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REPORTTOTHEPRESIDENT
SuperchargingResearch:
HarnessingArtificialIntelligence
toMeetGlobalChallenges
ExecutiveOfficeofthePresident
President’sCouncilofAdvisorson
ScienceandTechnology
APRIL2024
1
AboutthePresident’sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceand
Technology
ThePresident’sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology(PCAST)isafederaladvisorycommitteeappointedbythePresidenttoaugmentthescienceandtechnologyadviceavailabletohimfrominsidetheWhiteHouseandfromthefederalagencies.PCASTcomprisesof28oftheNation’sthoughtleaders,selectedfortheirdistinguishedserviceandaccomplishmentsinacademia,government,andtheprivatesector.PCASTadvisesthePresidentonmattersinvolvingscience,technology,andinnovationpolicy,aswellasonmattersinvolvingscientificandtechnologicalinformationthatisneededtoinformpolicyaffectingtheeconomy,workerempowerment,education,energy,theenvironment,publichealth,nationalandhomelandsecurity,racialequity,andothertopics.
FormoreinformationaboutPCASTsee
/pcast.
2
EXECUTIVEOFFICEOFTHEPRESIDENT
PRESIDENT’SCOUNCILOFADVISORSONSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY
WASHINGTON,D.C.20502
PresidentJosephR.Biden,Jr.
TheWhiteHouse
Washington,D.C.
DearMr.President,
YourPresident’sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology(PCAST)isexcitedbytheforward-lookingapproachthatyourAdministrationhastakentoadvancethesafeandeffectiveuseofartificialintelligence(AI).
1
,
2
,
3
Asrequestedinyourlandmark
ExecutiveOrderontheSafe,Secure,and
TrustworthyDevelopmentandUseofArtificialIntelligence,
wearepleasedtoreporthereonthepossibilitiesthatAIcanenablewhenappliedtoresearchtoaddressmajorsocietalandglobalchallenges.
AIwillfundamentallytransformthewaywedoscience.ResearchersinmanyfieldsarealreadyemployingAItoidentifynewsolutionstoawidearrayoflong-standingproblems.Today,scientistsandengineersareusingAItoenvision,predictivelydesign,andcreatenovelmaterialsandtherapeuticdrugs.Inthenearfuture,AIwillenableunprecedentedadvancesinthesocialsciences,boththroughnewmethodsofanalyzingexistingdataandthedevelopmentandanalysisofnewkindsofanonymizedandvalidateddata.SuchadvanceswillallowgovernmenttobetterunderstandhowpoliciesaffecttheAmericanpeople,andimprovethosepoliciestobettermeetsocietalneedsandchallenges.AIwillalsoallowresearcherstorunmillionsofcomputer-basedsimulatedexperimentsquicklytoprovideguidanceaboutthemostimportantreal-worldexperimentstorun.Inindustriallaboratories,richsimulationswillbeabletoidentifyhazardsorfaultsindesignsothatscientistsandengineerscancreatesafer,scalable,andefficientproductsthatAmericanindustryandAmericanconsumerscandependon.Insum,AIisrevolutionizingtheresearchprocess,enrichingscientificmodels,andacceleratingdatagenerationandanalysis,withimpactsthatwillbefar-ranging.
Inadditiontoitsopportunities,wemustrecognizethatAIcancreatenewissuesandchallenges,suchasdistillingerrorsandbiasesembeddedinskewedtrainingdata,theenormous—andincreasing—amountsofenergyrequiredforthecomputationalprocesses,thepossibilitythatfaultysciencecouldbeunwittinglygenerated,andtheeasewithwhichnefariousactorscouldusenewpowerfulAItechnologiesformaliciouspurposes.Experthumansupervision,buildingprotectionsintotheAIalgorithms,andacultureofresponsibleusethatincludesappropriateapplicationofregulatoryframeworks,asoutlinedinyour
BlueprintforanAIBillofRights
andthe
AIRiskManagement
Framework
fromtheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,willbeessentialtomitigatingtheweaknessesanddangersofAI.Fortunately,reproducibilityandvalidationarecoretenetsofthe
1TheWhiteHouse.(2022October).
