英语国家概况Chapter5

HolidaysandFestivals

EducationMediaIIIIIICONTENTEducationI

EducationalPolicy

EducationalSystem

EducationalPolicyCompulsoryeducationforallchildrenbetweentheagesof5and16Comprehensiveschoolsintroducedinthe1960sNationalCurriculumintroducedin1988Fourstages:primarysecondaryfurthereducationhighereducationElementaryandSecondaryEducationTwoparallelschoolsystems:Nationalcurriculum:Statesystem—localauthoritymaintained

93%(Freetoallchildrenbetweentheagesof5—16)Independentsystem—Publicschools

7%(Parentspayfortheirchildren'seducation)CompulsoryinstateschoolOptionalinindependentschoolstatesystem—11-yearcompulsoryeducation5-11:primaryschools(co-educational/mixedschools)11-16:secondaryschools

(90%arecomprehensiveschools)GCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation)StateSystemElementaryandSecondaryEducationElementaryandSecondaryEducation“sixthform”(2years)A-levels(GeneralCertificateofEducation—Advanced)

—foruniversitiesadmittancesGNVQs(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications)—forvocationaltrainingStateSystem(Cont.)themostfamous—Eton,HarrowandWinchester 7percentofallBritishchildrenAprivilegefortherichBetterfundedBetterteachersBetterfacilitiesBetterchancetoenterfamousuniversitiesIndependentSystemElementaryandSecondaryEducationTheroyalfamilythinkstheschoolisjusttheplaceforWills.Inthisself-containedworld,titlesconfernoprivileges,andtheprinceisprobablynottheonlyboywithabodyguard.Foreignleaders’childrenandscions

(子孙)ofGreekshippingmagnatesbringthemalongtoo."WilliamisasneartonormalatEtonassomeoneinhispositionwon'ttobe.Manypeopletherearericherthanheis.Therearemanypeoplewhosefamilyrelationshipsareevenmorecomplexthanhis."

PrinceWilliam

Eton

Eton

HigherEducationRecruitmentbaseon:GradesofA-levelsSchoolreferencesInterviewMostlyfundedbycentralgovernmentgrantsExceptBuckinghamUniversityBPPUniversityCollegeBuckinghamUniversityistheprivately-financeduniversityinUK,wherestudentscanfinish3years’coursesintwoyears,anditscurriculumchangesflexiblyaccordingtomarketdemandsHigherEducation(Cont.)Q.What’sthedifferencebetweentime

rangerequiredfordegreesinBritishhigher

educationsystemandthetimerangein

Chinesehighereducationsystem?

DegreesAwardedTimerangerequiredinUKTimerangerequiredinChinaB.A./B.S.3years4yearsM.A./M.S.1or2years2or3yearsDoctoraldegree3to4years3to5yearsHigherEducation(Cont.)

OxfordUniversityandCambridgeUniversityaresometimesreferredtocollectivelyasOxbridge.

OxfordCrestCambridgeCrestFamousUniversities(Cont.)King’sCollege

TheMathematicalBridge

(atQueens’College,CambridgeUniversity)FamousUniversities(Cont.)TrinityCollegeCambridge’scontributionstoScienceManyofthemostimportantscientificdiscoveriesandrevolutionsweremadebyCambridgealumni[校友].Theseinclude:Thelawsofmotion,bySirIsaacNewtonThediscoveryoftheelectron,byJ.J.ThomsonTheunificationofelectromagnetism,byJamesClerkMaxwellThediscoveryofhydrogen,byHenryCavendishEvolutionbynaturalselection,byCharlesDarwinTheTuringmachine,thebasisofmoderncomputers,byAlan

TuringThestructureofDNA,byFrancisCrickandJamesD.WatsonMediaII

Newspapers

TelevisionandBroadcast

FunctionsoftheMediainformation

aboutpoliticalandsocialissues;weatherreports;carryadvertising;provideaforumforpeopletoexpresstheirviewsorseekadvice;education;entertainment;NewspapersTheUnitedKingdomhasoneoftheworld’soldestestablishednewspaperindustries.Late18thandearly19thcenturyReasons:TheBritisheconomybegantoindustrialize;Thedemocraticfranchise民主选举权wasextended;(politics)Literacylevelsrosebecauseofmasseducation.TheObserverpublishedeverySundayfirstappearedin1791

theworld’soldestSundaynewspaperTheTimesbeganpublishingin1785,theUnitedKingdom’soldestdailynewspaperTheGuardianKnownasTheManchesterGuardian,isaBritishnationaldailynewspaper

Foundedin1821,itisknownforitsleft-of-centrepoliticalstanceTheDailyTelegraphFoundedin1855itisadailymorningbroadsheetnewspaperdistributedthroughouttheUKandinternationallycenter-rightandconservativestanceNewspapers(Cont.)The“qualitypress”or“broadsheets”“BigThree”TheTimes—in-deptharticle,well-educatedaudience

TheGuardian—leftwingTheDailyTelegraph

The“tabloids”ScandalandgossipTheSunonSundayTwocategoriesFleetStreetUntilthe1980s,almostallthenationalnewspapershadtheirheadquartersonoraroundFleetStreetinLondon.ItisalsoknownastheStreetofShame,reflectingthebirthofscandalswhichtakeplace.ReferredtoBritishnewspaperculture.TelevisionandBroadcastTheBritishBroadcastingCorporation(BBC)1936IndependentTelevision(ITV)1955SkyTV1989BritishSatelliteBroadcastingBSkyB1990

BBCTheBritishBroadcastingCorporationReferredtoas“Beeb”or“AuntieBeeb”Britain’smainpublicservicebroadcasterStarteddailyradiobroadcasterin1922.MadeitsfirstTVbrodacastin1936.Alwaysfundedbylevyingtelevisionlicensefees.BBCBBCremainedthesoletelevisionnewsproviderinBritainuntil1955.IndependentTelevision(ITV),foundedin1955,commercial.Skyin1989,byRupertMurdoch.In1990,SkymergedwithBSBtoformBSkyB,Britain’stoppaytelevisionprovider.TheImportanceofTVtoBritishPoliticsThesessions(议会会议)tobetelevisedin1990.WithTV,politiciansliterally"comeintoourlivingroom"andtheyhavetoseemmorerelaxedandfriendly,asiftheyarespeakingtouspersonally.HolidaysandFestivalsIIIChristmasEasterTroopingtheColorChristmasCelebrationofthebirthofJesusChristExchanginggiftsandChristmascardsPreparingholidayfoodsDecoratinghomesandworkplaceswithcoloredlights,Christmastreesandornaments

Particulartraditions:Christmaspantomime（童话剧）Queen'sChristmasmess