaysandlookingintothefuture.Youcancallonthemtosupportyouandtakeactionattheendofyouressay.Youmaytryalivelierendingsuchasapunchline.HowtoholdanargumentationessaytogetherUsetransitionalwordsandexpressionsthatareappropriateforeachspecificpatterntoidentifythelogicalrelationshipsbetweenideas.HowtoholdanargumentationessaytogetherSometransitionsusuallydisplayalackoflogicandthereforeshouldbeavoided.Donotuse:undoubtedly,certainly,anyreasonablepersonwouldagreethat,anyfoolcanplainlyseethat,andevenafive-year-oldchildknows.SampleappreciationSampleappreciationReadtheessaytitled“WhoSaysIt’sWoman’sWork?”onp.201,andanswerthefollowingquestions.SampleappreciationSampleappreciation1.Whatisthepurposeoftheessay?Thepurposeistoconvincepeoplethat“Husbandsshouldhelpwiththehousework.”Sampleappreciation2.Whatisthethesisoftheessay?Isitclearlystated?Ifnot,canyoupointoutwhereitisimplied?Thethesisis“Husbandsshouldhelpwiththehousework.”No,itisnotclearlystated,butitisimpliedintheconcludingsentencesofParagraph1andthebeginningsentenceofParagraph3.Readerscaneasilyfigureoutwhatitis.Sampleappreciation3.Whatarethetypesofevidencethatthewriterusestosupportherpoint?Howconvincingareherarguments?Canyourefuteanyofthem?Thewriterprovidesfourexamples,citesstatistics,andquotesanauthoritytosupportherpoint.Theyarequiteconvincingbecausetheyrepresentfactsandexpertopinions,andarebasedonlogicalreasoningandemotionalappeals.Theyarehardtorefute.Sampleappreciation4.Doesthewriterusedeductionandinductioninheressay?Ifyes,listsomeexamples.Yes.Deduction:condensedsyllogism,e.g.Wouldn’tIlooksillyinapink-checkedapron?(Paragraph3)Also,ifNancysaysshe“likesdoingallthosethings,”she’saliar.(Paragraph4)Sampleappreciation4.Doesthewriterusedeductionandinductioninheressay?Ifyes,listsomeexamples.Deduction:condensedsyllogism,e.g.Ifheneverliftsahandtohelp,andifsheistootiredtohaveanyfun,whystaymarried?(Paragraph5)Ifmostofthemstoppedworking,thentheproblemwouldbestarvingfamilies.(Paragraph6)Sampleappreciation4.Doesthewriterusedeductionandinductioninheressay?Ifyes,listsomeexamples.Deduction:condensedsyllogism,e.g.Ifbothpartnersworktoearnmoney,theymustsharetheworkofkeepingthehouseholdgoing.(Paragraph6)IfNancyHanks’husbanddoesn’tchangehisways,hemightlandindivorcecourt.(Paragraph7)Sampleappreciation4.Doesthewriterusedeductionandinductioninheressay?Ifyes,listsomeexamples.Deduction:condensedsyllogism,e.g.IfGraceMcNabdoesn’tappreciateherhusband,she’lllosehimtosomeotherworkingwifewhoknowsagoodthing.(Paragraph7)Sampleappreciation4.Doesthewriterusedeductionandinductioninheressay?Ifyes,listsomeexamples.Induction:Inthefirsttwoparagraphs,thewritergivesfourexamplesinordertoarriveattheconclusionthatintheUSnow,itisacommonphenomenonthatworkingwivesdoallthehouseworkathomewhiletheirhusbandsjustdon’tgiveahelpinghand.SampleappreciationFalseanalogy:“Mymotherdidherhousework,andraisedsixkidsbesides.Shedidn’thaveadishwasheroradryer,butsheneveraskedmyfathertohangouttheclothes.”(Thereisnoimportantsimilaritybetweenthetwowomen.)5.Whatlogicalfallaciescanyoufindintheopposingviewsofthehusbands?SampleappreciationMisuseofsyllogism:“Wouldn’tIlooksillyinapink-checkedapron?”(Wrongmajorpremise)Evadingtheissue:“Whatdoyoumean,help?Itookthekidstothezoolastweek,soshecouldwashthewindows.”(Takingthekidstothezooisnothousework.)5.Whatlogicalfallaciescanyoufindintheopposingviewsofthehusbands?Sampleappreciation6.Whatistheorganizationalpatternoftheessay?Isiteffective?Whyorwhynot?IntroductionwiththethesisExamplesOpposingidea(s)+Refutation(s)Supportingidea1Supportingidea2ConclusionThepaperismainlyorganizedinPattern2.Thisstructureisavariantoftheclassicstructure.SampleappreciationThewritercitesexampleswithherthesisimpliedfirstandthenrefutestheopponents’argumentsbeforeconfirmingherownclaim.Itiseffectiveinarousingreaders’interestandrenderingstrongsupportforthethesis.6.Whatistheorganizationalpatternoftheessay?Isiteffective?Whyorwhynot?Sampleappreciation7.Outlinethepurposeofeachparagraphoftheessay.Paragraph1ItprovidesanextendedexampletoshowhowthewifeNancyHanksdoesallthehouseworkwhileherhusbandsitsreadingnewspapers.Itendswithanindicationofthethesisoftheessay:Husbandsshouldhelpwiththehousework.Sampleappreciation7.Outlinethepurposeofeachparagraphoftheessay.Paragraph2ItgoesontogivethreemoreexamplestoshowthatNancyHanksisnotanindividualcase.Thefirsttwoparagraphsserveasintroductiontotheessay.Sampleappreciation7.Outlinethepurposeofeachparagraphoftheessay.Paragraph3Itassumesfiveopposingarguments.Paragraph4Itrefutesthefiveargumentsonebyone.Sampleappreciation7.Outlinethepurposeofeachparagraphoftheessay.Paragraph5ItcitesstatisticsaboutAmericanworkingwomenandmarriages.Paragraph6Itquotesanauthoritytosupportitsthesis.Sampleappre