BlueprintforanAIBillofRights:MakingAutomatedSystemsWorkfor
TheAmericanPeople.
2ExecutiveOrder14110,88FR75191.(2023October).
"Safe,Secure,andTrustworthyDevelopmentandUse
ofArtificialIntelligence."
3TheWhiteHouseOfficeofManagementandBudget.(2024March).
AdvancingGovernance,Innovation,and
RiskManagementforAgencyUseofArtificialIntelligence.
[MemoM-24-10]
3
scientificmethod.Assuch,thescientificcommunityisalreadyengagedinvibrantandpathbreakingresearchonAIreproducibility,testing,andevaluationsothatresearchers—andeveryone—willeventuallybeabletouseAItoolswiththesameconfidencewithwhichweusecalculators.
Ultimately,ourvisionisthattheresponsibleuseofAIwillempowerscientistsandengineerstoleveragetheopportunitiesofthistransformativetechnologywhilenavigatingandmitigatingitsweaknesses.
PeryourExecutiveOrder,andbuildingontheboldworkofyourAdministration,PCASToffersfindingsandrecommendationsforactionthatwillhelptheUnitedStatestoharnessthefullpotentialofAItoequitablyandresponsiblysuperchargeresearchtomeettheworld’schallenges.
Sincerely,
ThePresident’sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology
4
TableofContents
Letterto
TheWhiteHouse 2
WorkingGrouponArtificialIntelligence 9
ExecutiveSummary 10
1.Introduction 15
Anaccelerationofscience 16
Artificialintelligenceandmachinelearning 17
GenerativeAI 18
2.AVisionfortheFutureofAI-EnabledR&D 20
AImethodswillhelpresearchersprioritizethemostlikelysolutions 21
Byhandlingroutinetasks,AIwillallowscientiststofocusoncoreresearch 21
Rotelaboratoryprocesseswillbeautomatedandimproved 22
Previouslyintractablesimulationswillbecomepossible 22
Sharedmodelsanddatawillreduceduplicationofeffort,democratizeresearch,and
reducethetotalcostofusingAI 23
Multimodalfoundationmodelswillbringtogethermultipleformsofdataandcreate
newsynergiesamongbranchesofscience 24
AIwillhelpresearchersdomorewithdata 25
Newformsofcollaborationwillemerge 26
ResponsibleAIpracticeswillbeintegratedintoresearchworkflows 26
OncethenecessaryAIinfrastructureisinplace,newscientific"moonshots"will
becomepossible 27
3.KeyOpportunitiesforAItoSuperchargeDiscoveryandAddressGlobalandSocietal
Challenges 28
3.1.APhaseChangeforMaterialsDiscovery 28
3.2AIforDesigningAdvancedSemiconductors 31
3.3.UnderstandingandAddressingClimateChangeandExtremeWeather 33
3.4RevealingtheFundamentalPhysicsoftheUniverse 35
3.5StudyingHumanBehavior,Organizations,andInstitutions 37
3.6AdvancingFundamentalUnderstandingsintheLifeSciences 39
3.7BreakthroughApplicationsofAIintheLifeSciences 41
4.Findings&Recommendations 46
Finding1:Importantresearchisbeinghinderedbylackofaccesstoadvanced
models 47
5
Recommendation1:ExpandexistingeffortstobroadlyandequitablysharebasicAI
resources 48
Finding2:Cutting-edgeresearchrequiresaccesstohighqualitydata 50
Recommendation2:Expandsecureaccesstofederaldatasetsforapprovedcritical
researchneeds,withappropriateprotectionsandsafeguards 51
Finding3:AIprovidesauniqueresourceforcollaborationsacrossacademia,
industry,andallbranchesofthefederalgovernment 52
Recommendation3:SupportbothbasicandappliedresearchinAIthatinvolves
