人教版高中英语必修四第8讲：Unit4-Body-language-语法篇(学生版)

Unit4Bodylanguage语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________要求学生掌握本单元的重点语法----动词的-ing形式作定语和状语并能熟练运用相关语法知识解决相应类型的题。一、动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+ing形式”构成，它既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。v-ing能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。其时态和语态的变化为时态语态及物动词（do）不及物动词（go）主动被动一般时doingbeingdonegoing完成时havingdonehavingbeendonehavinggone二、动词-ing形式的作用1.动词-ing形式作定语E.g.Thesleepingbabylooksverybeautiful.(前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。E.g.Themansittinginthecariswaitingforhisdaughter.(后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。E.g.Thelawbeingcarriedoutistobandrunkendriving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律)正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。名师点拨(1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。(2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。2．动词-ing形式作状语。(1)作时间状语。E.g.Workingintheoffice,theclerkheardanexplosionfromthestreet.在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。E.g.Havingfinishedherhomework,thegirlwasbusywiththethingshelikes.完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。名师点拨动词-ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词－ing形式的完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。(2)作原因状语。E.g.Lackingenoughmoney,theyhadtogiveuptheplan.由于缺乏足够的资金，他们只好放弃了这项计划。(3)作条件状语。E.g.Gettingthechancetostudyabroad,hewilltryhisbesttoimprovehimself.如果得到到国外学习的机会，他将尽力提升自己。(4)作结果状语。E.g.Hefailedtoworkoutthelastquestioninthemathpaper,makinghimlosethechancetoenterhisidealuniversity.他没有能够做出数学试卷上的最后一道题，致使他失去了上理想大学的机会。(5)作让步状语。E.g.Workinghardalltheday,hestillfeltenergetic.尽管努力工作了一整天，他仍然感到精力充沛。(6)作伴随状语。E.g.Thegirlssattogetherinfrontofthehouse,talkingandlaughing.女孩们一起坐在屋前，又说又笑。(7)作方式状语。E.g.Theygreetedeachotherbowingtoeachother.他们鞠躬彼此打招呼。名师点拨(1)动词－ing形式作状语时相当于与之对应的状语从句，并且可互相转换。(2)动词－ing形式作伴随状语时，则可转化成并列谓语。E.g.Knowingwhattodonext,hesetouttodoitatonce.=Whenheknewwhattodonext,hesetouttodoitatonce.当明白下一步要做什么时，他立刻开始着手做起来。E.g.Theguideshowedthevisitorsaroundthepicturesexplainingthebackgroundofeachpicture.=Theguideshowedthevisitorsaroundthepicturesandexplainedthebackgroundofeachpicture.导游领着游客参观这些图画，并解说每一幅画的背景。三、难点突破1．单个的动词-ing形式作定语置于被修饰词的前面时，注意下面的两种情况对比。E.g.Theoldmanneedsawalkingstick.=Theoldmanneedsastickusedforwalking.(表示用途)老人需要一把用于行走的手杖。E.g.Therearemanypeopleonthetopofthemountainnowwhoareenjoyingtherisingsun.=Therearemanypeopleonthetopofthemountainnowwhoareenjoyingthesunwhichisrising.(强调动作)现在山顶上有很多人在欣赏正在升起的太阳。2．独立主格。现在分词作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件等。E.g.Weatherpermitting,wewillgooutforanouting.如果天气允许，我们会出去远足。E.g.Thepaperhavingbeenfinished,thestudenthandeditin.做完试卷之后，这位学生把它交了上去。3．评论性状语。有些动词-ing形式作状语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，用来修饰主句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，被称为评论性状语或悬垂分词。常见的有generally/strictly/franklyspeaking，judgingfrom，considering，supposing，providing等。E.g.Judgingfromwhathehassaid，heisadoctor.根据他的话判断，他是位医生。E.g.Consideringthattheoldmanisold,heneedslookingafter.考虑到老人老了，他需要被照顾4．动词-ing形式作状语时，常将否定副词not置于分词前面。E.g.Nothavingfinishedthework,theyhadtoworkextrahours.由于没有完成工作，他们只好加班。5．状语从句转化为非谓语作状语时，若从句的主语与主句的主语一致，从句谓语含有be动词时，可保留从句的引导词。E.g.Whengettingtothetopofthemountain,theyfoundthesunwasrising.当他们到达山顶时，发现太阳正在升起。6．