2021年高考英语一轮总复习必修5 Unit 1 Great scientists-B卷

必修5Unit1Greatscientists（B卷）滚动提升检测(全卷共四大题，满分100分。请在40分钟内完成)班级____________学号____________姓名____________得分____________一、阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项。(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)AQianXuesenisoneofthepioneersofChina’sspacescience.Asaworld-famousexpertonaerospacerocketsandaerodynamics,heobtainedgreatachievementsinareasofappliedmechanics,engineeringcyberneticsandsystemengineeringandmadedistinguishedcontributionstothefoundationanddevelopmentofChineseaerospaceundertaking.GraduatedfromShanghaiJiaotongUniversityin1934,QianXuesenwenttoAmericatostudyinMIT,oneyearlater.Afterreceivingmaster’sdegreeinMIT,hewenttostudyinCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyandreceivedPhDdegreesinbothaerospaceandmathematics.In1955,QianXuesenreturnedtohismotherland.HisreturnbroughtChinathehopeofdevelopingspacescienceanditsownmissiles(导弹).In1956,heputforward“ProposalontheDevelopmentofChina’sAviation(航空)IndustryforNationalDefense”.WiththesupportfromthepremierZhouEnlaiandmarshal(元帅)NieRongzheng,QianXuesenbegantopreparefortheestablishmentofChina’sfirstmissileandrocketresearchanddevelopmentstructure,theFifthResearchInstituteofStateMinistryofDefense.Fromthenon,hehaslongbeeninchargeofthechieftechnologicalresearchanddevelopmentofChina’smissile,rocketandspacecraft.Chinasuccessfullyexplodeditsfirstatombombin1964.Later,Chinalauncheditsfirstman-madesatellite,totheearthorbitonApril24,1970,becomingthefifthcountrytoindependentlylaunchsatellitefollowingtheformerUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics,theUSA,FranceandJapan.Thesatellitefloatedaroundtheearth,blaringthesongDongFangHong,whichhasthesamenameasthesatellite.AsaforerunnerofChina’saerospacescienceandtechnology,heprovidedchancesforyoungscientists.WangYongzhi,formerchiefdesignerofChina’smanned-spaceproject,hasbenefitedalotfromQian.“Hesuggestedthatrocketofthesecondgenerationshouldbedevelopedbyoursecondgenerationscientists.Thisgaveuschancestobegeneraldesigners”.RecallingtheexperienceworkingwithQian,SunJiadong,generaldesignerofChina’slunarorbiterproject,isgrateful.“Heputgreatexpectationonusandtrustedusalot.Wheneverwemademistakes,heseldomblamedusbuthelpedfindoutthereasonsowecouldavoiditinthefuture.”HonoredasFatherofMissileandKingofRockets,Qianneverstoppedhisworkonscientificresearchafterretirement.Hesaidhehadnotimetoreviewthepast,butlookedforwardtothefuture.1.WhendidQianxuesenbegintostudyinMIT?A.In1955.B.In1935.C.In1936.D.In1934.2.Whatarethefivecountriesthatlaunchedman-madesatelliteindependentlybefore1970?A.TheformerUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics,theUK,France,ChinaandJapan.B.TheformerUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics,theUSA,Japan,CanadaandChina.C.America,France,Japan,ChinaandAustralia.D.TheformerUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics,America,France,JapanandChina.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“forerunner”(Paragraph6)probablymean?A.Aleader.B.Apioneer.C.Acompetitor.D.Asuccessfulscientist.4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingaboutQianXuesenisNOTtrue?A.In1956,hemadegoodpreparationsfortheFifthResearchInstituteofStateMinistryofDefense.B.HemadeoutstandingcontributionstotheestablishmentanddevelopmentofChineseaerospaceundertaking.C.HereturnedtoChina,bringingChinathehopeofdevelopingspacescienceanditsownmissiles.D.HedevotedallhislifetoChina’sspacescience.5.