高考英语阅读细节理解题三步法带练(04) 讲义

一、高考英语阅读细节题三步法：第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系）第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说)高考英语阅读细节题三步法带练Thepowerofhumanlanguagecomesnotonlyfromtheprecisionofitssignalsandthecomplexityofitsgrammarbutalsofromitslinkstocognition(认知).Babiesasyoungas3monthshavebeguntolinklanguageandcorecognitivecapacities.Previousworkinthelabhadfoundthatforbabiesaged3to4months,listeningtobothhumanvocalizations(发声)(theirnativelanguage)andnon-humanprimatevocalizations(callsofmonkeys)boostedcognition.Itremainedunknownwhetherallhumanlanguageswouldhavethisadvantageouseffect.Inanewstudy,theresearchersconsideredEnglish-acquiring3-to4-month-oldbabies’responsestotwonon-nativelanguages(GermanorCantonese)—inthecontextoftheclassicobjectcategorizationtask.Inthiscognitivetask,babiesfirstviewedaseriesof“familiarization”imagesfromoneobjectcategory(e.g.,dinosaurs).Thentheyviewedtwonew“test”imagesatthesametime:anewexamplefromthefamiliarizedcategory(e.g.,anotherdinosaur;“afamiliarobject”)andanewmodelfromanovelcategory(e.g.,afish;“anovelobject”).Babies’abilitytodistinguishbetweenthefamiliarandnoveltestimages,measuredbytheirlookingtimes,indicateswhethertheyhaveformedtheobjectcategory.Crucially,babies’successinthetaskdependsuponthesoundinformationthataccompaniesthevisualimagespresentedduringfamiliarization.“WefoundthatGerman,whichisphonologically(音系地)‘near’toEnglish,facilitatedobjectcategorization.ButCantonese,whichisphonologically‘distant’,didnot,”saidDaniellePerszyk,leadauthorofthestudy.“Babies’responsestothetwonon-nativelanguagestested,consideredincombinationwiththeirresponsestoEnglishandtothesoundsofmonkeys，areconsistentwiththepossibilitythatbabies’earliestlinkstocognitionoriginatefromtwodistinctmechanisms.Onlyoneofthemisusedspecificallyforhumanspeech,”sheadded.Whenbabiesare3to4monthsold，vocalizationsofnon-humanprimatesmayboosttheircognitionbyengaginganothersystem,onenotspecializedforspeech.However,thecognitiveadvantageisshort-lived:onlylastsfor2to3months.Thestudyalsoprovidesthefirstevidencethatbabies’increasinglyprecisecognitivetuningtothesoundsoftheirnativelanguagesetsrestrictionsontherangeofhumanlanguagestheywilllinktocognition.1.Whatcanweknowaboutbabiesaged3to4monthsaccordingtopreviouswork?A.Theygetacognitivebonusafterexposuretoanimalsounds.B.Theycantellhumanlanguagesfromthoseofanimals.C.Theyhaveagiftformasteringdiverselanguages.D.Theyshownointerestinnon-nativelanguages.第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向Whatcanweknowaboutbabiesaged3to4monthsaccordingtopreviouswork?根据之前的研究，我们对3到4个月大的婴儿有什么了解?第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系）Previousworkinthelabhadfoundthatforbabiesaged3to4months,listeningtobothhumanvocalizations(发声)(theirnativelanguage)andnon-humanprimatevocalizations(callsofmonkeys)boostedcognition.Itremainedunknownwhetherallhumanlanguageswouldhavethisadvantageouseffect.实验室之前的研究发现，对于3到4个月大的婴儿来说，既听人类的声音(发声)(他们的母语)，也听非人类灵长类动物的声音(猴子的叫声)，都能提高他们的认知能力。是否所有的人类语言都会有这种有利的影响，这仍然是未知的。第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说)1.Whatcanweknowaboutbabiesaged3to4monthsaccordingtopreviouswork?根据之前的研究，我们对3到4个月大的婴儿有什么了解Theygetacognitivebonusafterexposuretoanimalsounds.在听到动物的声音后，他们的认知能力得到了提升。Theycantellhumanlanguagesfromthoseofanimals.他们能分辨人类语言和动物语言。Theyhaveagiftformasteringdiverselanguages.