医学英文论文写作5-Results

Web-basedMedicalWritingCourse

Unit5ResultsIMRADFormatIntroductionMethodsResultsandDiscussionResultsTheresultssectionofourpaperoughttobetheeasiestsectiontowriteifwehavebeentruetothepurposeofourstudyandhaverigorouslytestedourresearchhypothesis.

ResultsTheresultssectionshouldalsobethemostobjectivesection.Itpresentstheunadorneddatawithaminimumamountofexplanation.Thisallowsthereadertoformtheirownjudgmentsaboutthemeaningoftheresults.However,tothegreatestextentpossible,explanationsandinterpretationsshouldbekeptforthediscussionsection.ICMJE’suniformrequirementsWeneedtothinkofthemostlogicalsequenceinwhichtopresentourdata,andthisisoften(butnotinvariably)thesequenceinwhichresultswereactuallyobtainedinourstudy.

Results

Whatwasfoundorseen?Decideonalogicalorderforpresentation(Table1).Presenttheresultsthathaveabearingonthequestionyouareexamining.Excludeirrelevantfindings,butneveromitvalidresultsthatappeartocontradictyourhypothesis.Table1

CommonPatternsforOrganizingMaterialPatternBasisCategoricalGroupingsoflikeitemsChronologicalTimesequenceSpatialPhysicalarrangementofentitiesFunctionalHowpartsworkImportanceUsuallywithelementsinorderofdecreasingconsequenceProblem-solutionsPredicament,possibleanswers,whyeachwill/won’twork,

usuallyfollowedbyspecificrecommendationSpecificityGeneraltoparticular,orparticulartogeneralComplexityUsuallyfromsimpletocomplexProandconBothsidesofanissueordecisionCausalityCauseandeffectDeductiveConclusionfirst,thenbackgroundleadinguptoitInductiveIndividualfactsfirst,leadingtoconclusionICMJE’sUniformRequirementsSincetheresultsaretheinformativecoreofthepaper,thissectionneedstosetoutourobservationsinadequatedetailandinaformwhichfacilitatesinterpretation.Results

Tablesandfiguresareusuallyanintegralpartofthissection.Don’tusethetexttoparrottheinformationtheycontain.Readerscanseethedataforthemselves.Instead,pointoutsalientfeaturesandnoterelationshipsbetweenthevariousresults.TypesofTablestabulation列表formaltable规则表

①

statisticaltable统计表

②

textual/wordtable文字表

③

matrix矩阵表TypesofFiguresdiagramandflowchart示意图和流程图primaryevidence原始数据

①

photographsofpatients患者照片

②

micrographs显微照片

③

gelelectrophoretograms

凝胶电泳图

④

polygraphrecording多导描记图TypesofFiguresgraphs曲线图

①

linegraphs/drawings线图

②

scattergraphs,scattergrams

散点图

③

bargraphs条图

④

histograms直方图⑤frequencypolygons频数多方图TypesofFiguresothertypesoffigures

①piegraphs饼图

②

forestplot森林图

③

map地图

Legends,Captionlegends,caption图例

①

figuredesignation图标（Figure2）

②

figuretitle图题

③

experimentaldetails试验细节④标明数值报告形式

Valuesareexpressedasmean(SD).⑤definitions定义解释⑥statisticalinformation统计学信息⑦其他信息（信息来源，版权许可信息）★图例应隔行打字，以便同行专家及编辑审阅及修改。

ResultsItisoftenusefultopresentdataintablesorfigures.However,weneedtobeconservative.Tableswithtoomuchdataaredifficulttocomprehend,andsuchdatamaybebetterservedbyagraph.ResultsFurthermore,weshouldnotusetablesandgraphswhenitispossibletopresentthesamedatawithclaritywithinthetextofthepaper.

Notonlyisthecontentstraightforward,butalsothestyleusedbysuccessfulwritersisquitesimpleanddirect.Moves

Normally,theresultssectionconsistsofonlyoneortwo“moves”.Theubiquitousmoveisthepresentationofobservationswhichwereconsistentwithourexpectationsorhypothesis.Somepapersincludeasecondmovewhichpresentsourinconsistentobservations.Thefirstmovehasanintroductorystatementwhichsummarizestheobservationsororientsthereadertothetexttofollow.

