专题五写作第一节第二讲美化词句学会谋篇课件

专题五写作第一节应用文写作第二讲美化词句，学会谋篇

一、学会用词——准确·得体·亮眼单词和短语是文章最基本的组成单位。用词是否准确、出彩在一定程度上决定了作文能否得高分。高考英语写作评分标准也鼓励考生使用高级词汇，但使用高级词汇并不等于使用一些偏难、古怪的词汇，而是使用一些表意准确、形象生动、语法正确且符合以英语为母语的人的习惯表达方式的词汇。在使用词汇时，我们可以尝试如下方法。1．无重复原则——求雅变异写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语，要用贴切多样的词语来展示自己的词汇水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异，也是词汇高级用法的体现。恰当地使用同义词不仅可以体现雅致的文风，还有利于增强段落的统一性和连贯性。Wewereattractedbythebeautifulscenery.Therearedifferentkindsoffruittreesaswellasdifferentanimals.→Wewereattractedbythebeautifulscenery.Therearedifferentkindsoffruittreesaswellasavarietyof/variousanimals.(2020·高考全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)2．词义具体化原则——生动贴切所谓词义具体化原则，是指写作中尽量避免使用意义宽泛、模糊的词，而要根据语境使用具体生动的词。Heisavolunteerinourcommunity，duringtheepidemicofCOVID­19.→Heisavolunteerwhoworksasagateguardinourcommunity，duringtheepidemicofCOVID­19.(2020·高考全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)SogooddotheylookthatIthinkyoucouldbeinterestedinthem.→SoattractiveandalivedotheylookthatIthinkyoucouldbeinterestedinthem.(2017·高考全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)3．晚词优先原则——新颖高级为了表现自己的语言功底，吸引阅卷老师的眼球，尽量用高年级阶段学到的词汇代替低年级阶段学到的词汇。Aimedtohelpustoknowtheimportanceofworking，anactivitythemed“Workingisthemostbeautiful”washeldlastweek.→Aimedtohelpustobeawareoftheimportanceofworking，anactivitythemed“Workingisthemostbeautiful”washeldlastweek.(2019·高考北京卷满分作文)4．短语优先原则——凑词增色用短语代替单词不仅会使文章增加亮点，而且，如果关键时刻思维短路，用短语凑词是一个很好的选择。(1)形容词变短语的方法：of＋同根名词Theracewasverybeneficialtotheparticipants，physicallyandmentally.Therefore，weallthinkhighlyofit，andexpectmoreactivitieslikethisinthefuture.→Theracewasofgreatbenefittotheparticipants，physicallyandmentally.Therefore，weallthinkhighlyofit，andexpectmoreactivitieslikethisinthefuture.(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)(2)动词变短语的方法：同义短语替换Ilikeplayingfootballinmysparetime.→I'mfondofplayingfootballinmysparetime.→I'minterestedinplayingfootballinmysparetime.→I'mcrazyaboutplayingfootballinmysparetime.→I'maddictedtoplayingfootballinmysparetime.Hopefullyyouwillconsidermysuggestion，andI'mlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.→Hopefullyyouwilltakemysuggestionintoconsideration，andI'mlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.(2020·高考上海卷满分作文)注意：并不是短语一定会比单词好，要根据具体情况，有时候贴切传神的单词要比短语更合适。例如：Wecanlookatthisprobleminmanyways.→Wecanviewthisprobleminmanyways.(view比lookat更有内涵)很多考生作文裹足不前的一个重要原因是反复用初中学过的“第一反应词”，背了大量的靓词妙语而不用。建议大家在想到一个表达时，务必要想一想还有没有更好的表达方式，这就是我们平时常讲的“头脑风暴法”，例如：beautiful→attractive/charming，difficult→tough/challenging