collaborationsacrossacademia,industry,nationalandfederallaboratories,and
federalagenciesasoutlinedinthevisionfortheNAIRRdevelopedbytheNAIRR
TaskForce 53
Finding4:Withoutproperbenchmarkmetrics,validationprocedures,and
responsiblepractices,AIsystemscangiveunreliableoutputswhosequalityis
difficulttoevaluate,andwhichcouldbeharmfulforascientificfieldandits
applications 54
Recommendation4:Adoptprinciplesofresponsible,transparent,andtrustworthy
AIusethroughoutallstagesofthescientificresearchprocess 54
Finding5:OptimalperformancerequiresbothAIandhumanexpertise 55
Recommendation5:EncourageinnovativeapproachestointegratingAIassistance
intoscientificworkflows 56
5.Conclusion 57
AppendixA:Glossary 58
AppendixB:ExternalExpertsConsulted 61
Acknowledgments 62
6
ThePresident’sCouncilofAdvisorson
ScienceandTechnology
Co-Chairs
FrancesH.Arnold
LinusPaulingProfessorofChemical
Engineering,Bioengineering,and
Biochemistry
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology
MariaT.Zuber
VicePresidentforResearchandE.A.GriswoldProfessorofGeophysics
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
Members
DanE.Arvizu
FormerChancellor
NewMexicoStateUniversitySystem
DennisAssanis
President
UniversityofDelaware
JohnBanovetz
ExecutiveVicePresident,Chief
TechnologyOfficerand
EnvironmentalResponsibility
3MCompany
FrancesColón
SeniorDirector,InternationalClimate
CenterforAmericanProgress
LisaA.Cooper
BloombergDistinguishedProfessorofEquityinHealthandHealthcareandDirectorof
theCenterforHealthEquity
JohnsHopkinsUniversity
JohnO.Dabiri
CentennialProfessorofAeronauticsand
MechanicalEngineering
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology
AratiPrabhakar
Director,OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy
AssistanttothePresidentforScienceandTechnology
TheWhiteHouse
WilliamDally
ChiefScientistandSeniorVicePresidentfor
Research
NVIDIA
SueDesmond-Hellmann
FormerCEO
Bill&MelindaGatesFoundation
InezFung
ProfessorofAtmosphericScience
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
AndreaGoldsmith
DeanoftheSchoolofEngineeringand
AppliedScienceandtheArthurLeGrandDotyProfessorofElectricalandComputer
Engineering
PrincetonUniversity
LauraH.Greene
ChiefScientist,NationalHighMagneticFieldLaboratory
FloridaStateUniversity,UniversityofFlorida,LosAlamosNational
Laboratory
MarieKrafftProfessorofPhysics
FloridaStateUniversity
7
PaulaHammond
InstituteProfessor,ViceProvostforFaculty,andmemberoftheKochInstitutefor
IntegrativeCancerResearch
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
EricHorvitz
ChiefScientificOfficer
Microsoft
JoeKiani
ChairmanandCEO
Masimo
JonLevin
PhilipH.KnightProfessorandDeanofthe
GraduateSchoolofBusiness
StanfordUniversity
StevePacala
FrederickD.PetrieProfessorEmeritusintheDepartmentofEcologyand
EvolutionaryBiology
PrincetonUniversity
SaulPerlmutter
FranklinW.andKarenWeberDabby
ProfessorofPhysicsandDirectorof
theBerkeleyInstituteforData
Science
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
SeniorScientist
LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLabs
WilliamPress
LeslieSurginerProfessorofComputer
