2024年高考英语模拟试题分类汇编：阅读理解：说明文（山东卷）（解析版）

2024年高考英语模拟试题分类汇编：阅读理解：说明文（山东卷）1.（2024·山东威海·二模）Somepeoplemaybepickyeaters,butasaspecieswearenot.Birds,bugsandwhales,we’lleatthemall.Yetourrelianceonwildanimalsgoesfarbeyondjustfeedingourselves.Fromagriculturalfeedtomedicinetothepettrade,modernsocietyexploitswildanimalsinawaythatbeatseventhemostaggressivewildpredator(捕食者).Now,forthefirsttime,researchershavetriedtocapturethefullpictureofhowweusewildlife,includinghowmany,andforwhatpurposes.Theresearchshowcasesjusthowbroadourinfluenceonwildanimalsis.Inthestudy,researchershavefoundthathumanskill,collectorotherwiseuseabout15,000species.That’supto300timesmorethanthenexttoppredatorinanyecosystem.YetaccordingtoChrisDarimont,aco-authorofthestudy,thebiggestshockisn’thowmanyspeciesweaffectbutwhywetakethem.“Theresult,”hesays,“isthatweremove,oressentiallypreyon,morespeciesofanimalsfornon-foodreasonsthanforfoodreasons.”Andthebiggestnon-fooduseisaspetsandpetfood.“That’swherethingshavegoneofftherails(轨道),”hesays.Theproblemisespeciallyseriousfortropicalbirds.Thehelmetedhornbill,forexample,iscapturedmainlyforthepetrade,orforitsbeaktobeusedasmedicineortobecarvedlikeivory.Theirdisappearancelimitsseeddispersalandthespreadoftreesaroundtheforest.Anotherbigdifferencebetweenhumans’influenceonwildanimalsandthatofotherpredatorsisthatwetendtofavorrareandexotic(外来的)speciesinawayotheranimalsdonot.Mostpredatorstargetcommonspecies,sincetheyareeasiertofindandcatch.Humans,nowever,tendtocovetthenovel.“Themorerareitis,”sayscientists,“themorethatdrivesuptheprice,andthereforeitmaygointoextinction.”Ifwewantwildspeciestosurvive,weneedtoreestablishourrelationshipwiththem,perhapsfrompredatortocaretaker.1．Whatroledohumansplayintheirpresentrelationshipwithwildlifeaccordingtotheauthor?A．Pickypredators. B．Protectorsofbiodiversity.C．Greedypredators. D．Caretakersoftheenvironment.2．WhatshockedscientistsmostaccordingtoChrisDarimont?A．Morespecieshuntedfornon-fooduse.B．Theimpactofpetindustriesonwildlife.C．Thenumberofspeciesaffectedbyhumans.D．Theconsequencescausedbyspeciesextinction.3．Whichcanbestexplaintheunderlined“coverthenovel”inparagraph4?A．Longforhugeprofits.B．Favordomesticspecies.C．Takeinterestinpettrade.D．Seekafternewanduniquethings.4．Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A．Topromotestricterrulesforhunting.B．Toadvocateeco-friendlypetchoices.C．Torevealhowhumansaffectbiodiversity.D．Tohighlighttheneedforwildlifeconservation.【答案】1．C2．A3．D4．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究人员第一次试图全面了解我们如何利用野生动物，包括有多少野生动物，以及用于什么目的。这项研究显示了我们对野生动物的影响有多广泛。1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Inthestudy,researchershavefoundthathumanskill,collectorotherwiseuseabout15,000species.That’supto300timesmorethanthenexttoppredatorinanyecosystem.”（在这项研究中，研究人员发现，人类杀死、收集或以其他方式利用了大约1.5万种动物。这是任何生态系统中排名第二的顶级捕食者的300倍。）可推知，根据作者的观点，人类在目前与野生动物的关系中扮演的角色是贪婪的捕食者。故选C项。2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“YetaccordingtoChrisDarimont,aco-authorofthestudy,thebiggestshockisn’thowmanyspeciesweaffectbutwhywetakethem.