阅读理解主旨大意题（重难题型）-2023年高考英语一轮复习（全国）

考点29阅读理解主旨大意题(重难题型)

高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确

获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要

信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者

的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心

论点及作者的情感倾向。

在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：

(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?

(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis.

(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis...

(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison.

(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

(6)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

(7)Whafsthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.

(9)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?

(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?

(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.

从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文

章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类

题目的解题技巧。

怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意

—主题句定位法

文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而

段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是:

通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主

题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都

有一个话题，它是文章的核心。"主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。

试卷第1页，共23页

但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。

在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文

的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、

结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落

的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming),浏览时，一般不需逐句

细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：

1.中心主题句出现在文首

开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是

英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句

则出现在段首的写作方法。

新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就

是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。

[2022年全国甲卷B篇]

1.Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshownto

havesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntouse

toolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecent

experiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontofthe

boxhada“keyhole“inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped

“keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,

butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（对称的）

shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirection

beforeitwillfitiscalledant4allocentricframeofreference^^.Intheexperiment,Goffin's

cockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognition

alone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.

ThisindicatesthatGoffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreference

whenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoos

试卷第2页，共23页

relyentirelyonvisualclues（线索），oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshape

selections.

Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters

2.主题句出现在文尾

在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归

纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。

[2021全国甲卷D篇]

2.Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.

Lefsstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolfor

genius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisit

thatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoare

they?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,of

Europeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It*ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,

andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionswere

madebygeniusesoutsidetheclub-women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief~they

wereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikely

thanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender（性另U）are“really,reallysmart."Evenworse,the

studyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobe

forchildrenwhoare4'really,reallysmart.,,Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkers

becomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.

Here*sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reall

positionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewe

willseethatsocialfactors（因素）likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearance

ofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith^intelligence,creativity,

perseverance（毅力）,andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.,,

试卷第3页，共23页

Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlikeB•GeniusTakesManyForms

C・GeniusandIntelligenceD.GeniusandLuck

经要殍题

3.Lacrosse（曲棍球）isapopularsportiaCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.

Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNew

World.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthe

fieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasa

stickcalled66cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisa

veryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.

Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.Everynight

CanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.Todayitisstillpopular

withCanadians.

Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B•LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse-APopularGameinCanada

4.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句

阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出

文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻

辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。

[2022年全国甲卷C篇]

试卷第4页，共23页

4.AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittle

Gentoopenguins（企鹅）longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedher

andkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouther

career（职业）asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplore

further.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecidedit

wastimetotaketheplunge.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotravelthe

world,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshe

discoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislands

offTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.4tIjustdecidedI

wantedtogo,“shesays."IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,Ijust

wantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,to

beginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.4tFromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,the

wholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“

Ginnisays."IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewater

likesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillhearthe

operaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.^^

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthe

biggestthingsthathithometoGinni.

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

4.主题句出现在文章的中间

通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而

后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。

5.TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnot

fixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itis

试卷第5页，共23页

wellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.

Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,

peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhite

camelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheir

beautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusicians

anddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditional

culture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydancein

differentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdance

withtheirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythm

oftheirdance.

Thispassagemainlytellsreaders.

A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestival

B•howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestival

C.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestival

D.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival

怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题

方法技巧

—高度概括法

对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且

也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大

意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。

标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练

的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握

作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？

首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体

现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围

太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体

的大意。

其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，

试卷第6页，共23页

仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中

心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及

色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。

再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，

是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文

章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。

最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法°一般说来，拟定标

题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词

组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128

ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.

话题：Stamps

控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamily

names

标题：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynames

模

Passage1

Independentlivingathomeistheidealforeveryagingperson.Butafallorother

health-threateningincidentscanchangeeverythingrapidly.

Thewearable“panicbuttons99introducedinthelate1980swereagreatadvance.But

theyonlyworkifpeopleactuallywearthemandcanreachthebuttoninanemergency.Today

therearepassivewearablesthatautomaticallydetectfalls,andcamera-basedsystemsto

monitoreldersafety.