ScienceandIntegrativeBiology
TheUniversityofTexasatAustin
JenniferRicheson
PhilipR.AllenProfessorofPsychologyandDirectoroftheSocialPerceptionand
CommunicationLab
YaleUniversity
VickiSato
ProfessorofManagementPractice(Retired)HarvardBusinessSchool
LisaSu
PresidentandCEO
AdvancedMicroDevices(AMD)
KathrynD.Sullivan
FormerAstronaut
NationalAeronauticsandSpace
Administration
FormerAdministrator
NationalOceanicandAtmospheric
Administration
TerenceTao
Professor&theJamesandCarolCollinsChair
intheCollegeofLettersandSciencesUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
PhilVenables
ChiefInformationSecurityOfficer
GoogleCloud
CatherineWoteki
VisitingDistinguishedInstituteProfessorintheBiocomplexityInstitute
UniversityofVirginia
ProfessorofFoodScienceandHumanNutrition
IowaStateUniversity
8
PCASTStaff
LaraCampbell
ExecutiveDirector
RebaBandyopadhyay
DeputyExecutiveDirector
MelissaEdwards
AssistantDeputyExecutiveDirector
Bich-Thuy(Twee)Sim
AssistantDirectorforTransformative
MedicineandHealthInnovation
KimberlyLawrence
AdministrativeSpecialist
RiyaDhar
Intern
MayaMillette
FormerIntern
9
WorkingGrouponArtificialIntelligence
WorkingGroupmembersparticipatedinthepreparationofthisreport.ThefullmembershipofPCASTreviewedandapprovedthereport.
Co-Leads
TerenceTao
Professor&theJamesandCarolCollinsChairintheCollegeofLettersandSciences
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
Members
JohnBanovetz
ExecutiveVicePresident,Chief
TechnologyOfficerand
EnvironmentalResponsibility
3MCompany
WilliamDally
ChiefScientistandSeniorVicePresidentforResearch
NVIDIA
EricHorvitz
ChiefScientificOfficer
Microsoft
JonLevin
PhilipH.KnightProfessorandDeanoftheGraduateSchoolofBusiness
StanfordUniversity
LauraH.Greene
ChiefScientist,NationalHighMagneticFieldLaboratory
FloridaStateUniversity,Universityof
Florida,LosAlamosNational
Laboratory
MarieKrafftProfessorofPhysics
FloridaStateUniversity
SaulPerlmutter
FranklinW.andKarenWeberDabby
ProfessorofPhysicsandDirectorof
theBerkeleyInstituteforData
Science
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley
SeniorScientist
LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLabs
WilliamPress
LeslieSurginerProfessorofComputer
ScienceandIntegrativeBiology
TheUniversityofTexasatAustin
LisaSu
PresidentandCEO
AdvancedMicroDevices(AMD)
PhilVenables
ChiefInformationSecurityOfficer
GoogleCloud
10
ExecutiveSummary
ArtificialIntelligence(AI)hasthepotentialtorevolutionizeourabilitytoaddresshumanity’smosturgentchallengesbyprovidingresearcherswithtoolsthatwillacceleratescientificdiscoveriesandtechnologicaladvances.GenerativeAI,whichcancreatecontentbasedonvastdatasetsandextensivecomputation,ispoisedtobeparticularlytransformative.ExamplesofgenerativeAIincludelargelanguagemodels,imagegeneratingmodels,andgenerativescientificmodels.Inhiscomprehensive
ExecutiveOrderontheSafe,Secure,andTrustworthyDevelopmentandUseofArtificialIntelligence,
issuedonOctober30,2023,PresidentBidenchargedPCASTtoreporton“thepotentialroleofAI…inresearchaimedattacklingmajorsocietalandglobalchallenges.”PCASTispleasedtoofferthisreportinfulfillmentofthischarge.