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph6that_________.A.QianXuesenisveryconcernedaboutthedevelopmentofyoungscientists.B.ThehelpofQianXuesenisbeneficialtoyoungscientists.C.QianXuesengivesmanyopportunitiestogeneraldesigners.D.Whenthechiefdesignersdosth.wrong,QianXuesenhelpsthemfindoutthecause.[助读词汇]foundationn.建立distinguishedadj.卓越的establishmentn.建立launchvt.发射blarevt.高声播放nationaldefense国防appliedmechanics应用机械/力学engineeringcybernetic工程控制systemengineering系统工程aerospaceundertaking航天事业aerospacerocketsandaerodynamics航天火箭和航空动力学BTherecentpublicationofautobiographiesbytwoofBritain’sgreatestscientists,biologistRichardDawkinsandphysicistStephenHawking,isawonderfulopportunitytocompareandcontrastthesetworemarkablemen.Surprisingly,theyhaverathermoreincommonthanwethink.Moststrikingisthesimilarityintheirbackgrounds.Theywerebornintheearly1940stomiddleclassfamiliesnotwealthybutcomfortablyoff,withastrongcommitmenttoacademicexcellenceandpublicservice.BothfamilieswerekeentosendtheirboystoOxfordUniversity—andbothsucceeded,DawkinsstudyingzoologyandHawkingphysics.Neithermanhasaverypositiveviewofhisearlyuniversitylife.HawkingdescribestheattitudeatOxfordinthe1950sand1960sasveryanti-work,“Youweresupposedtoeitherbebrilliantwithouteffortorfail.Hardworkwaslookeddownuponbystudentsandweallpretendedthatnothingwasworthmakinganeffortfor.”Heestimatesthathestudiedfornomorethananhouradayasanundergraduatestudent(本科生).UndergraduatelifewassomewhatmorerewardingforDawkins.LikeHawking,hewasn’tparticularlyhard-workingandneverattendedhislectures.ButhefoundOxford’ssystemofweeklyessay-basedlessonswithanacademictutoruseful,“Itwasreallyonlythetutorialsystemthateducatedme.”Forbothmen,scientificlifereallygotgoingaspostgraduatesafter1962,Dawkins,whoremainedatOxford,describesbrilliantlytheacademiccompetitionamongthepostgraduatestudents,whichhebelievedhelpedpushhimtodeveloptheideasthatformedthebasisofhismostfamousbook,TheSelfishGene.ThisvolumetransformedscientificthinkingaboutDarwinianevolution.Hawking,ontheotherhand,movedtoCambridgeUniversityaftergraduation,wherehisresearchintotheuniversewouldeventuallymakehimthemostfamousphysicistsinceAlbertEinstein,Hewritesmovinglyaboutthediseasewhichprogressivelycrippleshisentirebody.Leavinghimunabletomoveandonlyabletocommunicateusingacomputercontrolledbyhiseyes.Althoughcommunicationisslow—hecanwriteonly3wordsaminuteusingthemachine—hisillnesshasnotaffectedhismindorhisresearchonspace-timeandtheoriginsoftheuniverse.Eachbookisrecommendedindividuallyasapersonalintroductiontoanimportantscientificthinker.Readtogether,theyprovideasuperbbackgroundtotheacademicandsocialclimateofpostwarBritishresearch.1.WhichofthefollowingdescribesasimilarityinHawking’sandDawkins’backgrounds?A.Theywerebothfromwealthyfamilies.B.Theystudiedthesamesubjectinuniversity.C.Theygraduatedfromthesamesecondaryschool.D.Theybothcamefromfamiliesthatvaluedgoodeducation.2.WhydidHawkingstudyverylittleasanundergraduatestudent?A.Hepreferreddoinghisownresearchandexperiments.B.Studentsconsidereditinappropriatetostudytoomuch.C.Thematerialsdiscussedinlectureswereveryeasyforhim.D.Hewasmoreinterestedinmakingfriendswithhisclassmates.3.AccordingtoDawkins,whathelpedhimdevelophismostimportantideas?A.Hishardworkasanundergraduate.B.Thesupporthereceivedfromhisfamily.C.TheexcellenttutorsatOxfordUniversity.D.Thecompetitionfromotherpostgraduatestudents.4.Whatcanwereasonablyinferaboutthetwoscientistsfromthepassage?A.DawkinsworkedmuchharderthanHawkingasanundergraduate.B.Hawkingismorerespectedbythescientificcommunity.C.TheykneweachotherduringtheirstudiesatOxford.D.Hawkinghasexperiencedmorephysicaldifficulties.5.Whatisthefunctionofthelastparagraph?A.Tostatewhichbookthewriterprefers.B.Torecommendthereviewedbookstoreaders.C.Tosummarizetheachievementsofthetwoscientists.D.Tosuggesttheorderinwhichthebooksshouldberead[助读词汇]publicationn.出版；发行biologistn.生物学家similarityn.相似之处backgroundn.背景commitmentn.献身zoologyn.动物学attituden.态度individuallyadv.个人地postgraduaten.研究生academiccompetition学术竞争theoriginsoftheuniverse宇宙的起源二、完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。(共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)Ourlifeisconstitutedofanumberofinventions,andtheseinventionsmakeourlife1andcolorful.Whenaskedaboutthegreatest2inthepastcentury,somepeoplemay3thatitisthe4;othersmaysayitisthemobilephone;stillothersmaysayitistheautomobile.Inmyopinion,however,itisthe5.Ofcourse,thecomputer,ortheelectricbrain,hasgreatly6ourmentalworkand7ustheburdenofcalculating,storingandsearching;theautomobile8ustimeandmakesourtravelmoreconvenientandthemobilephonehasgotpeople9.But,thesearejustthe10ofhumanbrain,legsandvoice.TheInternet,11,haschangedhumanlifeinamorefundamentalwaysinceits12.First,asanewborninformationdeliveringsystem,theInternethasmadevarioussortsofinformation13atourfinger’stip.Besides,Internetservesasthemostconvenient14forcommunication.ThroughInternet,peoplecandiscussvariousproblemsandmakefriends.Lastbutnotleast,theInternetisalsoafaithful15inourdailylife16peoplecangoshoppingandgetmedicalservicesonline.Anyway,the17ofInternetcannotbe18allhere.Canyou19whattheworldtodaywillprobablybelikeifthereisnoInternet?Toconclude,theInternetis20themostinterestingandimportantinventionmanhasevermade.1.A.convenientB.deadlyC.scientificD.revolutionary2.A.challenge B.invention C.contribution D.revolution3.A.announce B.expose C.suspect D.claim4.A.computerB.telephone C.bicycle D.airplane5.A.speed B.Internet C.typewriter D.transport6.A.benefitedB.infected C.released D.attended7.A.sparedB.defeated C.threw D.absorbed8.A.wastesB.savesC.extendsD.absorbs9.A.farther B.cleverer C.brighter D.closer10.A.characteristicB.comparison C.extensionD.cooperation11.A.thereforeB.evenC.howeverD.somewhat12.A.birth B.outbreak C.exposure D.discovery13.A.valuable B.creative C.availableD.readable14.A.movementB.access C.source D.means15.A.link B.service C.aid D.partner16.A.whereB.sinceC.whyD.when17.A.disadvantagesB.potentials C.characteristics D.advantages18.A.blamedB.detailed C.instructed D.analyzed19.A.rejectB.contributeC.linkD.imagine20.A.positively B.cautiously C.indeed D.generally[助读词汇]newbornadj.新生的burdenn.