他们有掌握多种语言的天赋。Theyshownointerestinnon-nativelanguages.他们对非母语不感兴趣。同义替换：cognitivebonus=boostedcognition;Exposuretoanimalsounds=listeningtonon-humanprimatevocalization2.WhichofthefollowingmayDaniellePerszykagreewith?A.Peoplemayprefercertainlanguagesatayoungage.B.Babiesmayadoptdifferentsystemstobuildcognitivelinks.C.Babies’cognitivelinksaredependentontheirlearninghabits.D.Peoplecandevelopearlycognitivelinksthroughfamiliarlanguages.第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向2.WhichofthefollowingmayDaniellePerszykagreewith?DaniellePerszyk可能同意以下哪项?第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系）Crucially,babies’successinthetaskdependsuponthesoundinformationthataccompaniesthevisualimagespresentedduringfamiliarization.“WefoundthatGerman,whichisphonologically(音系地)‘near’toEnglish,facilitatedobjectcategorization.ButCantonese,whichisphonologically‘distant’,didnot,”saidDaniellePerszyk,leadauthorofthestudy.至关重要的是，婴儿在任务中的成功取决于在熟悉过程中呈现的视觉图像所伴随的声音信息。“我们发现，在音系上(音系地)与英语‘相近’的德语有助于对物体进行分类。但在音系上‘遥远’的粤语却没有，”该研究的主要作者丹妮尔·佩尔兹克(DaniellePerszyk)说。“Babies’responsestothetwonon-nativelanguagestested,consideredincombinationwiththeirresponsestoEnglishandtothesoundsofmonkeys，areconsistentwiththepossibilitythatbabies’earliestlinkstocognitionoriginatefromtwodistinctmechanisms.Onlyoneofthemisusedspecificallyforhumanspeech,”sheadded.婴儿对测试的两种非母语语言的反应，结合他们对英语和猴子声音的反应，与婴儿最早的认知联系源于两种不同机制的可能性是一致的。其中只有一个是专门用于人类语言的，”她补充道。第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说)2.WhichofthefollowingmayDaniellePerszykagreewith?DaniellePerszyk可能同意以下哪项?Peoplemayprefercertainlanguagesatayoungage.人们可能在很小的时候就喜欢某些语言。Babiesmayadoptdifferentsystemstobuildcognitivelinks.婴儿可能采用不同的系统来建立认知联系Babies’cognitivelinksaredependentontheirlearninghabits.婴儿的认知联系依赖于他们的学习习惯。Peoplecandevelopearlycognitivelinksthroughfamiliarlanguages.人们可以通过熟悉的语言发展早期的认知联系。同义替换：differentsystems=distinctmechanismsLinkstocognition=buildcognitivelinks3.Whatmaybabies’precisecognitivetuningtosoundsoftheirnativelanguagebringabout?A.Improvingtheirspeechprocessingsystem.B.Enhancingtheirdesiretopickupnewlanguages.C.Limitingtheircognitiveassociationswithotherlanguages.D.Affectingtheirabilitytodistinguishbetweendifferentlanguages.第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向3.Whatmaybabies’precisecognitivetuningtosoundsoftheirnativelanguagebringabout?婴儿对母语声音的精确认知调整可能会带来什么?第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系）Whenbabiesare3to4monthsold，vocalizationsofnon-humanprimatesmayboosttheircognitionbyengaginganothersystem,onenotspecializedforspeech.However,thecognitiveadvantageisshort-lived:onlylastsfor2to3months.Thestudyalsoprovidesthefirstevidencethatbabies’increasinglyprecisecognitivetuningtothesoundsoftheirnativelanguagesetsrestrictionsontherangeofhumanlanguagestheywilllinktocognition.当婴儿3到4个月大时，非人类灵长类动物的发声可能会通过参与另一个系统来提高他们的认知能力，而这个系统不是专门用于言语的。然而，认知优势是短暂的:只持续2到3个月。这项研究也提供了第一个证据，证明婴儿对母语声音的日益精确的认知调整，限制了他们将与认知联系起来的人类语言的范围。难句分析：Thestudyalsoprovidesthefirstevidencethatbabies’increasinglyprecisecognitivetuningtothesoundsoftheirnativelanguagesetsrestrictionsontherangeofhumanlanguages(that)theywilllinktocognition.第一个that引导同位语从句补充修饰thefirstevidence；第二个that引导定语从句修饰humanlanguanges翻译：这项研究也提供了第一个证据，证明婴儿对母语声音的日益精确的认知调整，限制了他们将与认知联系起来的人类语言的范围。【小科普】从细节逻辑上判断——转折关系：转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。