Withwell-designed,equitablyshared,andresponsiblyusedinfrastructure,AIwillenablescientiststoaddressurgentchallenges,includingimprovinghumanhealthandenhancingweatherpredictioninatimeofclimatechange.AIcanhelpexplorelong-standingscientificmysteriesthatinspireandstretchhumancreativity,suchasuncoveringtheoriginandevolutionoftheuniverse.AIwillalsohelpresearchersaddresscontinuingnationalneeds,fromacceleratedsemiconductorchipdesigntothediscoveryofnewmaterialstoaddressourenergyneeds.Furthermore,AIisstartingtoremovebarriersthatmakescientificresearchslowandexpensive,forinstancebyprovidingthemeansforrapidlyidentifyingthebestdrugcandidatesfortesting(thusreducingthenumberofexpensivelaboratorytrials),helpingtooptimizeexperimentaldesigns,anduncoveringconnectionsindatamuchmoreefficientlythancanbedonebyhandorusingtraditionaldatasciencemethods.IfbasicAIresources,validateddata,andscientifictoolsandtrainingaremadebroadlyaccessible,AItechnologieshavethepotentialtodemocratizescientificknowledge,
4
bringinginterconnectedtechnicalconceptstomanymorepeopleandenablingdiverseresearcherstobringtheirexpertiseandperspectivestosocietalandglobalchallenges.
Justaswithanyothernewtoolortechnology,realizingthepotentialsofAIwillrequireaddressingitslimitations.Theseissuesincludemisleadingorincorrectresults,perpetuationofbiasorinequity
5
andsamplingerrorsfrompatternsembeddedinthemodel-trainingdata,limitedaccesstohighqualitytrainingdata,thechallengesofprotectingintellectualpropertyandprivacy,thesignificantenergyrequiredtotrainordeployamodelorruntheAIalgorithms,andtheriskthatbadornefariousactorswillusereadilyavailableAItoolsformaliciouspurposes.Manypublicandprivatesectoractivitiesaddressingtheseissuesarealreadyunderway,includinggovernmenteffortstaskedundertheOctober2023ExecutiveOrderonAI.ReproducibilityandvalidationarekeyprinciplesunderlyingscientificintegrityandthescientificmethodandmustcontinuetobeheldathighvalueaswedevelopacultureofresponsibleAIuseandexperthumansupervisionofAIapplications.
AIhasthepotentialtotransformeveryscientificdisciplineandmanyaspectsofthewayweconductscience.ScientistsarealreadyemployingAItocreatenewfunctionalmaterialsthatwepresentlydonotknowhowtodesign;theseincludesuperconductorsandthermoelectricmaterialswhichwouldnotonlyenhanceourenergyefficiencybutalsoreduceourcarbonfootprint.Inasimilarvein,AImodelsarehelpingresearcherscreatenewdesignsformanufacturingprocessesandproducts,and
4
5
Dessimoz,C.andThomas,P.(2024March).
AIandthedemocratizationofknowledge.
ScientificData.Birhane,A.(2022October).
TheunseenBlackfacesofAIalgorithms.
Nature.
11
developnewdrugtherapieswhichinthefuturecouldenableindividualizedtreatmentofspecificcancersandviruses.AImodelsarealsohelpingengineersdesignsemiconductorchips,producingbetterdesignswithlesshumaneffortandtime.Inhealthcare,AItechnologiesarecreatingnewwaystoanalyzeabroadspectrumofmedicaldataforapplicationsliketheearlydiagnosisofdiseases
6
thatcanleadtotimelyinterventionandthedetectionofmedicalerrors.
7
PCASTalsoforeseeswidelyavailableAI-poweredultra-personalizedmedicinetailoredtoaspecificindividualanddiseaseprocessthatwillincludedetailsofmedicalhistory,geneticinformation,andsignals,suchashowhealthyandunhealthycellsarebehaving.
AIisalsotransformingsciencebyimprovingourscientificmodels.Inclimatescience,AImodelsarestartingtoenhanceweatherprediction,aswellasadvancingwhole-earthmodelsforwatermanagement,greenhousegasmonitoring,andpredictingtheimpactsofcatastrophes.ScientistshavealreadyusedAItosuccessfullypredictthestructureofproteins;newfoundationmodelswillunlockmoresecretsofcellularbiologyandpowercomputersimulationsofintracellularinteractionsthatcanbeusedtoexplorenewtherapies.AImodelspromisetohelpusunderstandtheoriginofouruniversebyallowingustotestnumerouscosmologicalhypothesesviarapidsimulations.SuchAI-enabledmodelingmayevenhelpscientistsdiscovernewlawsofphysics.