“Theresult,”hesays,“isthatweremove,oressentiallypreyon,morespeciesofanimalsfornon-foodreasonsthanforfoodreasons.”Andthebiggestnon-fooduseisaspetsandpetfood.”（然而，根据该研究的合著者克里斯·达里蒙特(ChrisDarimont)的说法，最大的震惊不是我们影响了多少物种，而是我们为什么要带走它们。“结果是，”他说，“我们为了非食物的原因而不是为了食物的原因而移除或捕食更多的动物物种。”而最大的非食品用途是作为宠物和宠物食品。）可知，根据克里斯·达里蒙特的说法，科学家们最震惊的是更多的物种因非食物用途而被猎杀。故选A项。3．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“Anotherbigdifferencebetweenhumans’influenceonwildanimalsandthatofotherpredatorsisthatwetendtofavorrareandexotic（外来的）speciesinawayotheranimalsdonot.Mostpredatorstargetcommonspecies,sincetheyareeasiertofindandcatch..”（人类对野生动物和其他捕食者的影响的另一个巨大区别是，我们倾向于偏爱稀有和外来物种，而其他动物则不会。大多数捕食者以普通物种为目标，因为它们更容易被发现和捕获。）以及““Themorerareitis,”sayscientists,“themorethatdrivesuptheprice,andthereforeitmaygointoextinction.””（“越是稀有，”科学家们说，“价格就越高，因此它可能会灭绝。”）由此可知，此处划线短语coverthenovel为“追求新奇独特的事物”的意思。故选D项。4．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“Now,forthefirsttime,researchershavetriedtocapturethefullpictureofhowweusewildlife,includinghowmany,andforwhatpurposes.

Theresearchshowcasesjusthowbroadourinfluenceonwildanimalsis.”（现在，研究人员第一次试图全面了解我们如何利用野生动物，包括有多少野生动物，以及用于什么目的。这项研究显示了我们对野生动物的影响有多广泛。）和最后一段“Ifwewantwildspeciestosurvive,weneedtoreestablishourrelationshipwiththem,perhapsfrompredatortocaretaker.”（如果我们想让野生物种生存下去，我们需要重建我们与它们的关系，也许从捕食者到守护者。）可推知，这篇文章的目的是揭示人类是如何影响生物多样性的。故选C项。2.（2024·山东·模拟预测）AnewreportpublishedintheJournalofSleepResearchfoundnoevidencethatusingthesnooze(打盹儿)functiononyouralarmnegativelyaffectssleepandcognitive(认知)processes.Andwhilelearningsleepinessandshortersleepweremorecommoninthosewhosnoozed,itcouldevenhavebenefitsifusedshortly.Theresearchevenfoundthatabriefsnoozeperiodcouldrelievesleepmertia(惯性),theunclearnessandperformanceormooddeclinethatoccurswhenwakingup,withoutcompletelydisturbingsleep.Itcouldalsoimproveone’scognitivefunctioncomparedtocompletelywakingupafterthefirstalarmgoesoff.“Thefindingsindicatethatthereisnoreasontostopsnoozinginthemorningifyouenjoyit,atleastnotforsnoozetimesaround30minutes.Infact,itmayevenhelpthosewithmorningunclearnesstobeslightlymoreawakeoncetheygetup,”saidtheresearcherTinaSundelinofStockholmUniversity.Theresearchwasbasedontwostudieswiththefirstobservingthewakinghabitsof1,732adults.Mostoftheadults(69%)reportedusinganalarm’ssnoozefunctionoroccasionallysettingmultiplealarms.Snoozingrangedfrom1to180minutes,accordingtothestudy,withtheaverageperiodbeing22minutespermorning.Thesecondstudyanalyzed31confirmedregularsnoozersandfoundthatforevery30minutestheysnoozed,theylostsixminutesofsleep—foranetgainof24minutes.However,researchersdidnotfindanycleareffectsonmood,stress,tiredness,hormonelevelsorovernightsleepquality.Thereportalsofoundpeoplewhosnoozetendedtobeatleastsixyearsyoungerthanthosewhodont,andthosewhowereidentifiedasnightowlswerealmostfourtimesmorelikelytosnoozethanearlybirds.Snoozersalsohadaslightlyshortersleeptimeonworkdays,13minuteslessonaverage,comparedtothosewhoneversnooze.Despitethesestudiesfindingthatacertainamountofsnoozetimewon’tdamageyourhealth,itremainskeytogetenoughconsistentsleeptoavoidserioushealthconsequences.5．