新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U2-Prewriting-assessing-the-purpo

oreurriculum新时代核心英语教程写作22UNITPrewriting—assessingthepurposeandaudiencePrewriting—assessingthepurposeandaudienceaudience读者person人称pointofview立场，视角KeyTermspurpose（写作）意图tone语气MainContentsDeterminingyourpurposeConsideringyouraudienceGettingstarted—choosingatopicEstablishingyourpointofviewSettingyourtone2.MaintainaconsistentpointofviewDifficultPoints1.ChooseanappropriatetopicGettingstarted—choosingatopicGettingstarted—choosingatopicLookforanidea,notjustforatopic.Lookforfamiliartopicsandideas.Lookfortopicsandideasthatinterestyou.Choosemanageabletopics.Gettingstarted—choosingatopicLookforanidea,notjustforatopicWhenyoudecidetowriteaboutchildrenandtheirparents,youmaystartwiththefollowingideas.Children’sbehavioroftenreflectstheirparents’attitudes.Childrenneedpersonalspace.Thegrowthprocessofchildrenisalsothatoftheirparents.Discoverideasabouttopicsthatyouknowalotabout.Examineyourownexperiencesandareasofknowledge.Yourbackgroundknowledgemayenableyoutowritein-depthessays.LookforfamiliartopicsandideasWhatsubjectsorproblemsattractyourattention?Whatcurrenteventsorissuessparkyourinterest?LookfortopicsandideasthatinterestyouChoosemanageabletopicsDeterminewhetherthetopiccanbeeffectivelydealtwithinanessayoflimitedlength.Thewordlimitisusuallybetween300wordsand500wordsincollegewriting.ChoosemanageabletopicsConsiderthefollowingexamplesofhowtonarrowdownatopicthatistoobroad.Broadtopic:Greatsportsstars

Revised:YaoMingBroadtopic:ClassicalChineseliterature

Revised:ADreamofRedMansionsActivity11.TravelAtourinSingapore2.EducationForeignstudentsinJilinUniversity3.FamiliesMymother4.ShoppingShoppingonlineNarrowdownthefollowingtopicstospecificones.Activity15.HospitalsHospitalfee6.WinterHarshwinterweather7.FilmsMyfavoritefilmNarrowdownthefollowingtopicstospecificones.Activity18.SportsJogging9.CollegelifeExtracurricularactivitiesinourcollege10.CultureChinesefoodcultureNarrowdownthefollowingtopicstospecificones.DeterminingyourpurposeDeterminingyourpurposeGenerally,theessaysyouwritemainlyhavefourpurposes.toinformreaderstopersuadereaderstoexpressyourselftoentertainreadersDeterminingyourpurposeInpractice,however,severaldifferentwritingpurposesareoftencombinedinanessay.Havingaspecificpurposeassistsyouateverystageofthewritingprocess.DeterminingyourpurposeToinformreadersConsidertheseexamples.HowtotreatararediseaseSummariesoftheresultsofaninvestigationofwaterTopersuadereadersConsiderthisexample.Youmightwritetothepresident’soffice,arguingforextendingtheopeninghoursofthecollegelibrary.ToexpressyourselfConsidertheseexamples.diaryentrieslyricpoetrylyricproseAmusereadersinordertopleasethem.Addinteresttoyourwriting.Helpyourreadersabsorbdullordifficultmaterial.ToentertainreadersPurposeofentertainingyourreadersReadthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Acommunityisaseainwhichpeopleswimunconsciously,likefish.Wefailtorecognizeourneighborsasfellowhuman,andtheyshowthesamelackoffellow-feelingsforus.Acompletelackofconcernforoneanotherisevidentintoday’scomplexsociety.WhatisReadthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2acommunity?Isitaplant?Abuilding?Aplace?Astateofbeing?Knowingwhatitis,wecanseeifsuchaplaceexists.Toknowacommunity,onemustrealizewhoheorsheis.Identityofapersonisthefirststepinestablishingacommunity.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity21.Doestheparagraphhaveaclearpurpose?Whyorwhynot?No,itdoesn’t.Thewritercan’tdecidewhataspectofcommunitytodealwith.Theopeningsentenceattemptsadefinition,butthenexttwoshifttotheshortcomingsofpeopleinthemoderncommunity.Theauthor’sthoughtsdriftaimlessly.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Thevaguebeginningsentencedefinescommunityasasea,butthelaterquestion“Whatisacommunity?”contradictsthisopening.Also,ifacommunityisaplant,abuilding,oraplace,whymustwerealizewhoweareinordertoknowit?Thiscontradictoryandillogicalparagraphrevealsawritergropingforapurpose.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity22.Givesuggestionsastohowtoimprovetheparagraph,andthenwriteaparagraphonthesametopicwithaclearpurpose.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Suggestionsastohowtoimprovetheparagraph:(1)Bydevelopingthefirstsentence,thewritermightshowsomeinterestingsimilaritiesbetweenacommunityandaseasothatinsteadoftakingacommunityforgranted,readerscanseeitinanewlight.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2(2) Bypursuingtheideainthesecondandthirdsentences,thewritermightshowthecruelnatureofmodernsocietytoencouragereaderstoactmorehumanely.(3) Thelasttwosentencesmightleadtoastatementontherelationshipbetweenanindividualandacommunityinordertoovercomethecommonviewthatthetwoareinconflict.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Hereisaparagraphthatdevelopsthesecondandthirdsentences:Acommunityissupposedtobeaplacewherethepeopleofaneighborhoodcanmeetforsportingactivities,educationclasses,socialoccasions,andsoon.Butintoday’scomplexsociety,thecommunityischaracterizedbyacompletelackofconcernforoneanother.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Ithasbecomeavastseainwhichpeopleswimunconsciously,likefish.Theyfailtorecognizetheirneighborsasfellowhumans,andshowthesamelackoffellow-feelingsfortheirneighbors.Livinginsuchaplaceisaboringexperience.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Hereisanewparagraphoncommunity:Peopleindifferentprofessionsgetalongwellinourcommunity.Ifyouworktoolatetotakecareofyourchild,thenyoucansendyourchildtoaretiredteacher’shouseuntilyoucomeback.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Whenthelightinyourhousedoesn’twork,youcanrelyonyourneighbor,anelectrician,tofixitforyouimmediately.Andifyourcomputercrashes,don’tgetmad.Yourneighborwillvolunteertoinstallitforyou.Thisisourcommunity.Peopleherearewarm,versatile,andhelpful.ConsideringyouraudienceConsideringyouraudienceYouneedtoknowinadvancethefollowingthingstoattractyouraudience.Whoisyouraudience?Whatdotheyalreadyknowaboutyoursubject?Whatisyouraudience’sbackground?Whatareyouraudience’sinterestsandvalues?Whatisyouraudience’sattitudetowardyourtopic?Whatisyourrelationshipwiththeaudience?ConsideringyouraudienceThinkingsystematicallyaboutyouraudiencewillhelpyoudecideonwhatsortoforganizationalplantofollowandwhatinformationtoincludeorexclude.Thewordsawriterchoosesandthefactsheorsheselectsarealsolargelydeterminedbywhowillreadthematerial.ConsideringyouraudienceComparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity31.Poseidon,lordofthesea,wasamoodyandviolentgod.Hisfierceblueeyespiercedthehaze,andhissea-bluehairstreamedoutbehindhim.HewascalledtheEarthshaker,forwhenhestruckthegroundwithhistrident,theearthtrembledandsplitopen.

Comparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity3Whenhestruckthesea,wavesrosemountainshighandthewindshowled,wreckingshipsanddrowningthosewholivedontheshores.However,whenhewasinacalmmood,hewouldstretchouthishandandstilltheseaandraisenewlandsoutofthewater.Comparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity32.Poseidon,whoisequaltohisbrotherZeusindignity,thoughnotinpower,andofasurly,quarrelsomenature,atoncesetaboutbuildinghisunderwaterpalaceofAegaeinEuboea.InitsspaciousstableshekeepsComparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity3whitechariothorseswithbrazenhoovesandgolden,andagoldenchariotattheapproachofwhichstormsinstantlyceaseandsea-monstersrise,friskingaroundit.Comparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity3Paragraph1isaimedatapre-teenageaudience.Itislimitedinscopeanddepthofanalysiswithsimplersentencestructures.Paragraph2isaimedatadults.SettingyourtoneSettingyourtoneThetoneofthewritingreferstothegeneralfeelingorattitudeexpressedinthewriting.Inwriting,twomethodsareusedtosetyourtone.sentencestructurewordchoiceSettingyourtoneSentencestructureAneutral,objectivetoneDuringthe1960s,manyAmericaninner-cityminoritiesconsideredthepoliceanoccupyingforceandanoppressiveagentofcontrol.Asaresult,violencegrewagainstpoliceinpoorerneighborhoods,asdidthenumberofresidentskilledbythepolice.SentencestructureAdramaticandalmostalarmingtoneAnoccupyingforce.Anagentofcontrol.Anoppressor.That’showmanyAmericaninner-cityminoritiesinthe1960sviewedthepolice.Violenceagainstthepolicesoared.Policekillingsofresidentsmounted.Wordchoice:AserioustonerevealedintheuseofformaltermsWhentwoormorepeoplecommunicatewitheachotherinspeech,wecancallthesystemtheyuseacode.Weshouldalsonotethattwospeakerswhoarebilingual,thatis,whohaveaccesstotwocodes,andwhoforonereasonoranothershiftbackandforthbetweentwolanguagesastheyconversebycode-switching,areactuallyusingathirdcode,onewhichWordchoicedrawsonthosetwolanguages.Thesystemitself(orthegrammar,touseawell-knowntechnicalterm)issomethingthateachspeaker“knows,”buttwoveryimportantissuesforlinguistsarejustwhatthatknowledgecomprisesandhowwemaybestcharacterizeit.AserioustonerevealedintheuseofformaltermsIdentifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity41.Itishardtobelievethatthisexhaustingcampaignisfinallyover.Theballotsfortheseniorclasspresidenthavebeentallied.Ilost.IfeltthatIhadagoodchanceofwinningandtriedtocapitalizeonthat.Istartedearly,Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity4chosemeaningfulissuesasmyspeechmaterial,andmanagedtoreceiveexcellentcampusexposure.However,itwasjustnotenough.Thepeoplehavespoken,andnowImustlisten.However,fornow,Ijustwanttoenjoyawell-deservedrest.Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity41.Thetoneintheparagraphisoneofreliefandacceptance.Wordsandphrasessuchasexhausting,finally,nowImustlisten,andwell-deserved