AIwillenableunprecedentedadvancesinthesocialsciences,complementingqualitativemethodswithnewquantitativetechniquesforanalyzingexistingdata,aswellasthedevelopmentandanalysisofnewertypesofdata,e.g.,stepcountsonsmartphones,anonymizeddatadrawnwithpermissionfromsearchandbrowsing,orimagespostedonsocialmedia.AIcouldsuperchargeresearchusingvastdatasets,suchasthosethathavelongbeencollectedandcuratedbyfederalstatisticalagencies—ideallycomplementedbythoseheldbytheprivatesector—asinputfordesigningeffectivefederalpolicies.ApplicationofAItotheselong-standingandnewersocialsciencedatasetscouldfacilitatemoreeffective,responsive,andfairerdata-drivenpolicymakinganddeliveryofservices.
ThesefewexamplesofAI-assistedresearchillustratethatwiththeresponsibleuseofAItechnology,humanscientistswillbeempoweredtorealizetransformationaldiscoveries.Furthermore,PCASTexpectsthatresponsiblesharingofbasicAIresourceswillhelptodemocratizescienceandtacklemajorsocietalandglobalchallenges.
TheuseofAIforscienceandtechnologyresearchisacceleratingrapidlyacrosstheglobeandthereforedemandsourcommitmenttoU.S.leadershipintheapplicationsofthispowerfulnewtool.BuildingontheworkoftheBidenAdministration,theUnitedStatesmustactboldlyandthoughtfullytomaintainournation’sleadinresearch,intheinnovativeapplicationsofAI,andinestablishingframeworksandnormsforthesafeandresponsibleuseofAI.Inthisreport,PCASToffersfivespecificfindingsandrecommendationsforactionthatwillhelptheU.S.toharnessthefullpotentialofAItoequitablyandresponsiblysuperchargescientificdiscovery.
6Bera,K.etal.(2019August).
Artificialintelligenceindigitalpathology-newtoolsfordiagnosisand
precisiononcology.
NatureReviewsClinicalOncology.
7Nguyen,V.etal.(2023November).
Efficientautomatederrordetectioninmedicaldatausingdeep-learning
andlabel-clustering.
ScientificReports.
12
SummaryofRecommendations
Recommendation1:ExpandexistingeffortstobroadlyandequitablysharefundamentalAIresources.
Extensivesupportforwidelyaccessiblesharedmodels,datasets,benchmarks,andcomputationalresourcesisessentialtoensuringthatacademicresearchers,nationalandfederallaboratories,andsmallercompaniesandnon-profitorganizationscanuseAItocreatebenefitsforthenation.IntheU.S.,themostpromisingeffortinthisdirectionistheNationalArtificialIntelligenceResearchResource(NAIRR),whichiscurrentlyapilotproject.PCASTrecommendsthattheNAIRRpilotbeexpeditiouslyexpandedtothescaleenvisionedbytheNAIRRTaskForce
8
andfullyfunded.Thefull-scaleNAIRR,togetherwithindustrypartnershipsandotherAIinfrastructureeffortsatboththefederalandstatelevels,couldserveasasteppingstonetowardsAIinfrastructureprojectsatthenationalorinternationalleveltofacilitatehigh-impactresearch.
Recommendation2:Expandsecureaccesstofederaldatasetsforapprovedcriticalresearchneeds,withappropriateprotectionsandsafeguards.