Comingfroma40-yearcareerinthesemiconductorandwirelesscommunicationfield,

RafiZackdecidedtofindabetteralternative."Peoplearen'tdevotedtowearingsmall

devices24/7,andcamera-basedsystemsareaninvasion(侵犯)ofprivacy/9hepointsout,

“Themostchallengingaspectisafall.Howfastwecandetectafallmattersbecausethe

medicalsituationworsensquickly.Sometimespeoplestayonthefloorforalongtime.We

havetofindouthowtosolvethatproblem.9,

Zackisaco-founder,CEOandvicepresidentofRDatEchoCareTechnologies

whichhasdevelopedECHO(ElderlyCareHomeObserver),acloud-connectedmonitor

试卷第7页，共23页

basedonradartechnologyandmachinelearning.

Becauseradarseesthroughwalls,oneECHOunitfixedontheceilingorwallcan

monitoroneperson（ortwopersons,inafutureversion）inastandard-sizedapartmentina

seniorlivingfacility.Thedevicedetectsfalls,breathingdifficulties,drowninginabathtub

andotherdangerousevents.Itgivesoutwarningstopotentialhealthworseningconditionsby

continuouslymonitoringandanalyzingtheperson'slocation,posture（姿势）,motionand

breath.EchoCaretestedthedeviceintheUnitedStates,Japan,AustraliaandIsrael.ECHO

wascertified（认证）in2019inJapanwiththemostagingpopulationintheworld.

""Bathroomswerethemaintestingareawhereabout17,000deadlyaccidentshappen

annually.^^saidSMKDirectorandExecutiveVicePresidentTetsuoHara."'Bathroommakers,

homesecurityserviceprovidersandnursinghomesarehighlyinterestedinEchoCare's

solution.^^Zacknoted,"Asmoreandmoreelderpeoplelivealoneasaresultofsocial

distancing,thereisanincreasedneedtomonitorthemwithouttheburdenofwearablesor

privacy-invadingcameras.99

6.WhafstheadvantageofECHOover"panicbuttons”?

A.Ithascamera-basedsystems.B.Ithasbeenwidelyaccepted.

C.Itcanfunctionwithoutcameras.D.Itsbuttonscanbeeasilyreached.

7.WhatcanweknowaboutECHOfromparagraph5?

A.Itisdesignedtosendoutwarningsregularly.

B.Itmonitorsdangeroushealth-relatedevents.

C.Itwascertifiedinmanydevelopedcountries.

D.Itdetectsmorethanonepersonatthesametime.

8.WhatcanweinferaboutthefutureofECHO?

A.It'llbecomemorepopularwiththeelderly.

B.It511stop17,000deathshappeningannually.

C.Ifllbeusedinnursinghomesandhospitals.

D.It'llhelpelderlypeopletoliveanactivelife.

9.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AnAdvancedMedicalInstrument

B.AHigh-techMonitorfortheElderly

C.TheInventionofaHealthcareDevice

D.TheImprovementofaMedicalFacility

试卷第8页，共23页

Passage2

Youngchildrenwhohaveexperiencedcompassionate（有同情心的）loveandempathy

（认同感）fromtheirmothersmaybemorewillingtoturnthoughtsintoactionbybeing

generoustoothers,aUniversityofCalifornia,Davis'studysuggests.

Inlabstudies,childrentestedatages4and6showedmorewillingnesstogiveupthe

tokens（代金券）theyhadearnedtofictionalchildreninneedwhentwoconditionswere

present-iftheyshowedbodilychangeswhengiventheopportunitytoshareandhad

experiencedpositiveparentingthatmodeledsuchkindness.Thestudyinitiallyincluded74

preschool-agechildrenandtheirmothers.Theywereinvitedbacktwoyearslater,resultingin

54mother-childpairswhosebehaviorsandreactionswereanalyzedwhenthechildrenwere

6.