Whatmayashortsnoozeperiodresultinaccordingtothenewresearch?A．Bettersleepinertia. B．Disturbedsleepprocesses.C．Agoodmood. D．Apoorcognitivefunction.6．WhatisTinaSundelin’sattitudetoshortsnoozinginthemorning?A．Critical. B．Tolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Favorable.7．Howwastheresearchcarriedout?A．Byconsultingdifferentexperts. B．Bycollectingandanalyzingdata.C．Byreviewingrelatedrecordsonline. D．Bydoingexperimentsonstudents.8．Whatdoesthetextsuggestusdoaboutsleep?A．Trytobeanearlysleeper. B．Sleepmoreonweekends.C．Snoozeasmuchaspossible. D．Getenoughconsistentsleep.【答案】5．C6．D7．B8．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了起床前短暂的打盹有利于身体健康。5．推理判断题。根据第二段“Theresearchevenfoundthatabriefsnoozeperiodcouldrelievesleepmertia,theunclearnessandperformanceormooddeclinethatoccurswhenwakingup,withoutcompletelydisturbingsleep.Itcouldalsoimproveone’scognitivefunctioncomparedtocompletelywakingupafterthefirstalarmgoesoff.”（研究甚至发现，短暂的小睡可以缓解睡眠紊乱，即醒来时出现的神志不清、表现不佳或情绪下降，而不会完全干扰睡眠。与闹钟一响就完全醒来相比，这样做还能改善人的认知功能。）及第三段最后一句“Infact,itmayevenhelpthosewithmorningunclearnesstobeslightlymoreawakeoncetheygetup,”saidtheresearcherTinaSundelinofStockholmUniversity.”（事实上，它甚至可以帮助那些早晨不清醒的人在起床后稍微清醒一点，”斯德哥尔摩大学的研究员蒂娜·桑德琳说。）可知，短暂的打盹可以缓解睡眠紊乱，并不会干扰睡眠，还能改善人的认知功能，可推知，闹钟响后短暂的打盹可以使人起床后心情舒畅。故选C项。6．推理判断题。根据第三段““Thefindingsindicatethatthereisnoreasontostopsnoozinginthemorningifyouenjoyit,atleastnotforsnoozetimesaround30minutes.Infact,itmayevenhelpthosewithmorningunclearnesstobeslightlymoreawakeoncetheygetup,”saidtheresearcherTinaSundelinofStockholmUniversity.”（“研究结果表明，如果你喜欢在早上小睡，就没有理由停止小睡，至少在30分钟左右的时间里是这样。事实上，它甚至可以帮助那些早晨不清醒的人在起床后稍微清醒一点，”斯德哥尔摩大学的研究员蒂娜·桑德琳说。）可知，蒂娜·桑德琳认为早上打个小盹有好处，对其持赞成态度。故选D项。7．推理判断题。根据第四段“Theresearchwasbasedontwostudieswiththefirstobservingthewakinghabitsof1,732adults.Mostoftheadults(69%)reportedusinganalarm’ssnoozefunctionoroccasionallysettingmultiplealarms.Snoozingrangedfrom1to180minutes,accordingtothestudy,withtheaverageperiodbeing22minutespermorning.Thesecondstudyanalyzed31confirmedregularsnoozersandfoundthatforevery30minutestheysnoozed,theylostsixminutesofsleep—foranetgainof24minutes.”（这项研究基于两项研究，第一项研究观察了1732名成年人醒着的习惯。大多数成年人(69%)表示使用闹钟的止闹功能或偶尔设置多个闹钟。根据这项研究，打盹的时间从1分钟到180分钟不等，平均每天早上是22分钟。第二项研究分析了31名被证实经常打盹的人，发现他们每打盹30分钟，就会损失6分钟的睡眠时间——净增加24分钟。）可知，这项研究是通过收集和分析数据来进行的。故选B项。8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despitethesestudiesfindingthatacertainamountofsnoozetimewon’tdamageyourhealth,itremainskeytogetenoughconsistentsleeptoavoidserioushealthconsequences.”（尽管这些研究发现，一定的小睡时间不会损害你的健康，但获得足够的持续睡眠仍然是避免严重健康后果的关键。）可知，虽然短暂的打盹不会损害健康，但获得足够的持续睡眠依然是保证健康的重要因素。可推知，文章建议还是要获得足够的持续睡眠。故选D项。3.