注意：高级词汇的使用一定要合理、得体，能够以完成表达任务为目的，简单地、不加分别地堆砌所谓的高级词汇，不仅不能让你的作文增色添彩，而且还会令阅卷者心生厌恶。Ⅰ.用高级词汇替换加黑的低级词汇1．Heshouldhavedrivenmoreslowly.→He______________havedrivenmoreslowly.2．Becauseofthegoodweather，ourjourneywascomfortable.→___________thegoodweather，ourjourneywascomfortable.issupposedtoThanksto3．Mostofthestudentsareshort­sighted.→_______________thestudentsareshort­sighted.4．Therainwasheavy，andasaresulttheroadwasflooded.→Therainwasheavy，and_____________theroadwasflooded.5．Jackisveryclever，whooftenthinksofnewideas.→Jackisveryclever，whooften_____________newideas.Themajorityofconsequentlycomesupwith6．Afterfivehours'non­stopwork，wewerealltired.→Afterfivehours'non­stopwork，wewereall___________．7．Somestudentsthinkthattheyshouldsavesomeoftheirpocketmoneyforbooks.→Somestudentsthinkthattheyshould___________someoftheirpocketmoneyforbooks.wornoutsetaside8．I'mverygladtolearnthatyouarecominginSeptember.→I'm___________gladtolearnthatyouarecominginSeptember.9．Wouldyoupleasehelpmetoturndowntheradio?→Wouldyouplease_____________toturndowntheradio?morethandomeafavor10．Duringthemountain­climbing，pleasehelpeachotherandpayspecialattentiontoyoursafety.→_________________themountain­climbing，pleasehelpeachotherandpayspecialattentiontoyoursafety.InthecourseofⅡ.作文升级

(2020·山东滨州模拟)假定你是学校英语俱乐部主席李华，学校安排下周五下午举行隆重的毕业典礼。请你写一封邀请函，诚邀外教Nana出席并发表讲话。请根据下列内容完成写作任务：

1．活动的时间和地点；

2．活动的安排；

3．表示感谢。注意：1.词数80左右，开头及结尾已给出，不计入总词数；2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。DearNana，I'mLiHua，chairmanoftheEnglishclub._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yourssincerely，LiHua【参考范文】DearNana，

I'mLiHua，chairmanoftheEnglishclub. Howarethingswithyoulately？①Iwanttoinviteyoutoattendourgraduationceremonyandgiveaspeechattheconference. We'retoholdthegraduationceremonyfrom1to3p．m.thisFridayontheplayground.②First，we'llholdtheflag­raisingceremony，afterwhichourprincipalwillmakeaspeechfollowedbyyourstoencourageustorunafterdreams.Furthermore，wonderfulperformancespreparedbyourselveswillbeon！Finally，amemorablephotoofallthegraduatestogetherwithallthestaffwillbetaken. ③Pleaseattendifyou'refreethen.Thanksalot!Yourssincerely，LiHua【词汇升级】通过升级加黑词汇改写句子①___________inviteyoutoattendourgraduationceremonyand________________attheconference.②_______________，we'llholdtheflag­raisingceremony，afterwhichourprincipalwillmakeaspeechfollowedbyyoursto________________________．③Please___________ifyou're___________then.I'dliketodeliveraspeechTobeginwithinspireustopursuedreamsmakeitavailable

二、学会写句——简洁·求异·高级句式单一、缺乏生气的文章，哪怕无任何错误也不可能得高分。考生在写作文时应多运用一些高级句式和复合句，并注意句式的灵活多变，让文章读起来抑扬顿挫，让深厚的语言功底得以体现，让写作拽起来！运用多样句式有以下几种方式。1．无重复原则——变异求新句式无重复是指在同一篇文章中，不要过多地使用同一种句式。例如，表达个人观点时，不要通篇都是“Ithink...”或“Inmyopinion...”；表达建议时，不要通篇都是“Youshould...”或者“You'dbetter...”。2．长短句相间原则——错落有致短句一般语气重，多在一个复杂的意思表达完成之后表示强调，富有力度；长句则适用于准确表达复杂的思想。运用长短句相间原则可以很好地发挥两种句子的优点。反之，如果只用长句或短句，则会使行文显得过于单调。所以，在写作中应该是长句和短句交替使用。

请看下面考生范文：

LastSundaymorningIwenttotheparkbybike.IwaswalkingintheparkwhenacouplestoppedmeandaskedifIcouldhelptotakesomephotosofthem.Iofferedmyservicewillingly.Withmanythanks，theywavedgoodbyetome.However，afewminuteslater，Ifoundtheyhaddroppedablackhandbagonthebenchwheretheyhadsat.Believingtheymustreturntolookforthehandbag，Idecidedtowaitforthem，withthehandbaginmyhand.Soon，theyhurriedbackandIreturnedthehandbagtothem.Theythankedmeagainandagain.Whatagreatpleasureitwastohelpothersout!