负担beconstitutedof由……组成anumberof大量的electricbrain电脑mentalwork脑力劳动finger’stip指尖toconclude总之lastbutnotleast最后但同样重要的是inamorefundamentalway以一种更根本的方式三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)IwasalwaystoldthatthethreePs,patience,positivethinkingandperseverance,wereasurepath____1____success.Butthisadvicedoesnotalwaysworkasplanned.Myhighschoolmathsexamisoneexample.Theexam,____2____wasoriginallytobeheldinourclassroom,____3____(change)tothelibraryatthelastminute.This,____4____,didn’tbothermebecausemathshadalwaysbeenmystrongestsubject.Ipatientlywalkedtothelibrary,tookmyseatanddidsomedeepbreathingtohelprelax____5____(me).ButmymoodquicklychangedwhenIsaw____6____firstquestion.Ihadnoideahowtodoit.Itriedtostaypositiveandpersevered(锲而不舍的)____7____Ifinallyfoundthesolution.Withtheproblem____8____(solve),Ifeltproudofmyachievement.____9____(fortunate),IthennoticedthatIhadjust10minutesleft____10____(complete)therest![助读词汇]originallyadv.原先；原来bothervt.困扰moodn.心情四、短文改错（共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。Onedayaguidedogandablindmangotonthebustogether.Thebuswasfullpeopleandtherewerenospareseats.Oneman,however,soongotupandleft.Thedogtooktheblindmantotheseatandtherewasalittlespace.Thedogbegintopushthepeopleoneachsidewithhisnose.Hepushedandpushedwhenthepeoplemoveddownandfinallytherewereenoughspacefortwo.Theblindmanthensatdownandthedoggotontheseatbesidetheblindman.Helayandsoonfallenasleep.Everyoneonthebussmiledatthedog’scleverinmakingspacefortheblindmanandforherself.必修5Unit1Greatscientists（B卷）滚动提升检测参考答案一、阅读理解(A)钱学森被称为我国的导弹之父和火箭王。本文简述钱学森的生平，并结合生平串讲钱学森为我国的导弹和航空事业等做出的不懈努力和卓越贡献。此外，他的人格魅力受到全国人民的爱戴和尊重。1.D事实细节题。根据文章第二段GraduatedfromShanghaiJiaotongUniversityin1934,QianXuesenwenttotheUnitedStatestostudyinMIT(麻省理工学院)可知答案选D。2.D事实细节题。根据文章第五段…becomingthefifthcountrytoindependentlylaunchsatellitefollowingtheformerUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics,theUSA,FranceandJapan.不难得知答案选D。3.B猜测词义题。由文章第一句话QianXuesenisoneofthepioneersofChina’sspacescience.的pioneers可知选B。pioneer=forerunner，都意为“先驱(者)”。4.A推理判断题。B、C和D均可在原来中找到相应信息点，而选项A与文章第四段的QianXuesenbegantopreparefortheestablishmentofChina’sfirstmissile…的信息不一致，此句话讲述是在1956年钱学森才开始准备(begantoprepare)，而不是A项的做好了准备(madegoodpreparationsfor)。故选A。5.A推理判断题。B、C和D均是第六段的细节，并不是由此段推断出来的。而A却是从此段内容推理出来的。所谓的推理判断题，不能是文章的信息重现，而是根据文章相应的信息推断出来的结论。正因为钱学森关注年轻科学家的发展，才有了B、C、D这些细节。(B)本文介绍了英国当代最有名的的两位科学家，一位是物理学家霍金，另一位是生物学家道金斯。1.D推理判断题。根据第二段中的BothfamilieswerekeentosendtheirboystoOxfordUniversity可推出，他们两个家庭都看重良好的教育。2.B推理判断题。由第三段的Hardworkwaslookeddownuponbystudentsandweallpretendedthatnothingwasworthmakinganeffortfor可知。3.D事实细节题。根据第五段中的describesbrilliantlytheacademiccompetitionamongthepostgraduatestudents,whichhebelievedhelpedpushhimtodeveloptheideas可知。4.D推理判断题。由倒数第三段的Hewritesmovinglyaboutthediseasewhichprogressivelycrippleshisentirebody可推出。5.B推理判断题。作者在最后一段很显然是在向读者推荐两位杰出科学家的自传。二、完形填空本文作者主要告诉我们，在他看来，最伟大的发明是因特网，而不是电脑、电话或汽车。1.A根据空后的colorful和整句句意可知，各种各样的发明理应是让我们的生活更加便利和多姿多彩。故答案选A合适。2.B从空后的mobilephone和automobile不难得知答案，或者从最后一段的themostinterestingandimportantinventionmanhasevermade.也可知答案选B。3.D从下文的othersmaysay以及stillothersmaysay可推知答案选D最合适。claim和say是近义词，表“说，声称，断言”之意。4.A由第三段可知，作者分别展开讲述第二段所列举的电脑、手机和汽车，故答案选A。属于原词复现。5.B由文章第四、五段可知，或根据文章主要内容也可知。6.A仔细斟酌四个选项，只有benefited(使受益；有益于)符合文章逻辑和文意。7.A句意：当然，计算机，也称为电脑，已经大大使我们的脑力劳动受益和减轻了计算、储存和搜索的负担。斟酌四个选项，存在“减轻，分让，节约”之意的只有A项。8