“Atbothages,childrenwithbetterphysiologicalregulationandwithmotherswho

expressedstrongercompassionatelovewerelikelytodonatemoreoftheirearnings,said

PaulHastings,UCDavisprofessorofpsychology."Compassionatemotherslikelydevelop

emotionallycloserelationshipswiththeirchildrenwhilealsoprovidinganearlyexampleof

satisfyingtheneedsofothers,9,researcherssaidinthestudy,publishedinNovemberin

FrontiersinPsychology^^EmotionScience.

Ineachlabexercise,afterattachingamonitortorecordchildren'sheart-rateactivity,the

examinertoldthechildrentheywouldbeearningtokensforavarietyofactivities,andthat

thetokenscouldbeturnedinforaprize.Thetokenswereputintoabox,andeachchild

eventuallyearned20prizetokens.Thenbeforethesessionended,childrenweretoldthey

coulddonateallorpartoftheirtokenstootherchildren.

Takentogether,thefindingsshowedthatchildren'sgenerosityissupportedbythe

combinationoftheirsocializationexperiences-theirmothers,compassionatelove-andtheir

physiologicalregulation,andthattheseworklike''internalandexternalsupportsforthe

abilitytoactprosociallythatbuildoneachother”.

Inadditiontoobservingthechildren'spropensity（习'性）todonatetheirgameearnings,

Hastingssuggestedthat“beinginacalmerstateaftersharingcouldreinforce（力口强）the

generousbehaviorthatproducedthatgoodfeeling.^^

10.Howdoyoungchildrenlovedbytheirmothertendtobecomeinlateryears?

A.Considerate.B.Emotional.

试卷第9页，共23页

C.Generous.D.Optimistic.

11.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theprocessoftheresearch.B.Theresultoftheexperiment.

C.Thereactionsofthechildren.D.TheimportanceofMom^love.

12.AccordingtoHastings,whatfactorcouldstrengthenchildren'sgoodbehaviors?

A.Theirmomslovethemdeeply.B.Theydonatethetokenseasily.

C.Theybehavephysiologically.D.Theyarecalmeraftersharing.

13.Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthispassage?

A.WhatContributestoGenerosity?

B.TheMoreYouGive,theCalmerYouWillBe

C.DoYouPrefertoReceiveorGive?

D.MoreGiving,LessReceiving

Passage3

NearlyeveryoneknowseBayisawebsitewhereyoucanbuyandsellprettymuch

anything.ThereareotherInternetauction（拍卖）sites,butnonecomeclosetoeBayfor

brand-namerecognition.Andforgoodreason:eBayisthelargestEnglish-languageonline

auctionsiteintheworld.BuyerscometoeBayforthebestchanceoffindingtheparticular

thingtheywant.Sellerscomeforthelargestpoolofbuyers,whichtheyhopemeansthebest

chanceofsellingatthehighestpossibleprice.

BuyingthingsoneBayisprettysimple.Youcantypeatermintothesearchfield,or

clickthroughthecategorieslisttogettowhatyouwant.Insideanindividualitemlisting,

you'llseethecurrentaskingprice,andalittlebuttontoclickifyouwishtoplaceyourown

bid.Enteraprice,occasionallycomebacktoseeifsomeonehasbidhigherthanyouandwait

fortheendoftheauctionperiod.Ifyourbidisthehighest,youwin!Nowallyouhavetodo

isarrangepaymentandshippingmethodwiththeseller.eBayisonlyinthebusinessof

puttingbuyersandsellerstogetherforasmallfeefromtheseller.Itdoesn'thandletheactual

paymentorshippingofgoods.Inotherwords,itisn'tabigdepartmentstore,orawarehouse.

Ifstheownerofafleamarket,andyouhavetodoyourowndealswiththeindividualsellers

intheirvirtualstalls.

TobeaskillfuleBaybuyer,youshouldlearnwhentotrustsellersandhowaproxy（代

理人）bidcansaveyoufromgoingonlineeveryhalf-hourtoupyourbid.ExperiencedeBay

试卷第10页，共23页

usersalsoknowhowtouseescrows（公正托管）toguaranteegoods,andhowtoavoidselling

trickssuchasfakebidsthatpushupprices.ThemoreoftenyoubuyoneBay,themoreyou

learn.

