新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U6-Narration

oreurriculum新时代核心英语教程写作26UNITNarrationNarrationchronologicalorder时间顺序factualnarrative事实性叙事fictionalnarrative虚构性叙事KeyTermsflashback倒叙journalisticquestion新闻报道式的提问narration叙事，记叙体narrative记叙文MainContentsStrategiesfororganizinganarrativeSampleappreciationStrategiesforusingnarration2.DevelopingthebodyofanarrativeproperlyDifficultPoints1.DecidingwhichelementstoincludeReadeachoftheexampleson

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andthentellwhetheritisafictionalnarrativeorafactualnarrative.Activity11.Factualnarrative2.FictionalnarrativeStrategiesforusingnarrationStrategiesforusingnarrationAnarrativerecountsasequenceofevents,offersreaderscleardetails,andtypically,deliversacompellingmessage.Itappearsinalmostalltypesofwriting,includingdescription,exposition,andargumentation.StrategiesforusingnarrationOneofthebestsourcesforagoodnarrativeisyourownexperiences.Writingfrompersonalexperiencesseemsmorerealandgenuine.ChooseanexperienceinyourlifeAnarrativedoesnotsimplytellreadersastory,butalsohelpswritertomakeapoint.Fordifferentpurposes,youmaychoosedifferentdetailstogowiththestory.DetermineapurposeInordertomakeastoryinterestingandeasytofollow,youshouldoftentakethefollowingelementsintoconsideration.•asettingorsomebackgroundinformation•aninitiatingevent•asimplereaction•anattemptIncludethekeyelementsInordertomakeastoryinterestingandeasytofollow,youshouldoftentakethefollowingelementsintoconsideration.•anoutcome•anending•agoalortheultimatepurposeofthewritingIncludethekeyelementsIncludethekeyelementsReadtheexampleinp.71andcheckhowmanyelementsareincluded.Setting:Ithappenedthatafoxwasamblingalongacountrylane…Initiatingevent:…hespiedabunchofripegrapeshangingfromavinehighabovehishead.Simplereaction:Hungryashewas,thefoxdeterminedtohavethosegrapesfordinner.IncludethekeyelementsReadtheexampleinp.71andcheckhowmanyelementsareincluded.Attempt:Hestoodtallonhishindlegs…;Heleapedhighintheair…Outcome:…butcouldnotreachthegrapes;…butmissedthegrapesandfellpainfullyontohisback.Ending:Hewastoosoretomakeafurtherattemptatthegrapes,sohesighedandturnedawaydowntheroad.Readthestoryonp.71andthenidentifythekeyelements.Activity2Setting:OutsideourcabinnearariverinTuolumneMeadowsofYosemite,wheremyfamilywasonvacation.Myfatherandmotherwerereadingthenewspaper,andI,afive-year-oldchild,wasplayingwithBear,mybestfriend,neartheriver.Readthestoryonp.71andthenidentifythekeyelements.Activity2Initiatingevent:SuddenlythecurrentsweptBearoutofmyhands.Simplereaction:Iranscreamingandcryingtomyfather,“Daddy,hurry,Bear’sgonedowntheriver.”Readthestoryonp.71andthenidentifythekeyelements.Activity2Attempt:InamatterofsecondshetossedhisnewspaperasideandfollowedmetotheplacewhereIlastsawBear…finallydisappearingfromview.Outcome:Whenhereturnedanhourlater,drenchedanddisheveled,hehadBearinhishands.Readthestoryonp.71andthenidentifythekeyelements.Activity2Ending:UntilthatmomentIhadneverbeenconsciousoflovingmyfather.IwonderifherealizedthenjusthowthoroughlyBearhadtakenhisplace,andifheknewwhatadisasteritwouldbeforbothofusifhe’dreturnedempty-handed.Readthestoryonp.71andthenidentifythekeyelements.Activity2Goal:Toshowhowmyfatherlovedmeandwoulddoanythingtosatisfymyneeds,andhowIlovedBearmorethanmyfatheratthattime.Whendecidingwhattoincludeinthenarration,takethesixjournalisticquestionsintoconsideration:who,what,when,where,why,andhow.Avoiddetailsirrelevanttotheabovesixquestions.Neverlayequalemphasisonallthesixaspects.SelectsignificantdetailsBasically,innarratives,youcanchoosebetweentwopointsofview:thefirst-person(I/we)thethird-person(he/she/it/they)ChooseapointofviewWhenwritingaboutwhathappenedtoyou,youshouldgenerallyusethefirstpersonpointofview.However,itisdifficulttorecounteventsthathappenindifferentplacesatthesametime.ChooseapointofviewWhenwritingaboutsomeoneelse’sstory,youshouldgenerallynarrateinthethird-personpointofview.ChooseapointofviewDialogsaddlifetonarrativesandgivereadersinsightintothepersonalitiesandmotivesofthecharacters.Dialogsinnarrativesarefeaturedbysimplewordsandshortsentences,repetition,andeventheoccasionaluseofsentencefragments,colloquialexpressions,andsoon.UsedialogscautiouslyKeepinmindthefollowingadvice.First,avoidunnecessaryrepetitionofthespeakers’namesorunnecessarydescriptionofthewaytheyspeak.Second,presentdialogsinasimpleandbriefway.UsedialogscautiouslyRevisethedialogbetweenMortonandSeantomakeitconcise.Activity3“IsawSamintheshop,”whisperedMorton.