动词-ing形式与过去分词的区别(1)语态不同：v.－ing形式表示主动概念，与相关的名词或代词之间构成一种“主谓关系”。而过去分词表示被动概念，与相关的名词或代词构成一种“动宾关系”。(2)时间不同：v.－ing形式表示“正在进行的动作”；过去分词表示“已完成的动作”。E.g.Seeingfromthehill,youwillseethebeautifulcity.在山上看，你会看到美丽的城市。E.g.Seenfromthehill,thebeautifullakeislikeabigmirror.从山上看，那个美丽的湖就像一面大镜子。【巧学助记】分词短语记忆口诀分词作状语，主语是问题；逗号前后两动作，共用一主语；主语找出后，再来判关系；主动用-ing，被动用-ed；havingdone表先后，千万要牢记例1.（2014福建泉州期中）Hewaitedatthegateofthehotelallthetime,______torunintohisfavoritepopsinger.A.hopingB.tohopeC.havinghopedD.hoped例2.（2014大纲全国）Todaytherearemoreairplanes_______morepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.A.carry B.carryingC.carriedD.tobecarrying例3.（2014福建）________thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.A.Spending B.Spent C.Havingspent D.Tospend例4.（2014山东济宁期中）______money,hisparentscouldn’tsendhimtouniversity.A.LackedB.Lackingof C.Lackedin D.Lacking例5.（2014辽宁锦州月考）Titanic3Dmovedallaudiencetotearsonceagain,________ourattentiontoCameron’sfilmsandthedefinitionoftruelove.A.turning B.toturn C.turned D.beingturned基础演练句型转换(用非谓语动词结构变换句子)1.Thestormleftandhascausedalotofdamagetothisarea.Thestormleft,__________________________thisarea.2.Becarefulwhenyoucrosstheroad.Becarefulwhen________________.3.Thebuildingthatisbeingbuiltnowisournewschool.Thebuilding______________isournewschool.4.Whoisthemanthatisreadingoverthere?Whoistheman________________?5.Becauseshedidnotknowthatthetrafficaccidenthappenedtoherhusband,shewaswaitingforhimtohavesupper.______________thatthetrafficaccidenthappenedtoherhusband,shewaswaitingforhimtohavesupper.6.Becauseheisastudent,heshouldstudyhard.______________,heshouldstudyhard.7.Eventhoughthefarmerworkshardonthefarmalltheyearround,hestillcan'tbecomerich.________________alltheyearround,thefarmerstillcan'tbecomerich.8.TheboysatonthesofaandwatchedTV.Theboysatonthesofa,____________.巩固提高用所给动词的适当形式填空1.Theman________________(visit)Japanismyuncle.2.____________(see)nooneathome,Idecidedtocomeagain.3.________(hear)thegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.4.________(walk)inthestreet,Isawafriendofmine.5.________________(talkandsmile),theywentintotheroom.6.Themotherdied,________(leave)alotofmoneyforherchildren.7.________(see)fromthetopofthehill,wecanseeourbeautifulschool.8.Manypeople________(be)absent,theydecidedtoputthemeetingoff.9.________(nothave)heardfromhersonforalongtime,themotherworriedagreatdeal.10.________________(finish)hiswork,Henrywenthome.一、单项语法填空1.Hesatonachairundertheshadeofthetree,________(read)anovel.2.Theboysandgirlsarewalkingalongthestreet,each________(wear)asmallyellowcap.3.WhenIreachedhome,myhusbandwaslyingonthefloor,________(entertain)thekidswithtoys.4.CisthelargestEnglishsiteinChina,________(provide)news,businessinformationandlearningmaterials.5.Chinabecamethe143rdmemberoftheWTOonDecember11,2001,thus________(realize)its15－yearwishtojointheglobaltradebody.6.Doyouknowwhoisthepatient________(operate)onnow?7.________(complete)theprojectontime,thestaffarehavingapartytohaveacelebration.8.________(fail)toreachthemonthephone,wesentanemailinstead.9.________(come)fromamountainvillage,hecouldn'taffordahouseinShanghai.10.________(spend)thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.二、单项选择1._______withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.A.FacedB.Face C.Facing D.Toface2.Atpresent,heisastudentatZhejiangUniversity,_______foradegreeincomputerA.studies B.studying C.tohavestudied D.havingstudied3.