14.WhyiseBaythebestwebsitefbrpeopletobuyandsellthings?

A.Becauseithasallbrandproducts.

B.BecausethetradelanguageisEnglish.

C.Becausesellersandbuyerscanclosetheirdeals.

D.Becausesellerscanfindaswimmingpoolthere.

15.Whatshouldyoudofirstifyouwanttobuysomethingatthesite?

A.Findthecurrentaskingprice.

B•Clickabuttontoplaceyourownbid.

C.Enterapricewhichishigherthanothers.

D.Findwhatyouwantinthecategorieslist.

16.Whatshouldthebuyerdoifhe/shewinsthebid?

A.GetgoodsfromeBay.

B.Determinepaymentandshipment.

C.Sendsomebodyfbrthegoods.

D.Talkaboutthepriceofthegoods.

17.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthelastparagraph?

A.HowtobeaskillfulbuyerateBay.

B.Howtomakesureofqualifiedgoods.

C.Howtoavoidbeingcheatedbyothers.

D.Howtospareyoufromgoingonlinefrequently.

Passage4

TheuseofAI（artificialintelligence）isbecomingmorecommoninmanybranchesof

industryandonlineshopping.Traditionallinesofwork,suchasgoodstransportanddriving,

aredevelopinginasimilardirectionalthoughmainlyoutofpublicview.Scientistsatthe

UniversityofGottingenhavenowinvestigatedhowefficient（高效的）theuseofAIcanbein

thecommercialmanagementoftrucks.

“Digitalapplications-aswellasmachineleaning,akindofAI-areincreasingly

appliedtooperationsandcoursesinthetransportarea,“explainsProfessorMatthiasKlumpp

试卷第11页，共23页

fromtheFacultyofEconomics.<4Thequestioninthecommercialarea,however,iswhetheror

notthiscontributestoachievinggoals."

Toanswerthisquestion,theresearcherscomparedtheworkefficiencyoftruckdrivers

withtheirmainuseofAIapplications.Lookingattradedeliverybytruck,theystudiedthree

groups:thefirstdrovecompletelyfollowinghumandecision-makingmodels;thesecondused

acombinationofhumanandmachine;andthethirddependedcompletelyonfullyautomated

decisions.

Theresearchersfoundthatanintelligentcombinationofhumanworkand

decision-makingabilitieswithAIapplicationspromisesthehighesttransportanddriving

efficiency.4tOnaverage,thesecondgroupachievedthemostefficienttransporttrips,withthe

fewestinterventions（干预）andoff-coursefromthebestpath.^^oneresearchersaid,""Clearly,

neitheracompletelyhumandecision-makingstructurenorafullyautomateddrivingsystem

canpromisetomeetcurrentgoodstransportrequirements.Thescientiststherefore

summarizedthatdespitetheprogressofAIinthefieldoftransportationbytruck,human

experienceanddecision-makingabilitieswillstillbenecessaryinthelongerterm.However,

thechallengeisthatawiderangeoftrainingandqualification（资格）needswillcomealong

byworkingwithAlapplications,especiallyforsimplegoodstransportactivities.

18.WhatdoesMatthiasKlumppfocuson?

A.TheefficiencyofAI.

B.TheadvantagesofAI.

C.TheproblemscausedbyAL

D.ThewideapplicationsofAL

19.Howdidtheresearchersgetthefinding?

A.Byprovidingexamples.

B•Bymakingcomparisons.

C.Byusingdifferenttrucks.

D.Bylistingthreeexperiments.

20.Whatcanweknowfromthelastparagraph?

A.Alisbetteratmakingdecisions.

B.AbalanceisneededbetweenhumanandAL

C.HumanwillsoonbereplacedbyAIindriving.

D.Alapplicationsmeetthecurrentrequirements.

