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Policy
Research
Working
Paper10709St
ages
of
Diversifi
cat
ion
ReduxHodaAssemRobertaGattiDanielLedermanMiddle
East
and
Nort
h
Africa
RegionOffice
of
t
he
Chief
EconomistFeb
ru
ary
2024A
verified
reproducibility
package
for
this
paper
isavailable
at
,clickhere
for
direct
access.Policy
Research
Working
Paper
10709Abstracte
existing
literatu
re
on
develop
ment
and
economicdiversification
finds
an
inverted-U
function
between
thesetwov
ariab
les,
w
hereby
economies
diversify
as
they
growup
to
a
p
oint,
after
which
they
st
art
sp
ecializing.
ispapercontributes
to
this
literatu
re
by
investigating
thestages
of
diversification
over
the
cou
rse
of
develop
mentduring
the
p
ast
57
y
ears.
e
paper
emphasizes
the
t
ra-j
ect
ories
of
resou
rce-
rich
and
resource-p
oor
countries,
anissue
that
has
not
been
cov
ered
by
the
extant
lit
erat
u
re.In
addition,
the
p
ap
er
studies
the
stages
of
diversificationacross
three
dimensions,
nam
ely
emp
loyment,
value-added,and
exp
orts.
Additionally,
it
examines
the
relat
ionship
forservices.
Non-p
arametric
estimations
suggest
aU-shapedcu
rve
between
m
easu
res
of
economic
concentration
andp
er
cap
ita
income
lev
els,
which
is
in
line
with
existingevidence.
However,
these
p
atterns
are
m
ainly
driven
bybetween-country
rat
her
than
within-country
variation,
afinding
that
had
been
ignored
in
the
existing
lit
erat
u
re.Diversification
p
atterns
also
differ
across
resource-rich
andresource-p
oor
countries:
Emp
loyment
and
value
added
inresource-rich
countries
are
on
average
more
concentrated
atlow
lev
els
of
develop
ment
while
in
resource
p
oorcountries,they
are
m
ore
concentrated
at
high
lev
els
of
develop
ment.In
cont
rast
,
at
all
levels
of
develop
ment,
exp
orts
are
m
oreconcentrated
in
resou
rce-
rich
countries.is
paper
is
a
p
roduct
of
the
Office
of
the
Chief
Economist,
Middle
East
and
Nort
h
Africa
Region.
It
is
p
art
of
a
largereff
ort
by
the
World
Bankto
provide
open
access
to
its
research
and
make
a
contribution
to
development
p
olicy
discussionsarou
nd
thew
orld
.
Poli
cy
Research
Working
Pap
ers
are
alsop
osted
on
the
Web
at
http
:///p
rwp
.
eau
t
hors
may
becontacted
at
hassem10@.
A
verified
rep
roducibility
p
ackage
for
this
paper
is
availab
le
athttp
://rep
,
cli
ck
here
for
direct
access.TRANSPARENTANALYSISGe
Policy
Research
Working
Paper
Series
disseminates
the
findings
of
work
in
progress
to
encourage
the
exchange
of
ideas
about
developmentissues.
An
objective
of
the
series
is
to
get
the
findings
out
quickly,
even
if
the
presentations
are
less
than
fully
polished.
e
papers
carry
thenames
of
the
authors
and
should
be
cited
accordingly.
e
findings,
interpretations,
and
conclusions
expressed
in
this
paper
are
entirely
thoseoftheauthors.eydonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelo
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