商务函电讲课

FrancisBacon(1561-1626)

弗朗西斯·培根

刘美艳11英三contentsGeneralintroductionVersatileBaconWorksandstylesCommentsandAchievementsAstoryFrancisBacon(1561-1626)FrancisBacon,arepresentativeoftheEnglishrenaissance,isawell-knownphilosopher,scientistandessayist.Hebeganhisprofessionallifeasalawyer,buthehasbecomebestknownasaphilosophicaladvocateanddefenderofthescientificrevolutionPhilosopherBacon

TheBaconianSystemofPhilosophybestknownasaphilosophicaladvocateanddefenderofthescientificrevolution.Hisworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianMethod.Inductionimpliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation,observation,andtestingofhypotheses.Bacon’sWorks

1.Philosophical:

AdvancementofLearning《论学术的进展》

Novum

Organum《新工具》2.Literary:

Essays《随笔》

TheNewAtlantics(autopiannovelpublishedin1610)《新大西岛》3.Professional:

MaximoftheLaw

法律箴言

ReadingontheStatuteofUses

谈使用法则TheAdvancementofLearning

AgreattractoneducationAccordingtoFrancisBacon,knowledgecanbedividedintotwokinds:oneisobtainedfromtheDivineRevelation,theotheristheknowledgefromtheworkingsofhumanmind.Man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts;historytoman’smemory,poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman’sreason.Novum

OrganumAsuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology,whichisthemostimpressivedisplayofBacon’sintellect.Theuseofinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudy.Baconshowsthenewempiricalattitudestowardstruthaboutnatureandbravelychallengesthemedievalscholasticisms.Essays

Montaigne,thefirstgreatmodernessayist,isthepredecessorofBacon.Theterm“essay”wasborrowedfromMontaigne’sEssaiswhichappearedfrom1580to1588.

Bacon’sstylehasthreeprominentqualities:.directness,tersenessandforcefulnessOfstudiesisthemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwayadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning.

读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。

Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.EssayAnyshortcompositioninprosethatundertakestodiscussamatter,expressapointofview,persuadeustoacceptathesisonanysubject,orsimplytoentertain.EssayshasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.WritingStyleofBacon'sEssays

Bacon'sessayshavealiterarystylepeculiartotheirown.Theyarenotedforheirclearness,brevityandforceofexpression.Bacon’schiefconcernistoexpresshisthoughtwithclearnessandinasfew

wordsaspossible.Hissentencesareshort,pointed,incisive,andoftenofbalancedstructure.Manyofthemhavebecomewiseoldsayings.GenerallySpeaking,Bacon'sliterarystylehasthreeprominentqualities:

directness,terseness,andforcefulness.CommentsonBaconFrancisBaconwasakeyfigureinthetransitionfromtheintellectualworldofthelateMiddleAgestothatofmodernEurope.Hiscareerandcharacterrevealhimtobeamanofvariousqualities.AlexanderPopecalledhim,"thewisest,brightest,andthemeanestofmankind",whileBenJonsondeclarehimtobe"oneofthegreatestmanandmostworthyofadmirationthathadbeeninmanyages.Bacon’sImportancetoLiteraturehewasthefirstEnglishwritertopayattentiontotheaudiencetowhomhewaswriting.hewrotethegreatesttractsoneducationintheEnglishlanguage,AdvancementofLearning.heandNewtonrepresenttheadvancementofscienceduringthe17thcentury.Infact,Bacondevisedtheinductivemethodofdoingresearch.heintroducedtheessayasaliteraryformintotheEnglishlanguage.

AstoryBirth：January22nd,1561(YorkHouse,London)Death:April9th,1626(Highgate)Father:SirNicholasBacon(LordKeeperoftheSeal)Mother:AnneCook(DaughterofSirAnthonyCook)SecondwifeBrothersandsisters5brothersand1sisterfromhisfather’sfirstwifeAnelderbrothercalledAnthonyBaconCambridgeTrinityCollege

In1573,attheageofjust12,heenteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge1576-1579:TheEnglishAmbassadorinParis,FranceWhenhisfatherdiedin1579,hereturnedtoEngland.Bacon'ssmallinheritancebroughthimintofinancialdifficultiesandsincehismaternaluncle,LordBurghley,didnothelphimtogetalucrativepostasagovernmentofficial,heembarkedonapoliticalcareerintheHouseofCommons,afterresuminghisstudiesinGray'sInn.I