（2024·山东·模拟预测）Historicalaccountsoftendescribedthenow-extinctCaliforniagrizzlybearsashugebeastsreadytoattackhumansandlivestockatanytime.Butaccordingtoanewpaper,scientistssaythetruthmighthavebeenlessdramatic:Thebearsateamostlyvegetariandietandweresmallerthanpreviouslydescribed.CaliforniagrizzlybearsonceroamedintheGoldenState.ButEuropeansettlersoftenhunted,poisonedandtrappedthecreatures.Overtime,becauseofthesehumanactivities,theCaliforniagrizzlypopulationdeclined.ThelastreliablesightingofaCaliforniagrizzlybearoccurred100yearsagoin1924,andtheanimalsdisappearedcompletelysometimeafterthat.Researcherswantedtogetabetterunderstandingofthefactorsthatacceleratedthebears’extinction.Theyalsohopedtogainmoreinsightintothecreatures’behavior,sizeanddiet.Todoso,theyturnedtodocumentsandCaliforniagrizzlyspecimensinnaturalhistorycollections.Theymeasuredtheanimals’skullsandteethandanalyzedtheirbonesandpelts.TheresearchersfoundthatCaliforniagrizzlybearsweremuchsmallerthanthe2,000poundsoftenreportedatthetime.Historicalaccountsmightnotnecessarilyhavebeenwrong,buttheymighthaveonlyincludedthelargestbears.Inaddition,analysesoftheanimals’bonesandskinssuggestthebearswereprimarilyeatingplants,whichstandsincontrasttotheirfearsomehypercarnivorous(超级食肉的)reputation.“Thebearslikelyincreasedmeatconsumptionduetolandscapechangescoupledwiththearrivaloflivestock,”saysstudyco-authorAlexisMychajliw.However,researchersfoundtheanimalsstillateamajorityvegetariandietandkilledfarlesslivestockthanhistoricalaccountssuggested.Bydiggingbeyondthebears’reputation,theresearchersgainedamoreaccurateunderstandingoftheCaliforniagrizzly’sbiologyandnaturalhistory.Andsincescientistsandlandmanagersoftenrelyonhistoricalaccountswhenreintroducinganimalstotheirformerhabitats,thestudyservesasareminderthatthoseoldnewspapersandjournalsdonottellthewholestory.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“roamed”inparagraph1mean?A．Disappeared. B．Declined. C．Fought. D．Wandered.10．WhatdidtheresearchersdiscoveraboutCaliforniagrizzlybears?A．Theymainlyfedonlivestock.B．Theirdietconsistedmostlyofplants.C．Theyateabalanceddietofplantsandmeat.D．Theabsenceoflivestockchangedtheirdietaryhabit.11．Whatcanwelearnabouthistoricalaccountsofanimalsfromthelastparagraph?A．Theyareunique. B．Theyareone-sided.C．Theyareaccurate. D．Theyarecomprehensive.12．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．ThenaturalhabitatsofCaliforniagrizzlybears.B．TheextinctionprocessofCaliforniagrizzlybears.C．TherevealofthetruthofCaliforniagrizzlybears.D．ThesignificanceofthearrivalofCaliforniagrizzlybears.【答案】9．D10．B11．B12．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究揭示了一些关于加州灰熊的真相——主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小，因此对动物的历史纪录有可能是片面的，不完全的。9．词句猜测题。根据划线词下句“ButEuropeansettlersoftenhunted,poisonedandtrappedthecreatures.Overtime,becauseofthesehumanactivities,theCaliforniagrizzlypopulationdeclined.(但欧洲殖民者经常猎杀、毒死和诱捕这些生物。随着时间的推移，由于这些人类活动，加州灰熊的数量下降了)”可知，加州灰熊曾经数量很多，随处游荡。由此猜测roamed意为“游荡”，与wandered同义。故选D。10．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Inaddition,analysesoftheanimals’bonesandskinssuggestthebearswereprimarilyeatingplants,whichstandsincontrasttotheirfearsomehypercarnivorous(超级食肉的)reputation.(此外，对动物骨骼和皮肤的分析表明，熊主要以植物为食，这与它们可怕的超级食肉动物的名声形成了对比)”可知，研究发现灰熊主要以植物为食。故选B。11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Bydiggingbeyondthebears’reputation,theresearchersgainedamoreaccurateunderstandingoftheCaliforniagrizzly’sbiologyandnaturalhistory.Andsincescientistsandlandmanagersoftenrelyonhistoricalaccountswhenreintroducinganimalstotheirformerhabitats,thestudyservesasareminderthatthoseoldnewspapersandjournalsdonottellthewholestory.