--HowdoyoufindthefurnitureIbought?--_______.But_______whatyouboughtwiththeonewehad,Idon’tthinkitworththemoney.A.Fascinating./compared B.Fascinating/comparingC.Fascinated/tocompare D.Fascinated/compared4.Tosomepeople,“spiritualhealth”isaveryabstractconcept,_______manyunexplainableelements.A.contained B.havingcontained C.beingcontained D.containing5.Therearemanytalloldtrees_______inandaroundourschool.A.stood B.tostand C.standing D.beingstanding__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________一、单项选择1.Mygoodperformanceinthejobinterviewleftme______aboutmyfutureandaboutwhatIcandohere.A.puzzled B.sensitive C.optimisticD.embarrassed2.Whilewaitingfortheopportunitytoget______,Henrydidhisbesttoperformhisduty.A.promote B.promoted C.promotingD.topromote3.Thereisanotepinnedtothedoor______whentheshopwillopenagain.A.saying B.says C.said D.havingsaid4.It’sstandardpracticeforacompanylikethisone______asecurityofficer.A.employed B.beingemployed C.toemploy D.employs5.Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeople______theopeningceremonyliveonTV.A.watch B.towatch C.watched D.watching6.Therearestillmanyproblems______beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.A.solving B.solved C.beingsolved D.tobesolved7.Thefilmstarwearssunglasses.Therefore,hecangoshoppingwithout______.A.recognizing B.beingrecognized C.havingrecognized D.havingbeenrecognized8.______thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.A.Spending B.Spent C.HavingspentD.Tospend9.Forthosewithfamilymembersfaraway,thepersonalcomputerandthephoneareimportantinstaying______.A.connected B.connecting C.toconnect D.tobeconnected10.Children,when ______bytheirparents,areallowedtoenterthestadium.A.tobeaccompanied B.toaccompany C.accompanying D.accompanied11.______yourownneedsandstylesofcommunicationisasimportantaslearningtoconveyyouraffectionandemotions.A.Understanding B.Tobeunderstood C.Beingunderstood D.Havingunderstood12.Thereisnogreaterpleasurethanlyingonmybackinthemiddleofthegrassland,______atthenightsky.A.tostare B.staring C.stared D.havingstared13.______ourselvesfromthephysicalandmentaltensions,weeachneeddeepthoughtandinnerquietness.A.Havingfreed B.Freed C.Tofree D.Freeing14.Hislecture______,alivelyquestion-and-answersessionfollowed.A.beinggivenB.havinggiven C.tobegiven D.havingbeengiven15.Whenitcomesto______inpublic,noonecanmatchhim.A.speakB.speaking C.beingspokenD.bespoken16.______nearlyallourmoney,wecouldn’taffordtostayatahotel.A.HavingspentB.Tospent C.Spent D.Tohavespent17.Heisthought______foolishly.Nowhehasnoonebuthimselftoblameforlosingthejob.A.toact B.tohaveacted C.actingD.havingacted18.Toadytherearemoreairplanes______morepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.A.carryB.carrying C.carried D.tobecarrying19.It’squitehottoday.Doyoufeellike______foraswim?A.togoB.going Cgo D.havinggone20.