文章长短句相间，本文用了三个长句，分别是①when连接的并列句，其中含有一个if引导的宾语从句；②where引导的定语从句；③现在分词短语作状语。其余都是短句。文章张弛有度，错落有致。3．高级句式原则在写作中，恰当地运用2～3个高级句式是获得高分的必备条件。下面为考生推荐几种能有效提升写作档次的王牌句式，供大家选择使用，希望大家能够对它们烂熟于心，在考场上能信手拈来。在考前备考过程中，要有意识地把背诵过的句式尝试运用到写作中去，碰到一个句子时，要想一想有没有更好的表达句式。如把两个简单句合为定语从句，把一般句变为强调句等，更要看一下能否套用学过的句型，如“not...until...句型”“so...that...句型”等。学会用英语思维，养成用英语高级句式写作的习惯。(一)学会使用高级简单句1．运用介词短语Onarrivingatthefarm，webeganwiththeareaoffruittreesandthenmovedontothevegetablefield.(介词短语作状语)(2020·高考全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)一到农场，我们就从果树区域开始采摘，然后转到菜地。2．运用不定式短语Ifeelmuchhonoredtohavethechancetomakemyvoiceheard.(不定式短语作状语和定语)(2019·高考天津卷满分作文)我很荣幸有机会让大家倾听我的声音。3．运用分词短语

Usingbasketsandladders，wefirstpickedtheonesthatweremostbeautifulincolor，thenthosethatwereripeandsoft.(现在分词短语作状语)(2020·高考全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)我们先用篮子和梯子挑选颜色最漂亮的，然后再挑选成熟柔软的。Comparedwithlettersandpublicphones，mobilephonesandtheInternetarefasterandmuchmoreconvenient.(过去分词短语作状语)与信件和公用电话相比，手机和网络更快，也更方便。TheBeijingZoo，builtin1906，hasahistoryofmorethan100years.(过去分词短语作定语)北京动物园，建于1906年，有100多年的历史了。(二)学会使用高级复合句1．as和which引导的非限制性定语从句定语从句有多种形式，引导词也有若干，但最容易掌握、最常运用的是as和which引导的非限制性定语从句。(1)表达“正如……”这一含义时，我们常用as引导的非限制性定语从句，它常放在主句之前，有时也可放在主句之中或主句之后。常见的句式有：·Asweallknow.../Asisknowntoall...众所周知……·Ashepointedout...正如他所指出的那样……·Asthefamoussayinggoes...正如名言所说……Asweallknow，ourfriendslendusahelpinghandwhenweneedhelpandtheyhelpusgetthroughdifficultsituations.众所周知，当我们需要帮助时，我们的朋友会伸出援手，并且他们帮助我们度过困境。(2)which引导的非限制性定语从句which在引导非限制性定语从句时，可以指代某个单词，也可以代指整个主句，在从句中可以作主语或宾语。LearningyourkeeninterestinChineseculture，IsuggestyouapplytoPekingUniversity，whichisoneofthebestuniversitiesinChina.(2018·高考北京卷满分作文)得知你对中国文化有兴趣，我建议你申请北京大学，它是中国最好的大学之一。2．what和that引导的名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其中what，that所引导的名词性从句是写作中常见的高级表达方式。what在名词性从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，而that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用。Whatyoutoldmeaboutyourcountrybroadenedmyhorizonsandarousedmyinterestinforeignculture.(主语从句)(2019·高考浙江卷满分作文)你告诉我的关于你的国家的事情开阔了我的视野，激发了我对外国文化的兴趣。Throughtheactivity,whatIfelt(主语从句)isthatIamabletoshouldertheresponsibilityandmakeusstrongerandmoredetermined(表语从句)．(2020·高考天津卷满分作文)通过这次活动，我感觉到我能够承担起责任，使我们更加坚强和坚定。(三)学会使用特殊句式1．强调句型强调句型的使用是为了突出强调句子的某一部分，它是一种比较容易掌握的高级表达方式。其构成：Itis/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他。Herfriendlinessandthesenseofresponsibilitymakemeadmireher.→It'sherfriendlinessandthesenseofresponsibilitythatmakemeadmireher.(2020·高考全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)2．倒装句在写作中倒装句应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包括部分倒装和全部倒装。常见的有：(1)“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。Peoplefromallovertheworldcanonlyinthiswaycommunicateeasilyandeffectively.→Onlyinthiswaycanpeoplefromallovertheworldcommunicateeasilyandeffectively.(2)none，neither，nor，not，never，hardly，little，seldom等否定词，以及由no构成的否定短语，如atnotime，bynomeans等置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。Bythemeansofcontrolledrelease，Ionlyneedtodeliverbookstootherparticipants.Booksarenotonlysharedbutitcanbuildupabridgeconnectingreadersfromdifferentpartsoftheworldaswell.→Bythemeansofcontrolledrelease，Ionlyneedtodeliverbookstootherparticipants.Notonlyarebookssharedbutitcanbuildupabridgeconnectingreadersfromdifferentpartsoftheworldaswell.(3)在so/such...that...结构中，当so/such...位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。IwassoexcitedthatIcouldn'twaittotrymyhandatridingit.However，itwasharderthanexpected.→SoexcitedwasIthatIcouldn'twaittotrymyhandatridingit.However，itwasharderthanexpected.Ⅰ.根据提示用高级句式升级下列句子1．IrealizedtheimportanceofEnglishwhenIenteredseniorhighschool.(强调句)→______________________________________________________________________________2．Wecanliveahappylifeonlybythismeans.(倒装)→_____________________________________________ItwaswhenIenteredseniorhighschoolthatIrealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.Onlybythismeanscanweliveahappylife.3．Hefellasleep.Thelightswerestillon.(with复合结构)→____________________________________4．Theenvironmentwillnotimproveuntileverybodytakescareofit.(倒装)→_______________________________________________________Hefellasleepwiththelightsstillon.Notuntileverybodytakescareofitwilltheenvironmentimprove.5．Thegirlisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwritten.(定语从句)→_______________________________________________________6．Afterwehadpracticedplayingbasketballforalmosttwomonths，westronglydesiredtobethewinner.(分词短语作状语)→_________________________________________________________________________________________Thegirlwhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.Havingpracticedplayingbasketballforalmosttwomonths，westronglydesiredtobethewinner.7．Aboveall，wemusttakesomemeasurestostoppollution.(被动语态)→______________________________________________________8．Therearealotoftreesandflowersinourschoolandourschoollookslikeabiggarden.(with复合结构)→_______________________________________________________________________________Aboveall，somemeasuresmustbetakentostoppollution.Withalotoftreesandflowersinourschool，ourschoollookslikeabiggarden.Ⅱ.按要求升级作文 假定你是李华，你的朋友李芳向你询问你校新开设的iPad课程(iPadclass)。请你给她写封回信，向她介绍iPad课程很受学生欢迎的原因，要点如下：