(通过深入研究灰熊的名声，研究人员对加州灰熊的生物学和自然历史有了更准确的了解。由于科学家和土地管理者在将动物重新引入它们以前的栖息地时经常依赖于历史记录，这项研究提醒人们，那些旧报纸和期刊并没有讲述整个故事)”推知，对动物的历史纪录有可能是片面的，并不完整和准确。故选B。12．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“Historicalaccountsoftendescribedthenow-extinctCaliforniagrizzlybearsashugebeastsreadytoattackhumansandlivestockatanytime.Butaccordingtoanewpaper,scientistssaythetruthmighthavebeenlessdramatic:Thebearsateamostlyvegetariandietandweresmallerthanpreviouslydescribed.(历史记载经常将现已灭绝的加利福尼亚灰熊描述为随时准备攻击人类和牲畜的巨大野兽。但根据一篇新的论文，科学家们说真相可能没有那么戏剧性：这些熊主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小)”可知，文章主要介绍研究揭示了一些关于加州灰熊的真相——主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小。故选C。4.（2024·山东·模拟预测）Webreathe,eatanddrinktinyparticlesofplastic.Butaretheseinthebodyharmless.dangerousorsomewhereinbetween?AsmallstudypublishedonWednesdayintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicineraisesmorequestionsthanitanswersabouthowthesehitsmightaffecttheheart.Thestudyinvolved257peoplewhohadsurgerytoclearblockedbloodvesselsintheirnecks.Usingtwomethods,researchersfoundevidenceofplastics-mostlyinvisiblenanoplastics—in150patientsandnoevidenceofplasticsin107patients.Theyfollowedthesepeopleforthreeyears.Duringthattime,30or20%ofthosewithplasticshadaheartattack,strokeordiedfromanycause,comparedto8orabout8%ofthosewithnoevidenceofplastics.Theresearchersalsofoundmoreevidenceofinflammation(炎症)inthepeoplewiththeplasticbitsintheirbloodvessels.Inflammationisthebody’sresponsetoinjuryandisthoughttoraisetheriskofheartattacksandstroke.“Ihopethatthealarmingmessagewillraisetheconsciousnessofcitizens,especiallygovernments,tofinallybecomeawareoftheimportanceofthehealthofourplanet.”saidDr.RaffaeleMarfellaoftheUniversityofCampaniainItaly.Nevertheless,thestudywasverysmallandlookedonlyatpeoplewithnarrowedarteries(动脉),whowerealreadyatriskforheartattackandstroke.Thepatientswiththeplasticshadmoreheartdisease,diabetesandhighcholesterol(胆固醇)thanthepatientswithoutplastics.Theyweremorelikelytobemenandmorelikelytobesmokers.Theresearcherstriedtoadjustfortheseriskfactorsduringtheirstatisticalanalysis,buttheymayhavemissedimportantdifferencesbetweenthegroupsthatcouldaccountfortheresults.Thiskindofstudycannotprovethattheplasticscausedtheirproblems.“Moreresearchisneededanditisthefirstreportsuggestingaconnectionbetweenmicroplasticsandnanoplasticswithdiseaseinhumans,”saidDr.PhilipLandriganofBostonCollege.Otherscientistshavefoundplasticbitsinthelungs,liver,blood,andbreastmilk,“Itdoesnotprovecauseandeffect,butitsuggestscauseandeffect,”hesaid,“Anditneedsurgentlytobeeitherconfirmedordisproven(反驳)byotherstudiesdonebyotherinvestigatorsinotherpopulations.”13．Whatdidthestudyfindabouttheplasticsinblood?A．Theyarevisibleanddetectable. B．Theymayraisetheriskofseriousinjuries.C．Theyneedtoberemovedbysurgery. D．Theymayaccountforahigherrateofheartattacks.14．WhatdidRaffaeleMarfellasuggest?A．Immediateactionshouldbetakenbygovernment.B．