●Theclinicaloutcomesat1,3and6monthsarepresentedbelow.Move1AmetatextualexpressionreferringtolatertextoravisualelementAstatementoftheresultsAsubstantiationorreiterationoftheresultsThreeStepsofMove1StepOne

AmetatextualexpressionreferringtolatertextoravisualelementSteponeisdirectingthereaders’attentiontotextwhichexistsbelowortodatawhichexistsinanaccompanyingillustrationortable.ThreeStepsofMove1

StepOneTheconstituentsentencesarewritteninthepresenttense.Theactiveandpassivevoiceareusedwithapproximatelythesamefrequency.

●

ThedataareshowninFigure2.Figure2showsthedata.●

MeanbloodpressuresforthetwogroupsareshowninFig.1.

ThreeStepsofMove1

ThreeStepsofMove1

一般现在时(Presenttense):对研究结果的说明或由其得出的一般性推论、不同结果之间或实验数据与理论模型之间进行比较●Thehigherincidenceofbackpainincivilianpilotsmay

bedueto….●TheseresultsagreewellwiththefindingsofSmith….一般过去时(Pasttense):所叙述或总结研究结果的内容为关于过去的事实

●Afterflightsoflessthantwohours,11%ofthearmy

pilotsand33%ofthecivilianpilotsreportedbackpain.ThreeStepsofMove1不要把图表的序号作为段落的主题句，应在句中指出图表所揭示的结论(把图表的序号放入括号中)

●Figure1showstherelationshipbetweenAandB.

●AwassignificantlyhigherthanBatalltimepoints

checked(Fig.1).

●ItisclearlyshowninTable1thatnocillininhibitedthegrowthofN.gonorrhoeae.

●

NocillininhibitedthegrowthofN.gonorrhoeae

(Table1).√√StepTwo:astatementoftheresultStep2istheactualstatementofresultsobtainedwhentheresearchwasperformed,andsoisalmostinvariablywritteninthepasttense.Thepassivevoiceisconventionalinthiselementoftheresults.

●Thetreatmentgrouphadlower

meanarterialpressurethanthe

controlgroup.

ThreeStepsofMove1StepThree

Asubstantiationorreiterationoftheresults,characterizedbythepasttenseandthepassivevoice.

●At3months,MAPinthetreatmentgroupwas10±3mmHglowerthaninthecontrolgroup(p≤0.01).ThreeStepsofMove1

StepThree

Theremayalsobeevaluativeexpressionswhichperhapsareintendedtoencouragecertaininterpretationsofthedata,forexample“Asexpected,bloodpressuredroppedfollowingadministrationofpropranolol”begsthequestionofwhowasdoingtheexpecting(andwhetherreadersareallowedtoexpectotheroutcomes).

ThreeStepsofMove1

⊙Move2,whenpresent,islikelytofollowthesamestepsasMove1,butismoreabbreviated.⊙Although“negative”results(resultsnotconsistentwithourexpectationsorhypothesis)maybeimportanttoourunderstandingofclinicalorbasicscientificissues,theymakeratherflatreadingandcannotconstituteasubstantialportionoftheresultssection.

Move2⊙Evenwhensuchobservationsdonotrepresentanexperimentalfailure,itishardtoescapetheimplicationthatifouroriginalresearchplanhadbeenbetterthoughtout,ourobservationswouldhavebeenabettermatchforourexpectations.

Move2Summary1.PurposeoftheresultssectionObjectivity:Makethedata,justthedata,easytofind.

Somereaderswanttointerpretyourdatathemselvesratherthanacceptingtheinterpretationpresentedinthediscussion.

Description:Describethedatapresentedinfiguresandtables.

●Regionalage-datingwithcratercountsfrom

ejectablanketdegradationapproximatedages

fromregularcratercounts(Table1).

Summary2.DifferencesbetweentheresultssectionandthemethodssectionMethods:

Howthedatawereaccumulated.Results:

Whatdatawereaccumulated.Summary3.DifferencesbetweentheresultssectionandthediscussionsectionResults:Datapresentation(“Experimentsshowedthat...”)Discussion:Datainterpretation(“Experimentssuggestthat...”)Summary4.Contentsofaresultssection①Abriefdescriptionoftheexperimentorrationaleatthebeginningofeachsubsection(“Inorderto...”;“Asaresult,wefoundthat...”)②Thedata(inpasttense).③Descriptivetextforfewdeterminations.④Tablesorgraphsforrepetitivedeterminations.⑤Thedatathatyourmethodsindicatedyouwouldproduce(andansweringthequestionsyouestablishedinyourintroduction).5.Somequalitiesofawell-writtenresultssection①Methodsandresultscorrespond.i.e.,noexperimentalresultsforwhichtherearenomethods,andviceversa.②Resultsarepresentedinalogicalorder.e.g.,mostimportantfirst,mostfundamentalfirst,etc.③Resultsfocusonthequestion(s)orhypothesisintroducedearlierinthepaper.Summary6.Somepitfallsofaresultssection①Overstatingtheresults(e.g.,“Figure1clearlyshows…”)②Reportingirrelevantresults:Althoughitissometimesusefultoreportexperimentsthatdidn’twork.③Omittingvisualorganizers,suchassubheads.④Includinginappropriateillustrations.⑤Includingmethodsand/ordiscussion:Overlapisacceptableinsomecircumstances.Summary1.Purposeofillustrations①Condenselargeamountsofinformation.②Convincereadersofyourfindings(byshowingdataquality).③Focusattentiononcertainfindings(e.g.,relationshipbetweenvalues).④Simplifycomplexfindings.⑤Promotethinkinganddiscussion.IllustrationCaveat:Themostbeautifulillustrationcannothidelousycontent--contentiskey.Illustrations

Illustrations2.

SomepitfallsoffiguresandcaptionsFigures①

Notmentionedintext.②

Textualdatainconsistentwithfigures.③

Mislabeling.④

Symbols,datapoints,unreadableorcluttered.⑤

Ugliness(failuretogethelpfromgraphicdesigner).Illustrations2.SomepitfallsoffiguresandcaptionsCaptions①Reiterateresultssection.

②

Writteninshorthand,abbreviatedformratherthanwholesentences.Illustrations3.Choosingthemosteffectivetypeofillustrationforagivengoal①

Toshowsequentialprocesses:flowchart②

Toclassifyinformation:table,list,pictograph③

Todescribepartsorcircuits:schematic④

Todescribeaprocess,organization,ormodel:

pictograph,flowchart,blockdiagram⑤

Todescribeachangeofstate:linegraph,bargraphIllustrations3.Choosingthemosteffectivetypeofillustrationforagivengoal⑥Todescribeproportions:piechart,bargraph⑦Todescriberelationships:table,linegraph,blockdiagram⑧Todescribecausation:flowchart,pictograph⑨Todescribeanentireobject:schematic,drawing,photograph⑩Toshowtheverticalorhorizontal:flowchart,drawingtree,blockdiagramIllustrations4.Providingtextualcontextforyourillustrations

Inthebodyofyourarticle:Referexplicitlytotheillustration(e.g.,“seeTable1”,“refertoFigure3”)

Tellthereader:①Howthegraphicadvances,supports,clarifies,orsummarizesyourdiscussion.②Whyitisimportant.③Whatitmeans.④Howitsupportsyourargument.Illustrations5.ExamplesofeffectivelegendsTable1.Increaseofinitialvelocitywithincreaseofenzymeconcentration.AstheconcentrationoftheenzymesHis461andCSH36areincreased,therateofA420readingincreases,asdoestheinitialvelocity(innmol

ONP/ml/min).Illustrations5.ExamplesofeffectivelegendsFigure1.Opticaldensityreadingsat595nmatfourknownconcentrations.Thebest-fitlineisdrawntodeterminetheproteinconcentrationofsampleswithknownopticaldensities.TheInternationalJournalofBiochemistry&CellBiology

Volume39,Issue1,2007,Pages44-84

NanoLetters

Volume7Issue4(April11,2007)

CurrentOpinioninStructuralBiologyVolume17,Issue2,Pages157-165(April2007)Biotechnol.Progress,2007,Vol.23,No.21.坐标轴的刻度、说明；

2.符号说明；

3.误差统计处理标记帮助突出重点Lancet2006;368:387–403GoldenRulesofDataReport⑴小于10的数字用文字表示

Inthestudygroup,eightparticipantsunderwenttheintervention.⑵

大于、等于10的数字用阿拉伯数字表示

Therewere120participantsinthestudy.⑶

用文字而非阿拉伯数字作为一句话的开头

Twentypercentofparticipantshaddiabetes.GoldenRulesofDataReport⑷数据的表述要前后保持一致

Inthesample,15boysand4girlshaddiabetes.⑸

小于1的数据以一个零开头

Thepvaluewas0.014.⑹

在数字及其百分号之间不要有空