高中英语语法讲解-定语从句（素材）

高中英语语法讲解——定语从句

一、先行词、关系代词和关系副词

1.先行词(antecedent)就是被定语从句所修饰的名词。在英语中，定语从句跟在被修饰词之后，所以

被修饰词就是“先行”的词。

eg.Thelovelygirloftenhelpstheoldlady.

Shelivesnextdoortoourschool.

-►Thelovelygirlwholivesnextdoortoourschooloftenhelpstheoldlady.

-►Thelovelygirloftenhelpstheoldladywholivesnextdoortoourschool.

Thelovelygirloftenhelpstheoldlady.

Youmetheratschoolyesterday.

-►Thelovelygirl(whom)youmetatschoolyesterdayoftenhelpstheoldlady.

-►Thelovelygirloftenhelpstheoldlady(whom)youmetatschoolyesterday.

2.连接定语从句，要用关系代词(relativepronoun)和关系副词(relativeadverb)。关系代词和关系副词与

连接词不完全相同，因为它们除了连接主句和定语从句，还在定语从句中代替一定的成分。

eg.ThebookwhichIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.

—Thebookisveryinteresting.Iboughtthebookyesterday.

IhavevisitedthehousewhereAndersenwroteTheEmperoY3Clothes.

—Ihavevisitedthehouse.AndersenwroteTheEmperorsfNewClothesinthehouse.

二、关系代词

1.who的先行词是“人”，在从句中代替主语。

eg.ThestudentwhostudiesveryhardcomefromTibet.

Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithourheadmaster?

Thosewhowanttoseethefilmstararewaitingpatientlyatthegate.

注意：代替从句中的主语，who不能省略。who的单复数由先行词决定。但是要注意“oneof+先行

词”与“theonlyoneof+先行词”的情况。

eg.Tom是我们班喜欢打篮球的男生之一。

Tomisoneoftheboysinourclasswholiketoplaybasketball.

Jane是我们班唯一喜欢打篮球的女生。

Janeistheonlyoneofthegirlinourclasswholikestoplaybasketball.

2.whom的先行词是“人”，在从句中代替宾语。

eg.Thefriendwhomwemetinthelibrarycanhelpyouwiththeproblem.

TheprofessorwhomyouwillseelatercomesfromtheUnitedKingdom.

Doyourememberthemanwhomweworkedwithtogetherlastyear?

whom在从句中经常可以省略，但如果在介词后面，则不能省。

eg.Doyourememberthemanwithwhomweworkedtogetherlastyear?

3.which的先行词是“物”，在从句中可以代替主语或宾语。

eg.Heownsastorewhichopens24hours.

IamlookingforsomebookswhichdealwiththecustomsinSouthAfrica.

Jackyactstheherointhefilmwhichwesawyesterday.

CanIhavealookatthebookwhichyouborrowedthismorning?

Haveyouseenthepeninthemuseumwithwhichthepresidentsignedthepeacetreaty?

which代替主语时，不能省略，代替宾语时则经常省略，但如果在介词后面，那么也不能省略。

which代替主语时，它的单复数由先行词决定。

which的先行词有时还可以是前面的整个句子，这时它总是看成单数，也不能省略。

eg.Thebamboostemsarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.

Jennywaslateagain,whichmakesherteacherveryangry.

4.that的先行词可以是“人”，也可以是“物”，在从句中可以代替主语或者宾语。

eg.Thecutthetreesthatblockedtheview.

Whoisthemanthatjustleftfromthemeetingroom?

ThedressthatJessieboughtformesuitsmeperfectly.

that代替主语时，不能省略，代替宾语时则经常省略。

that不能用在介词之后。

在一些特定的先行词,如：1）先行词是不定代词如anything,something,all等词，或由all,every,little,

any,much,thevery等词所修饰；2）先行词前有最高级形容词或序数词所修饰；3）先行词是由and连接

的两个词，分别指“人”和“物”的情况下，一般多用thato

eg.IsthereanythingthatIcandohere?

ThisistheverypresentthatIamlookingforwardto.

Thisisthehottestsummerthatwehavehadinthirtyyears.

Thesecondbookthathewrotewasnotaspopularasthefirstone.

HetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisitedinBritain.

5.whose的先行词可以是“人”，也可以是“物二在从句中代替定语。

eg.Thestudentwhosepronunciationisthebestinourclasshasenteredforthecompetition.

「Thestudenthasenteredforthecompetition.Hispronunciationisthebestinourclass.

Shementionedabookwhosetitlehasslippedmymemory.

-Shementionedabook.Itstitlehasslippedmymemory.

whose不能省略。如果先行词是“物”，我们也可以用sth.ofwhich代替whose。

eg.Shementionedabookthetitleofwhichslippedmymemory.

yShementionedabook.Thetitleofthebookslippedmymemory.

6.as的先行词是“such+名词”，或者"thesame+名词”，在从句中代替主语或者宾语。

eg.Letchildrenreadsuchbooksaswillmakethembetterandwiser.

—Letchildrenreadsuchbooks.Thebookswillmakethembetterandwiser.

Ihavemetwiththesameproblemasyouhave.