Alarmingmessageshouldbespreadwidelyandquickly.C．Theawarenessoftheharmofplasticbitsshouldbeenhanced.D．Jointeffortsmustbemadetokeephealthyphysicallyandmentally.15．Whatdoesparagraph5mainlytalkaboutregardingthestudy?A．Limitations. B．Advantages. C．Causes. D．Effects.16．WhatdidDr.PhilipLandriganthinkofthestudy?A．Helpfulbutunrealistic. B．Pioneeringbutimpractical.C．Distinctivebutunnecessary. D．Suggestivebutinconclusive.【答案】13．D14．C15．A16．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述一项新的研究表明使用塑料可能和心脏病发作率高有关，但还需要更多研究来证明它们之间存在因果关系。13．细节理解题。根据第二段“Thestudyinvolved257peoplewhohadsurgerytoclearblockedbloodvesselsintheirnecks.Usingtwomethods,researchersfoundevidenceofplastics-mostlyinvisiblenanoplastics—in150patientsandnoevidenceofplasticsin107patients.Theyfollowedthesepeopleforthreeyears.Duringthattime,30or20%ofthosewithplasticshadaheartattack,strokeordiedfromanycause,comparedto8orabout8%ofthosewithnoevidenceofplastics.(这项研究涉及257名接受手术清除颈部血管阻塞的患者。通过两种方法，研究人员在150名患者身上发现了塑料的证据——大部分是看不见的纳米塑料——107名患者身上没有塑料的证据。他们对这些人进行了三年的跟踪调查。在此期间，30%或20%使用塑料的人心脏病发作、中风或死于任何原因，相比之下，没有使用塑料的人只有8%或8%左右。)”可知，研究发现血液中的塑料可能是心脏病发作率较高的原因。故选D。14．推理判断题。根据第四段““Ihopethatthealarmingmessagewillraisetheconsciousnessofcitizens,especiallygovernments,tofinallybecomeawareoftheimportanceofthehealthofourplanet.”saidDr.RaffaeleMarfellaoftheUniversityofCampaniainItaly.(“我希望这一令人震惊的信息能够提高公民，特别是政府的意识，最终意识到我们地球健康的重要性。意大利坎帕尼亚大学的拉斐尔·马费拉博士说。)”可推断拉斐尔·马菲拉的建议公民和政府都应该提高对微塑料危害的意识，故选C。15．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Nevertheless,thestudywasverysmallandlookedonlyatpeoplewithnarrowedarteries(动脉),whowerealreadyatriskforheartattackandstroke.Thepatientswiththeplasticshadmoreheartdisease,diabetesandhighcholesterol(胆固醇)thanthepatientswithoutplastics.Theyweremorelikelytobemenandmorelikelytobesmokers.Theresearcherstriedtoadjustfortheseriskfactorsduringtheirstatisticalanalysis,buttheymayhavemissedimportantdifferencesbetweenthegroupsthatcouldaccountfortheresults.Thiskindofstudycannotprovethattheplasticscausedtheirproblems.(然而，这项研究的规模很小，而且只研究了动脉狭窄的人，这些人已经有心脏病发作和中风的风险。与没有接受整形手术的患者相比，接受整形手术的患者患心脏病、糖尿病和高胆固醇的几率更高。他们更有可能是男性，更有可能是吸烟者。研究人员试图在他们的统计分析中调整这些风险因素，但他们可能错过了可以解释结果的各组之间的重要差异。这种研究不能证明是塑料造成了他们的问题。)”可知本段主要说明了这项研究的一些限制，所以还不能证明塑料就是造成心脏病发作的风险，故选A。16．细节理解题。根据最后一段““Moreresearchisneededanditisthefirstreportsuggestingaconnectionbetweenmicroplasticsandnanoplasticswithdiseaseinhumans,”saidDr.PhilipLandriganofBostonCollege.Otherscientistshavefoundplasticbitsinthelungs,liver,blood,andbreastmilk,“Itdoesnotprovecauseandeffect,butitsuggestscauseandeffect,”hesaid,“Anditneedsurgentlytobeeitherconfirmedordisproven(反驳)byotherstudiesdonebyotherinvestigatorsinotherpopulations.”(波士顿学院的菲利普·兰德里根博士说：“需要进行更多的研究，这是第一份表明微塑料和纳米塑料与人类疾病之间存在联系的报告。”其他科学家在肺部、肝脏、血液和母乳中发现了塑料碎片。“这并不能证明因果关系，但它表明了因果关系，”他说，“其他研究人员在其他人群中进行的其他研究迫切需要证实或反驳。”)”可知菲利普·兰德里根博士认为这项研究表明塑料和人类疾病之间存在联系，但还需要其他研究来证实它们之间的因果关系，所以他认为这项研究是一种提示但是并不能确定，故选D。5.