表示转折关系的连接词有：However,nevertheless,nonetheless,still；though，yet,inspiteof,atanyrate,inanycase,whoever,whatever，onthecontrary,incontrast,bycontrast,incomparison,bycomparison,conversely,otherwise，not...but，aswell等。第三步，利用正确选项特点，确定答案(明确近义词替换原文信息，关注变换原文语态词性或词形，简化或概括原文，正话反说)3.Whatmaybabies’precisecognitivetuningtosoundsoftheirnativelanguagebringabout?婴儿对母语声音的精确认知调整可能会带来什么?A.Improvingtheirspeechprocessingsystem.改进语音处理系统。B.Enhancingtheirdesiretopickupnewlanguages.增强他们学习新语言的欲望。C.Limitingtheircognitiveassociationswithotherlanguages.限制他们与其他语言的认知联系。D.Affectingtheirabilitytodistinguishbetweendifferentlanguages.影响他们区分不同语言的能力。同义替换：limiting=setrestrictionon;associationwith=linkto【出自广东省深圳市外国语学校2024届高三下学期第九次模拟考试英语试题】TheotherdayIwasgoingthroughtheairportatIbizaandgettingmySpanishexitstamp—aBrexitbenefitordrawbackdependingonhowyoufeel—andthenicepassportladyflickedthrough(浏览)mypassport,seekingarareemptypage,andsaid:“Wow,youhavealotofstamps.”Likeafive-year-old,Ipracticallyglowedwithpride.BecauseIdohavealotofstamps.AndsometimesIsimplyliketolookatthem.Rightnow,mypassportissofullofstampsitisindangeroffillingup.However,thereisafairchancethatthiswon’thappen—notbecauseIhaveanyintentionofceasingmytravels,butbecausemostcountriesaremovingonfromtheeraofphysicalstamps.Infutureourcomingsandgoingswillbemonitoreddigitally—andspeedily.Thiswill,ofcourse,begreatforshorteningairportqueues,butitalsomeanswewillkissgoodbyetotheromanceoftheexotic(奇异的)stamp,thatreminderofthetimewecrossedfrom,say,ChiletoBoliviaviatheAndesandthesaltplains.OrthatfirsttimewelandedintheUSAandgotoneofthesimpleststampsofall.Theborderofficersmiledashestampedmypassportandsaid:“WelcometoAmerica.”Inmydecadesoftravel,Ihaveacquiredsomeseriously—tomymind—exoticandwonderfulstamps:Armenia,Madagascar,Greenland.Someofthesmallestcountriesdemandentirepagesofyourpassport—lookingatyou,Cambodia.Thentherearethespecialstampstotrulyremotedestinations.MypersonalfavouriteisprobablytheoneIgotgoingintotheRepublicofMountAthosinnorthernGreece.Itwasmagnificentlybeautiful:thedouble-headedeagleofByzantium,returnedtolifeandimpressedonmypassportpages.ItwascertainlymorecheerfulthanthestampIoncegotfromtheBritishembassyinBangkok,whicharrangedformyreturntotheUKfromThailandafterIreallymisbehaved.Thatstampsaid“Impound(扣留)PassportonArrivalinLondon”.Andsotheydid.YetImissthatstamptoo.1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheshiftfromphysicalstampstodigitalrecords?Modernbutartisticallyinferior.B.Eco-friendlybutculture-erasing.C.Cost-efficientbutemotionallyhurtful.D.Convenientbutromance-reducing.第一步，初步读题干，弄清楚关键词所在位置和明确答题方向1.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheshiftfromphysicalstampstodigitalrecords?作者如何看待从实体邮票到数字记录的转变第二步，迅速定位和找出题干关键词相关的近义词，反义词或者解释性信息，最好明确句间逻辑关系和段间逻辑关系（因果，递进，解释，转折，对比，比较等关系）BecauseIdohavealotofstamps.AndsometimesIsimplyliketolookatthem.Rightnow,mypassportissofullofstampsitisindangeroffillingup.However,thereisafairchancethatthiswon’thappen—notbecauseIhaveanyintentionofceasingmytravels,butbecausemostcountriesaremovingonfromtheeraofphysicalstamps.Infutureourcomingsandgoingswillbemonitoreddigitally—andspeedily.同义替换：theshiftfromphysicalstampstodigitalrecords=movingonfromtheeraofphysicalstamps.段落大意：因为我确实有很多邮票。有时我只是喜欢看着它们。现在，我的护照上满是邮票，有被填满的危险。然而，这很有可能不会发生——不是因为我打算停止我的旅行，而是因为大多数国家都在从