Thebenefitsofallowinglimited,secureaccesstofederaldatasetsbyapprovedresearchers,aswellasallowingthereleaseofcarefullyanonymizedversionsofsuchdatasetstocuratedresourcecenterssuchasNAIRR,areimmense.PCASTstronglyencouragesexpansionofexistingpilotprogramsforsecuredataaccessandthedevelopmentofguidelinesforfederaldatabasemanagementthatincorporatecutting-edgeprivacyprotectiontechnologiesastheybecomeavailable.ThereisgreatpotentialtousemodernAItechnologiestoautomateaspectsofthecurationofsuchdatasets.PCASTencouragestheuseofAItoimprovedatacurationasalong-termgoaloffederaldatasharinginitiativessuchas
.
PCASTendorsestheeffortsoffederalagenciestomandateresponsiblesharingofdatasetsarisingfromtheresearchthattheyfundorconduct.
9
Weencouragefurtherenforcementofsuchmandates,toincludesharingofAImodelstrainedondatafromfederallyfundedresearch,inconjunctionwithsufficientresourcestosupporttherequiredactions.
Recommendation3:SupportbothbasicandappliedresearchinAIthatinvolvescollaborationsacrossacademia,industry,nationalandfederallaboratories,andfederalagenciesasoutlinedinthevisionfortheNAIRRdevelopedbytheNAIRRTaskForce.
Theboundariesbetweenfederallyfundedacademicresearchandprivatesectorresearcharehazy.Manyresearchersmoveamongaffiliationswithacademicinstitutions,non-profitorganizations,and/orprivatecompanies,andasignificantshareofallAIresearchanddevelopment(R&D)is
8NationalArtificialIntelligenceResearchResourceTaskForce.(2023January).
Strengtheningand
DemocratizingtheU.S.ArtificialIntelligenceInnovationEcosystem:AnImplementationPlanforaNational
ArtificialIntelligenceResearchResource.
9TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy.(2022August).
EnsuringFree,Immediate,and
EquitableAccesstoFederallyFundedResearch.
13
currentlysupportedbyprivatecompanies.
10
TocapitalizefullyonthepotentialbenefitsofAIforscience,researchthatinvolvesabreadthofpromisingandproductivehypothesesandapproachesmustbesupported.Thismayrequirethatfundingagenciesbroadentheirposturesregardinghowtoworkwithindustryandwhichresearcherscanbesupportedinordertofacilitateinnovativeresearcheffortsandcollaborationsamongdifferentsectors.Examplesofsuchcollaborationcouldincludecreationofhighqualitycuratedpublicscientificdatasetsfrommultiplesourcesorthecreationofmultimodalfoundationmodels.
11
Recommendation4:Adoptprinciplesofresponsible,transparent,andtrustworthyAIusethroughoutallstagesofthescientificresearchprocess.
Managingtherisksofinaccurate,biased,harmful,ornon-replicablefindingsfromscientificusesofAIshouldbeplannedfromtheinitialstagesofaresearchprojectratherthanperformedasanafterthought.PCASTrecommendsthatfederalfundingagenciesconsiderupdatingtheirresponsibleconductofresearchguidelinestorequireplansforresponsibleAIusefromresearchers.TheseplansshouldincluderecommendedbestpracticesfromagencyofficesandcommitteesthataddresspotentialAI-relatedrisksanddescribethesupervisionproceduresforuseofanyautomatedprocess.
12
Tominimizeadditionaladministrativeburdenonresearchersandbuildacultureofresponsibility,afterenumeratingmajorrisks,agenciesshouldprovidemodelprocessesforriskmitigation.
Paralleltothis,agenciessuchastheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)andtheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)shouldcontinuesupportingresearchinthescientificfoundationsofresponsibleandtrustworthyAI.ThisresearchshouldincludethedevelopmentofstandardbenchmarkstomeasureAImodelpropertiessuchasaccuracy,reproducibility,fairness,resilience,andexplainableAI,aswellasAIalgorithmsthatmonitorthemselvesforthesepropertiesandadjustwhenthebenchmarksarenotwithindefinednorms.Anothergoalofsuchresearchshouldbethedevelopmentoftoolstoevaluatebiasesindatasetsandtodistinguishsyntheticdatafromrealworlddata.
Recommendation5:Encourageinnovativeapproac
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