（2024届山东中学联盟模拟预测）Inthe1950s,BritishhistorianNortheasterParkinsoncameupwithaconceptwhichwaslaterknownasParkinson’sLawofTriviality.Itstatesthattheamountoftimespentdiscussinganissueinanorganizationisoppositelyassociatedwithitsactualimportance.Parkinson’sLawofTrivialityisalsoknownas“bike-shedding(车棚)”,afterthestoryParkinsonusestoillustrateit.Heasksreaderstoimagineafinancialcommitteemeetingtodiscussathree-pointagenda.Thepointsareasfollows:Aproposalfora￡10millionnuclearpowerplant;Aproposalfora￡350bikeshed;Aproposalfora￡21annualcoffeebudget.Whathappens?Thecommitteeendsuprunningthroughthenuclearpowerplantproposalinlittletime.It’stooadvancedforanyonetoreallydigintothedetails.Thediscussionsoonmovestothebikeshed.Here,everyone’sanexpert.Intheend,thecommitteerunsoutoftimeanddecidestomeetagaintocompletetheiranalysis.Bike-sheddinghappensbecausethesmalleramatteris,themorepeoplewillhaveanopiniononit,evenwhenthereisnogenuinevaluetoadd.Whensomethingisoutsideofourcircleofcompetence,likeanuclearpowerplant,wedon’teventrytoexpressanopinion.Butwhensomethingiscomprehensible,everyonewantstoshowthattheyknowaboutthetopicathand.Howcanweavoidbike-shedding?Themainthingyoucandoistohaveaclearpurpose.PriyaParker,theauthorofTheArtofGathering:HowWeMeetandWhyItMatters,saysthatanysuccessfulgatheringneedstohaveafocusedpurpose.“Specificity,”shesays,“isacrucialelement.”Whenitcomestochoosingyourlistofinvitees,Parkerwrites,“ifthepurposeofyourmeetingistomakeadecision,youmaywanttoconsiderhavingfewercooksinthekitchen.”Gettingtheresultyouwant-athoughtful,educateddiscussionaboutthatpowerplant-dependsonhavingtherightpeopleintheroom.17．WhatisParkinson’spurposeofpresentingtheimaginarymeeting?A．Tostateafact. B．Toclarifyaconcept.C．Tomakeaprediction. D．Tomakeacomparison.18．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4?A．Themoreyouknow,thelessyouspeak.B．Whatissimpleforyoumaybetoughforothers.C．Whatrequiresmoreworkmaygetlessattention.D．Themoreyouputin,thebetteryourresultwillbe.19．Whichistheauthor’ssuggestionforasuccessfulmeeting?A．Planningbeforethemeeting.B．Gettingtherightpeopletothetable.C．Spendinglesstimeontheminorissues.D．Takingdifferentopinionsintoaccount.20．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．Purpose:TheKeytoanEffectiveMeetingB．Talent:ACrucialElementinOrganizationsC．TheBikeShedEffect:AvoidingSmallMattersD．NuclearPowerPlant:TheLess-knownProposal【答案】17．B18．C19．B20．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在20世纪50年代，英国历史学家NortheasterParkinson提出的帕金森琐碎定律。17．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Parkinson’sLawofTrivialityisalsoknownas“bike-shedding(车棚)”,afterthestoryParkinsonusestoillustrateit.Heasksreaderstoimagineafinancialcommitteemeetingtodiscussathree-pointagenda.(Parkinson的帕金森琐碎定律也被称为bike-shedding，以帕金森用来说明它的故事命名。他让读者想象一个财务委员会开会讨论三点议程。)”可知，Parkinson提出假想会议的目的是澄清一个概念。故选B。18．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Bike-sheddinghappensbecausethesmalleramatteris,themorepeoplewillhaveanopiniononit,evenwhenthereisnorealvaluetoadd.Whensomethingisoutsideofourcircleofcompetence,likeanuclearpowerplant,wedon’teventrytoexpressanopinion.Butwhensomethingisunderstandableeveryonewantstoshowthattheyknowaboutthetopicathand.(Bike-shedding会发生，是因为事情越小，就会有越多的人对它发表意见，即使没有什么真正的价值可言。当事情超出我们的能力范围时，比如核电站，我们甚至不会试图表达意见。