______thedifficultmathsproblem,IhaveconsultedProfessorRussellseveraltimesA.Workingout B.Workedout C.ToworkoutD.Workout二、阅读理解、AThebabymonkeyismuchmoredevelopedatbirththanthehumanbaby.Almostfromthemomentitisborn,thebabymonkeycanmovearoundandholdtightlytoitsmother.Duringthefirstfewdaysofitslifethebabywillapproachandholdontoalmostanylarge,warm,andsoftobjectinitsenvironment,particularlyifthatobjectalsogivesitmilk.Afteraweekorso,however,thebabymonkeybeginstoavoidnewcomersandfocusesitsattentionson“mother”—therealmotherorthemother-substitute(母亲替代物).Duringthefirsttwoweeksofitslifewarmthisperhapsthemostimportantpsychological(心理的)thingthatamonkeymotherhastogivetoitsbaby.TheHarlows,acouplewhoarebothpsychologists,discoveredthisfactbyofferingbabymonkeysachoiceoftwotypesofmother-substitutes——onecoveredwithclothandonemadeofbarewire.Ifthetwoartificialmotherswereboththesametemperature,thelittlemonkeysalwayspreferredtheclothmother.However,ifthewiremodelwasheated,whiletheclothmodelwascool,forthefirsttwoweeksafterbirththebabymonkeyspickedthewarmwiremother-substitutesastheirfavorites.Thereaftertheyswitchedandspentmostoftheirtimeonthemorecomfortableclothmother.Whyisclothpreferabletobarewire?SomethingthattheHarlowscalledcontact(接触)comfortseemstobetheanswer,andamostpowerfulinfluenceitis.Babymonkeysspendmuchoftheirtimerubbingagainsttheirmothers’skins,puttingthemselvesinasclosecontactwiththeparentastheycan.Whenevertheyounganimalisfrightened,disturbed,orannoyed,ittypicallyrushestoitsmotherandrubsitselfagainstherbody.Wiredoesn’t“rub”aswellasdoessoftcloth.Prolonged(长时间的)“contactcomfort”withaclothmotherappearstogivethebabiesconfidenceandismuchmorerewardingtothemthaniseitherwarmthormilk.AccordingtotheHarlows,thebasicqualityofababy’sloveforitsmotheristrust.Ifthebabyisputintoanunfamiliarplayroomwithoutitsmother,thebabyignoresthetoysnomatterhowinterestingtheymightbe.Itscreamsinterrorandcurlsupintoafurrylittleball.Ifitsclothmotherisnowintroducedintotheplayroom,thebabyrushestoitandholdsontoitfordearlife.Afterafewminutesofcontactcomfort,itobviouslybeginstofeelmoresecure.Itthenclimbsdownfromthemother-substituteandbeginstoexplorethetoys,butoftenrushesbackforadeepembrace(拥抱)asiftomakesurethatitsmotherisstillthereandthatalliswell.Bitbybititsfearsofthenewenvironmentaregoneanditspendsmoreandmoretimeplayingwiththetoysandlesstimeholdingonto“itsmother.”1.Psychologically,whatdoesthebabymonkeydesiremostduringthefirsttwoweeksofitslife?A.Warmth B.Milk C.Contact D.Trust2.Afterthefirsttwoweeksoftheirlife,babymonkeysprefertheclothmothertothewiremotherbecausetheformeris________.A.largerinsizeB.closertothemC.lessfrighteningandlessdisturbingD.morecomfortabletorubagainst3.Whatdoesthebabymonkeyprobablygainfromprolonged“contactcomfort”?A.Attention B.Softness C.Confidence D.Interest4.Itcanbeinferredthatwhenthebabymonkeyfeelssecure,________.A.itfrequentlyrushesbackforadeepembracewhenexploringthetoysB.itspendsmoretimescreamingtogetrewardsC.itislessattractedtothetoysthoughtheyareinterestingD.itcareslessaboutwhetheritsmotherisstillaround5.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto________A.givethereasonsfortheexperimentB.presentthefindingsoftheexperimentC.introducethemethodoftheexperimentD.describetheprocessoftheexperimentBFearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.Testsonhealthyvolunteersfoundthattheyweremorelikelytofeelasenseoffearatthemomentwhentheirheartsarecontracting(收缩)andpumpingbloodaroundtheirbodies,comparedwiththepointwhentheheartbeatisrelaxed.Scientistssaytheresultssuggestthattheheartisabletoinfluencehowthebrainrespondstoafearfulevent,dependingonwhichpointitisatinitsregularcycleofcontractionandrelaxation.SarahGarfinkelattheBrightonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid:“Ourstudyshowsforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.”Thestudytested20he