restgivehints.Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity42.Howcouldthecampaignhaveendedlikethis!Theballotsfortheseniorclasspresidenthavebeencounted—twice.ThecommitteesaysIlost.I’mstillinshock.WasIeverwrongtothinkthatstudentsonthiscampuswantedahardworkingrepresentative,onewhoIdentifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity4discussedimportantissuesandmadehispresencefeltthroughoutthecampus?Obviously,thestudentsdidn’ttakethiselectionseriously.Well,thesepeoplehavespoken,andnowtheymustlivewiththeconsequences.Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity42.Thetoneoftheparagraphisoneofdisappointment,disbelief,andanger.Thewriterusestheexpressionscountedtwice,shock,wasIeverwrong,didn’ttakethiselectionseriously,andmustlivewiththeconsequences.EstablishingyourpointofviewEstablishingyourpointofviewThepointofviewinwriting,alsocalledthestandpoint,referstothepositionfromwhichwhatiswrittenisobservedorconsidered.Itisalsocloselyrelatedtoverbtense.EstablishingyourpointofviewItcanalsoindicatethewriter’srelationshipwiththeactionasaparticipantorasanobserver.thefirst-personpointofviewthesecond-personpointofviewthethird-personpointofviewWhichonetochoosedependsonthesubjectandtheaudienceofyourwriting.EstablishingyourpointofviewItisusedtoobserveandreportactioninwhichthewriterparticipated.Itisthemoststronglyindividualizedpointofview.ItisappropriateinnarrativesanddescriptiveessaysothertypesofessayssuchascauseandeffectanalysisThefirst-personpointofviewItisusuallyusedinconversationaltypes.Itsimplifiesstyleandinvolvesreadersinamorepersonalway.Itispreferredindirectionalprocessanalysisessays.intheformofimperativesentences.Itisnotappropriateincollegeessayswheremoreformal,lessconversationalwritingiscalledfor.Thesecond-personpointofviewItisusedtoreportactionperformedbypeopleotherthanthewriterortheaudience.Itisbyfarthemostcommoninacademicwriting.Thethird-personpointofviewEstablishingyourpointofviewMaintainingaconsistentpersonisessentialtocoherence;otherwiseyourreaderswouldgetconfused.Inconsistent:

Togetthemostfromalecture,astudentshouldlistencarefullyandtakenotes.Youshouldnot,however,trytorecordeverythingyourinstructorsays.Limityournotestotheimportantpointsofthediscussion.Thethird-personpointofviewMaintainingaconsistentpersonisessentialtocoherence;otherwiseyourreaderswouldgetconfused.Revised:

Togetthemostfromalecture,listencarefullyandtakenotes.Don’ttrytorecordeverythingyourinstructorsays,however.Limityournotestotheimportantpointsofthediscussion.Revisethefollowingpassagetoeliminateerrorsinthepointofview.Activity5Ireallybelievethatonecanbeasuccessfulcookifyouhavegoodinventivenessandimagination,becauseIamjustanexample.Duringthelastwintervacation,Itakechargeofmyfamily’smealsandinventedmanydeliciousdishesthatwerewelcomedbyallmyfamilymembers.OneofthedisheswhichIamespeciallyproudofisfriedchickenbreastwithtomatosauceandgreenpeas.HereishowIcookedit.Revisethefollowingpassagetoeliminateerrorsinthepointofview.Activity5Ireallybelievethatonecanbeasuccessfulcookifhehas

goodinventivenessandimagination,becauseIamjustanexample.Duringthelastwintervacation,Itook

chargeofmyfamily’smealsandinventedmanydeliciousdishesthatwerewelcomedbyallmyfamilymembers.OneofthedisheswhichIamespeciallyproudofisfriedchickenbreastwithtomatosauceandgreenpeas.HereishowIcookedit.Revisethefollowingpassagetoeli