试卷第12页，共23页

21.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.Thefutureoftransport.

B.Artificialintelligenceasaco-driver.

C.Artificialintelligence-abetterchoiceindriving.

D.Thestrengthsofartificialintelligenceintransport.

Passage5

Justasahungrybraincraves（渴望）food,alonelybraincravespeople.Anewbrain

studydemonstratesthis.Afterbeingleftalone,itshowspeople'sbrainswouldbeactivatedat

thesightofotherpeople.Theactionwasinthesamebrainregionthatspeedsupwhena

hungrypersonseesfood.

LiviaTomova,aneuroscientist,whostudieshowthebrainproducesmentalactivities,

andhercolleaguesbeganthisstudy.Theyrecruited（招募）40people.Ononeday,the

participantshadtofast-noteatanythingatall-for10hours.Onanotherday,thesame

peoplewereplacedinaroomfor10hours.Theycouldn'tseeanyone.Nofriends,nofamily

andnosocialmedia.Theyweren'tevenallowedtochecktheiremail.Afterbothdays,

TomovaandhercolleaguesputthepeopleinaMRImachine.Itshowsactivityinthebrainby

trackinghowmuchbloodisflowingtoeachregion.

Attheendofeachday,theparticipantsshowedhighactivityinabrainareacalledthe

midbrain.Thescientistswereinterestedintwo,smallareaswithinit.Bothareasproduce

dopamine,achemicalthatisimportantincravingandrewards.Thetwoareasactivatedwhen

hungryparticipantssawpicturesoftastypizzaorjuicyhamburgers.Afterthevolunteershad

beenisolated,thosebrainareasbecameactivewhentheysawsocialactivitiestheymissed.It

mightbeplayingsportsorchattingwithfriends.

Themidbrainplaysanimportantpartinpeople'smotivationtoseekfoodorfriends.In

fact,itrespondstofoodandsocialsignalsevenwhenpeoplearen*thungryorlonely.But

hungerandlonelinessincreasedthereactionsandmadepeople'sresponsesspecifictothe

thingtheyweremissing.Andthemorehungerorisolationthevolunteerssaidtheywere

experiencing,thestrongertheactivityinthispartofthebrain.Tomovaandhercolleagues

publishedtheirresultsNovember23inNatureNeuroscience.

22.HowdoesTomovatestouttheresultofthestudy?

A.Bystimulatingdesire.B.Bycontrollingbloodflow.

试卷第13页，共23页

C.Bymonitoringbrainactivity.D.Byexaminingmentalactivities.

23.Whatdoweknowaboutmidbrain?

A.Itconsistsoftwoareas.B.Ithelpsmotivatedesireforfood.

C.Itstopsworkingwhenpeoplearefull.D.Itdecreasesresponsestolostfriends.

24.Whatdoestheunderlined"it"inparagraph3referto?

A.Amidbrainarea.B.Asocialactivity.C.Avolunteer.D.Ahamburger.

25.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Dopamine-aSureSignofAgeB.Midbrain一aNestfortheThoughts

C.HungerMakesMentalHealthStruggleD.LonelinessMakesOurBrainsNeed

People

Passage6

Forthousandsofyears,mankindhasbredplantsandanimalstocreatemoredesiredand

usefulplantsandanimals.Forinstance,modemcornhasbeenbredtosuchalargesizethatit

isnolongerabletoreproducewithoutman'sassistance.Modemdairycowsproducetoo

muchmilk;andiftheyarenotoftendrainedofmilk,theycouldleak,burst,becomeinfected,

andpossiblydie.Furthermore,mostdomesticateddogscannotsurviveinthewildevenwith

specialtraining.Sincenaturalevolutionisextremelyslowandmankind'sselectivebreeding

programsonlytakeafewgenerationstoproduceacompletelynewspecies,naturalevolution

hasalreadytakenabackseattomankind'sbreedingprograms.

Additionally,mankindhassuccessfullykilledoffseveralspeciesalltogether.For

instance,therea