但是当某件事是可以理解的时候，每个人都想表明他们了解手头的话题。)”可知，需要付出更多努力的事情可能得到的关注更少。故选C。19．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Gettingtheresultyouwant—athoughtful,educateddiscussionaboutthatpowerplant—dependsonhavingtherightpeopleintheroom.(想要得到你想要的结果——一场关于电厂的深思熟虑的、有知识的讨论——取决于是否有合适的人在场。)”可知，作者对会议成功的建议是把合适的人请到会议桌前。故选B。20．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段的“Bike-sheddinghappensbecausethesmalleramatteris,themorepeoplewillhaveanopiniononit,evenwhenthereisnorealvaluetoadd.(Bike-shedding之所以会发生，是因为事情越小，就会有越多的人对它发表意见，即使没有真正的价值可言。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是20世纪50年代，英国历史学家NortheasterParkinson提出的帕金森琐碎定律，也称为bike-shedding，因此最好的题目是C选项“TheBikeShedEffect:AvoidingSmallMatters(自行车棚效应：避免小事)”。故选C。6.（2024·山东日照·模拟预测）In2022,theNatureConservancylaunchedtwo5-yearpilotprojectsatworkingranches(牧场)inKansasandNewMexicotodetermineifvirtualfencesenablelandmanagerstobetterperformregenerativemanagementpracticesandtoassesspotentialbenefitsforbiodiversityandforranchers’bottomlines,aswellasimpactsonsoilcarbonstorage.ApplaudedbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureasaclimateadaptionstrategy,virtualfencingisaninnovativetechnologythatenablesrancherstouseasmartphoneorwebapptoremotelymonitorandcontrolwhereandwhencattlegraze(吃草).Virtualfencescanreducetheneedforphysicalfences,whichrequiresignificanttime,expenseandlabortomaintain.Physicalfencesalsolimitlandmanagersintheirabilitytochangegrazingboundariestoadapttoseasonalchangesinvegetationortoexcludecattlefromecologicallysensitiveareas.Thecowsareoutfittedwithbattery-operated,GPS-enabledcollarsthatsendoutaradiofrequencytocommunicatewithreceptiontowers,creatingvirtualgrazingboundariessetbyarancher.Whenacowapproachestheedgeofthevirtualboundary,thecollarproducesasoundsignalingittoturnaround.Ifthecowproceedstocrosstheboundary,itreceivesamomentarymildshock,signalingthatit’sgonetoofarandshouldrejoinitsgroup.Grasslandsaretheleastprotectedhabitatonearthandoneofthemosteffectivecarbonsinks,storingupto20%oftheworld’ssoilorganiccarbon.Unfortunately,grasslandsarecontinuingtorapidlydisappearforseveralreasons.Forecologicalhealth,mostgrasslandecosystemsneedperiodsofdisturbancetoaerate(使透气)thesoil,stimulateplantgrowthandrecyclenutrientsintothesoil.Rancherscompletethisdisturbance-restcyclebymanagingthetiming,location,herdsizeandintensityofgrazingactivities,allofwhichcanbetime-consumingandpainstaking.“Currently,thecostsofvirtualfencingarestillhigh,butinthelongrunitcanhelplandmanagersbettercarryoutmanagementpracticesthatregeneratelandhealth,helpaddressclimatechangeandbiodiversityloss,”saidWilliamBurnidge,directoroftheNatureConservancy.21．What’sstressedconcerningvirtualfencinginparagraph2?A．Itssmartdesign. B．Itsmajoradvantages.C．Itswideapplication. D．Itsworkingprinciples.22．Whatdoesthemildshockindicatetothecow?A．It’stimetoreturn. B．It’stimetograze.C．It’sindanger. D．It’sinawrongdirection.23．What’sunavoidableforrancherstocompletethedisturbance-restcycle?A．Intenseefforts. B．Pollutedsoil. C．Financialfailure. D．Ecologicalimbalance.24．What’sMr.Burnidge’sa