—Youhave(metwith)theproblem.Ihavemetwiththesameproblem.

as不能省略。

as的先行词有时还可以是一个句子，这个句子可以放在as之前，也可以放在as之后。

eg.Hesucceededinpassingtheexam,asIhadexpected./AsIhadexpected,hesucceededinpassing

theexam.

—Hesucceededinpassingtheexam.Ihadexpectedthathewouldsucceededinpassingtheexam.

三、关系副词

1.when的先行词是表示时间的名词，如time,day,year,century等，when在从句中代替时间状语。

eg.IwillneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoschool.

—Iwillneverforgettheday.Ifirstcametoschoolonthatday.

when一般不能省略。定语从句中，when可以用“介词+which”代替。

eg.IwillneverforgetthedayonwhichIfirstcametoschool.

Theweekwhenweworkedinthecountrysideisunforgettable.

Theweekinwhich/duringwhichweworkedinthecountrysideisunforgettable.

注意：表示时间的名词后面并不都是用when引导的定语从句，也可以是由which或that引导的定

语从句。试分析：

IstillrememberthedaywhenheamvedinShanghai.

—Istillremembertheday.HearrivedinShanghaionthatday.

Istillremembertheday(which/that)wespenttogetherinthelab.

-Istillremembertheday.Wespentthedaytogetherinthelab.

2.where的先行词是表示地点的名词，如place,room,house,school,factory等,where在从句中代替地

点状语。

eg.ThisisthevillagewhereLincolnwasbom.

—Thisisthevillage.Lincolnwasborninthevillage.

where一般不能省略。定语从句中，where可以用“介词+which”代替。

eg.IsthereashopnearherewhereIcanbuypostcards?

=IsthereashopnearhereinwhichIcanbuypostcards?

注意：表示地点的名词后面并不一定都是用where引导的定语从句,也可以是由which或that引导

的定语从句。试分析：

Wewillvisitthefactorywherehisfatherworks.

yWewillvisitthefactory.Hisfatherworksinthefactory.

Wewillvisitthefactorywhich/thatwasbuilt100yearsago.

—Wewillvisitthefactory.Itwasbuilt100yearsago.

3.why的先行词是reason。

eg.Pleasetellmethereasonwhyheisabsenttoday.

Theprincipalwantedtoknowthereasonwhytheteacherbecamesoangry.

why一般不省略。reason为先行词的时候，也可能是由which或that引导的从句。

试分析：

Ijustcan'tbelievethereasonwhytheboyfailedagain.

Ijustcan'tbelievethereason(which/that)hegaveme.

四、限制性和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句跟主句的关系比较密切，如果缺少，对方将不明白你要表达的确切的意思，它跟

主句之间不用逗号隔开，中文翻译的时候，常把从句放在名词之前。非限制性定语从句只出现在书面，

一般情况下，没有这个定语从句，对方也不会误解，或者说，这类定语从句只是一种补充说明，它与主

句之间要用逗号隔开，翻译成中文时，常为两个句子。非限制性定语从句经常是用在先行词是专有名词

的时候，或先行词表示的“人”或“物”是“独一无二的"。非限制性定语从句不能用that连接。

eg.Themanwhowrotethisessayisajournalist.

Frank,whowrotethisessay,isajournalist.

Theearth,whichmovesroundthesun,isaplanet.

Aheavenlybodywhichmovesroundthesunisaplanet.

Helivedallhislifeinasmallvillagewherehewasborn.

HelivedmorethanadecadeinEurope,wherehecouldbeinclosecontactwithotherfamouspainters.

MybrotherwhoworksinBeijingUniversitywillcometovisitus.

Mybrother,whoworksinBeijingUniversity,willcometovisitus.

ImetMary,whowasmydesk-mateintheprimaryschool.

ImetMarywhowasmydesk-mateintheprimaryschool.

考研真题试析：

He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationheislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.

A.whereB.whichC.whileD.why

选A。这是一个带有定语从句的复合句。关系副词where在定语从句中代替状语，相当于inthesituation,

整个句子解释为：“他使自己陷入一个危险的状况，在这种状况中，他很可能失去对飞机的控制。”

Alecaskedthepolicemanheworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.

A.withhimB.whoC.withwhomD.whom

选C。句子中的withwhomheworked是定语从句，修饰policeman。在从句中，关系代词whom代替

先行词policeman作介词with的宾语。本句的意思是“艾立克请跟他一起工作的那个警察无论何时有事

故都要和他联系二

IcanthinkofmanycasesstudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn't

writeagoodessay.

A.whyB.whichC.asD.where

选D。我们选用where,因为在定语从句中，关系副词where代替的是地点状语“inthecases（意思为

'在这些例子中'）"。本题可以用inwhich代替where,句子也正确。

Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeonetheycantalkfrequently.

A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom

选D。因为从句所修饰的先行词是“人”，同时从句中的动词talk是不及物动词，要表达“和某人谈

话”，必须用talkwith这一司组，所以选用D。

AfastfoodrestaurantistheplaceJustasthenamesuggests,eatingisperformedquickly.

A.whichB.whereC.thereD.what

选Bo因为在本句中，先行词是place,同时我们还可以看到后面的从句eating