1．资源丰富；

2．促进交流；

3．利于环保。 注意：

1．词数80左右；

2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。【考生习作】

DearLiFang，

①I'mverygladtoreceiveyourlastletter.②InyourletteryouenquiredaboutournewlyopenediPadclasses.Theclassisverypopularamongthestudents，andthereasonsareasfollows. Tobeginwith，everyonelearnsinarespectiveway.StudentscanrefertotheiriPadsformaterialsthatsuittheirlevelandlearningstyletomeettheirdifferentneeds.③Inaddition，whentheyareconnectedtotheInternet，studentscancommunicatewithteachersandpeersaboutwhattheylearnmoreconveniently，anditwillcontributetotheirprogress.④Lastly，wealsoconsiderthatitisenvironmentallyfriendlytoopeniPadclasses，forpaperisnolongeranecessity. LookingforwardtoyourattendingouriPadclasses.Yourssincerely，LiHua【句式升级】1．用非限制性定语从句升级句①②I'mverygladtoreceiveyourlastletter，__________________________________________________________________．2．用状语从句的省略和非限制性定语从句升级句③Inaddition，_______________________________，studentscancommunicatewithteachersandpeersaboutwhattheylearnmoreconveniently，___________________________________． inwhichyouenquiredaboutournewlyopenediPadclasseswhenconnectedtotheInternetwhichwillcontributetotheirprogress3．用it作形式宾语升级句④Lastly，wealso_____________________________________________________，forpaperisnolongeranecessity. consideritenvironmentallyfriendlytoopeniPadclasses

三、学会谋篇——赏心·悦目·高效近几年全国卷高考写作考查的基本上都是书信，一般为半开放提纲作文。在试题“注意”中有明确规定“可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯”。对于这类作文，考生不能离开情景和要求自行立意、选材，随意发挥；但考生可以根据需要进行适当的发挥，因而有较大的灵活性。1．最赏心悦目的布局——3段结构高考作文最好采用三段式，不仅在行文上符合总—分—总的逻辑结构，而且在视觉上更加美观，吸引阅卷老师的眼球。以2019年全国卷Ⅰ改编题为例：[示例]