“Howdidyoufindhim?”inquiredSean.“Mypetdogledmethere.”“Oh!”StrategiesfororganizinganarrativeStrategiesfororganizinganarrativeAnarrativeisusuallymadeupofthreeparts:thebeginningthebodytheendingStrategiesfororganizinganarrativeInnarrativeintroductions,thebestplanistohintatyourmainpoint,preparingyourreaderspsychologicallyforwhatistocome.Agoodnarrativeintroductioncandothisinseveralways.HowtointroduceanarrativeHowtointroduceanarrativeOneofthemostcommonwaysistogivethebackgroundthatreadersneedtounderstandthestory,asisillustratedbythefollowingexample.Afterseveralmonths’“imprisonment”inuniversity,IwassomentallytiredthatIembarkedonatriptoSanFranciscoontheveryfirstdayofthesummervacation.AlthoughIdidnotexpectmuchfromthattripexceptfreedom,itfinallyturnedouttobemymostunforgettabletripjustbecauseofagirl.HowtointroduceanarrativeAnotherwaytobeginanarrativeistogodirectlyintothestoryitself.Forexample,TheAdventuresofTomSawyerbeginsinthefollowingway“TOM!”Noanswer.“TOM!”Noanswer.“What’sgonewiththatboy,Iwonder?YouTOM!”Noanswer.Arrangingthedetailsofastoryinchronologicalorderisusuallythefirstoption.Anarrative,fictionalorfactual,maybeginatthepointofacrucialincidentandthentakereadersbacktowhatledtotheincident.HowtodevelopthebodyofanarrativeHowtodevelopthebodyofanarrativeAfrequently-usedwaytoendanarrativeistofurtherpointoutthesignificanceoftheevent,asshowninthefollowingexample.Thatincidenthappenedmorethan15yearsago.Myparentsandmysistermighthaveforgottenitbynow,butFather’swordsarestillringinginmyears.HowtoholdanarrativetogetherMakeproperuseoftimesignalstoindicateclearlythemovementthroughtime.Suchexpressionsasthefollowingcoulddoso.firstandthenwhenoncenextfinallybeforeafterimmediatelymeanwhileatthesametimenowbynowsoonsoonaftersincethenassoonasnosooner…thannot…untilrecentlyReadtheessay“ALostLamb”againandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.Activity41.Whatarethedifferentstagesofthenarrative?StageX:ThecoachcarriedmetothevillageofmyUncleandAunt.Stage1:IstayedatmyUncleandAunt’swhenIwassix.Readtheessay“ALostLamb”againandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.Activity4Stage2:ThelocalschoolbroughtawayallmyplaymatesandIwentouttopickberriesaloneoneafternoon.Stage3:Isuddenlybecamehomesick.Stage4:IrememberedhowIhadcometothevillage.Readtheessay“ALostLamb”againandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.Activity4Stage5:IdecidedtogohomealonewiththepocketmoneyfromAunt.Stage6:Ilostmywayandbecameveryfrightened.Readtheessay“ALostLamb”againandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.Activity4Stage7:IwasbroughtbacktoAuntbyavillagerStageX:Igotoffthecoachbeforethewoods.Readtheessay“ALostLamb”againandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.Activity42.Doesthewriterpointoutthesignificanceorthethemeoftheeventexplicitlyattheendoftheessayordoesshejuststopwhenshefinishesthestory?Readtheessay“ALostLamb”againandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.Activity4Thestoryof“ALostLamb”consistsofaflashback.Aftertheauthorfinishesthestory,shereturnstorealityandechoestheintroductionoftheessaybymakingacommentontheevent:“ThoughIwasstillnotimmunetofear,Iwouldnotbeovercomebyitnow.Iwouldnotbeahelplesslostlambanymore.”Thiscommenthintsatthethemeofthestory:Childrenareoftenverynaiveandsusceptibletofears.Readtheessay“ALostLamb”againandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.Activity43.Identifyasmanytransitionalexpressionsasyoucanfindintheessay.again,when,onesunnyafternoon,but,suddenly,and,before,so,inaflash,aftersomewhile,until,fortunately,thenextthingSampleappreciationSampleappreciationReadtheessaytitled“IfOnly”onp.78,andanswerthefollowingquestions.SampleappreciationSampleappreciation1.Whatisthecentralideaoftheessay?Isitclearlystatedorvaguelyimplied?Thecentralideaoftheessayisclearlystated.Thewriterexpressesthecentralideaintheintroduction(“Buttheothernightanoldwomanshatteredmybeliefthataglibresponsecouldsmoothovertheroughspotsofdealingwithotherhumanbeings”)andechoesthepointintheconclusion,wherehedeploresthefragilecharacterofhumancompassion.Sampleappreciation2.Whatelementsofnarrationarepresentedintheessay?Listeachofthem.Setting:AtaconveniencestoretheothernightwhereIworkedInitiatingevent:Apooroldwomanenteredthestore.Simplereaction:Idecidedtobeagood,courteousemployeeandaskedherifsheneededhelp.Sampleappreciation2.Whatelementsofnarrationarepresentedintheessay?Listeachofthem.Attempt:Thepooroldwomanwantedsomefoodforfree,andIsucceededinpreventingherfromtakingthecornnibletsoutwithoutpaying.Outcome:ThewomanleftthestoreandIrushedouttoolatetomakeupformylackofcompassionforthewoman.Sampleappreciation2.Whatelementsofnarrationarepresentedintheessay?Listeachofthem.Ending:Iregrettedhavingactedlikearobotinsteadofacompassionatehumanbeing.Goal:Toshowthatsometimespeoplemayhaveafragileholdontheirbetterinstincts—compassionforpoorpeople.Sampleappreciation3.Whatpointofviewisemployed?Thefirst-personpointofviewisemployedinordertomakethestorymorevividandconvincing.Sampleappreciation4.Whatdetailscontributetothedevelopmentoftheessay?Inthisessay,thewritermainlyfocusesondetailsthatanswerthequestionswhatandhow:Whatthepooroldwomanlookedlikeandhowshebehaved.Sampleappreciation4.Whatdetailscontributetothedevelopmentoftheessay?Forexample,inParagraph2:…Walkingasifeachstepwerepainful,sheslowlypushedopentheglassdoorandhobbleddownthenearestaisle.Shecougheddryly,wheezingwitheachbreath.Sampleappreciation4.Whatdetailscontributetothedevelopmentoftheessay?Ona40-degreenight,shewaswearingonlyafadedprintdress,athin,light-beigesweatertoosmalltobutton,andblackvinylslipperswiththebackscutouttoexposecallousedheels.Therewerenostockingsorsocksonhersplotchy,blue-veinedlegs.Sampleappreciation4.Whatdetailscontributetothedevelopmentoftheessay?Theabovedescriptionisfilledwithspecific,concretewords(italicized)packedwithsensoryimagesthatappealtoreaders’sensesofsight,sound,andtouch.Thesedetailsaddinteresttothenarrativeandhelpreadersvisualizetheoldwomanintheirminds.Sampleappreciation4.Whatdetailscontributetothedevelopmentoftheessay?Apartfromtheuseofsensorydetails,thewriterreliesonthedialoguebetweenhimandtheoldwomantoaddenergytothenarrativeandtodramatizehisconflictwiththewoman.Sampleappreciation5.Whataretheintroductoryandconcludingtechniquesoftheessay?Aretheyeffective?Theintroductionprovidesbackgroundinformationaboutthewriter’spastexperiencesandhisstatusinthestorebeforestatingthecentralidea.Theconclusionpointsoutthesignificanceoftheevent.Sampleappreciation5.Whataretheintroductoryandconcludingtechniquesoftheessay?Aretheyeffective?Thesestrategiesareeffective:Thebackgroundinformationhelpsthereaderbetterunderstandtheconflictsbetweenhimandthewomanandbetweenhisfearofbreakingtherulesandhishumaninstincttohelpsomeoneinneed;theconclusionconveysthewriter’smessageclearlytothereader.Sampleappreciation6.Howistheessayorganized?Theessayisorganizedintimeorder,fromthemomentthewomanentersthestoretothewriter’sreactionaftersheleaves,withtheintroductionservingasakindofflashbackbyprovidingsomenecessarybackgroundinformationaboutthewriter’spastexperiences.Sampleappreciation7.Whatexpressionsdoesthewriterusetohelpreadersfollowthecourseofthenarrative?Tohelpthereaderfollowthecourseofthenarrative,thewriterusestimesignals:Themomentsheentered(Paragraph2),Ona40-degreenight(2),Afterstrollingaroundthestoreforseveralminutes(3),Atthatpoint(3),AsIstoodclosetoher(3),Forasecond(9),Foramoment(9),Momentsaftersheleft(11),Fortherestofmyshift(11),andsoon.Sampleappreciation8.Howdoesthewriterdramatizehisinteractionwiththewoman?Hedramatizeshisconflictwiththewomanthroughdialogthatcrackleswithtension.Sampleappreciation9.Inferthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwordswiththehelpofthecontext.glib(Paragraph1):(derog.)speakingorspokenfluentlyandwithouthesitation,butnotsincerelyortrustworthilyhobble(2):walkwithdifficultybecausethefeetorlegshurtoraredisabledSampleappreciation9.Inferthemeaningsoftheunderlinedwordswiththehelpoftheco