假定你是李华，暑期在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：1．写信目的；2.个人优势；3.能做的事情。注意：1.词数80左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3．结束语已为你写好。___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours，LiHua【考生佳作】DearSir/Madam，

MynameisLiHua.I'maChinesestudentwhoistakingasummercourseinLondonnow.I'mgladtolearnthatyourgallerywillholdaChinesepaintingexhibition.Iwouldliketodosomevoluntaryworkfortheexhibition.SoIamwritingthisletteraskingtobeavolunteer. IamgoodatEnglishandfamiliarwithChinesepaintings.Iwouldliketovolunteertohelpvisitors，introduceChinesepaintings，spreadChineseculture，andstrengthenworldculturalexchanges.MyaimistoletChinagototheworldandlettheworldunderstandChina.Iwouldappreciateitifyoucouldagreetomyrequest. Lookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.Yours，LiHua2．最有效的拓展成文法——5大方法(1)列举具体的实例进行补充说明①我要花一些时间和父母在一起。I'llspendsometimestayingwithmyparents.→I'llspendsometimestayingwithmyparents，chattingwiththemanddoingsomehousework.②我发现了一些不良行为。Ifoundsomebadbehaviour.→Ifoundsomebadbehaviour.Somepeoplescribbledonthewall；someplayedonthelawnandsomethrewrubbisheverywhere.(2)增添相关信息的时间、地点等内容我要去购物。I'mgoingtodosomeshopping.→I'mgoingtodosomeshoppinginthesupermarketandwon'tbebackuntil5

o'clockintheafternoon.(3)增添事件的原因、结果、条件、让步、手段、目的等内容①我将参加一些社会活动。Iwilltakepartinsomesocialactivities.→Ifpossible，IwilltakepartinsomesocialactivitiessothatIcanknowmoreaboutsociety.(条件，结果)②我需要好好休息，我要读点书。Ineedagoodrest.I'lldosomereading.→IneedagoodrestbecauseIdofeeltiredafterthehardworkofalltheseyears.I'lldosomereadingforfun，aswellasforknowledge.(原因，目的)(4)追加附加成分在要点基础上适当增加合乎逻辑的附加成分，如定语(从句)、状语(从句)、非谓语动词、独立主格结构等。不仅增加了词数，而且使表达更清晰、准确，主题更突出。我建议老师应该多选择英语电影。IsuggestthattheteachershouldchoosemoreEnglishfilms.→Asayoungstudent，IsuggestthattheteachershouldchoosemoreEnglishfilmsthatappealtousteenagers，thusmakingEnglishlearningmoreinteresting.(5)结尾适当发挥，写出个人感受、评价、愿望、倡议等①AlthoughIwasverytiredthissummerholiday，IfeltveryhappyforwhatIdid.(个人感受)尽管这个暑假我很累，但是我为我做的感到高兴。②Ithinksuchactivitiesarenecessaryandmeaningful.(评价)我认为这样的活动很有必要，也很有意义。③Isincerelyhopemyadvicecanbehelpfultoyouandthatyoucanenjoyyournewschoollife.(愿望)我衷心希望我的建议能够对你有所帮助，你能够享受你在新学校的生活。④Itisadutyforusstudentstoprotectourschoolenvironmentandmakeitclean.(倡议)作为学生，保护我们校园的环境并使之干净是我们的职责。3．最有用的语篇黏合剂——4类衔接过渡根据行文或段落需要，在句与句或段与段之间适当增加过渡词语，甚至过渡句，可以使文章浑然一体，同时还能充实文章。考生应掌握的连接性词语如下：(1)表示“首先”的词汇表示“首先”的词汇常用在主题段落的开头，用于开篇引出扩展句。常见的词汇有：first，firstly，firstofall，tobegin/startwith等。Firstofall，wemustmakefulluseofevery45­minutelesson.Tobeginwith，smokingshouldbebannedinpublicareas.(2)表示“其次”的词汇表示“其次”的词汇常用于承接主题句或第一个扩展句。常见的词汇有：second/secondly，besides，inaddition，what'smore，furthermore，moreover