微观经济学01课件

Economics:

FoundationsandModelsReferences(1)R.GlennHubbard;AnthonyPatrickO’Brien，Economics，机械工业出版社(2)SamuelsonandNordhars,Economics,17thEd.,McGraw-HillInc.,NewYork,2001(3)微观经济学,罗伯特·S·平狄克(RobertS.Pindyck)、丹尼尔·L·鲁宾费尔德(DanielL.Rubinfeld),中国人民大学出版社2FinalscoreDiscussion 10%Homework 20%Finalexam70%100%

3TopicsGasolinepriceAppleandJobsDebtcrisisofEUR(macro)CPIandCurrencypolicy(macro)……4Part1.Introduction

Chapter1.Economics:FoundationsandModels

Chapter2.Tradeoffs,ComparativeAdvantage,andtheMarketSystem

Chapter3.WherePricesComeFrom:TheInteractionofDemandandSupply

Chapter4.EconomicEfficiency,GovernmentPriceSetting,andTaxes

Part2.MarketsinAction

Chapter5.Externalities,EnvironmentalPolicy,andPublicGoods

Chapter6.Elasticity:TheResponsivenessofDemandandSupply

Part3.FirmsintheDomesticandInternationalEconomies

Chapter7.Firms,theStockMarket,andCorporateGovernance

Chapter8.ComparativeAdvantageandtheGainsfromInternationalTrade

5Part4.MicroeconomicFoundations:ConsumersandFirms

Chapter9.ConsumerChoiceandBehavioralEconomics

Chapter10.Production,Technology,andCosts

Part5.MarketStructureandFirmStrategy

Chapter11.FirmsinPerfectlyCompetitiveMarkets

Chapter12.MonopolisticCompetition:TheCompetitiveModelinaMoreRealisticSetting

Chapter13.Oligopoly:FirmsinLessCompetitiveMarkets

Chapter14.MonopolyandAntitrustPolicy

Chapter15.PricingStrategy

Part6.MarketsforFactorsofProduction

Chapter16.TheMarketsforLaborandOtherFactorsofProduction

Part7.Information,Taxes,andtheDistributionofIncome

Chapter17.TheEconomicsofInformation

Chapter18.PublicChoice,Taxes,andtheDistributionofIncome6

Afterstudyingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:Discussthesethreeimportanteconomicideas:Peoplearerational.Peoplerespondtoincentives.Optimaldecisionsaremadeatthemargin.Discusshowaneconomyanswersthesequestions:Whatgoodsandserviceswillbeproduced?Howwillthegoodsandservicesbeproduced?Whowillreceivethegoodsandservices?Understandtheroleofmodelsineconomicanalysis.Distinguishbetweenmicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics.Becomefamiliarwithimportanteconomicterms.WhatHappensWhenU.S.Firms

MovetoChina?LEARNINGOBJECTIVES12345“ManyU.S.,Japanese,andEuropeanfirmshavebeenmovingtheproductionofgoodsandservicestoothercountries.”7Economics:FoundationsandModelsInthisbook,weuseeconomicstoanswerquestionssuchasthefollowing:

“Howarethepricesofgoodsandservicesdetermined?”“Howdoespollutionaffecttheeconomy,andhowshouldgovernmentpolicydealwiththeseeffects?”“Whydofirmsengageininternationaltrade,andhowdogovernmentpoliciesaffectinternationaltrade?”“Whydoesgovernmentcontrolthepricesofsomegoodsandservices,andwhataretheeffectsofthosecontrols?”8Economics:FoundationsandModelsScarcity

Thesituationwhereunlimitedwantsexceedthelimitedresourcesavailabletofulfillthosewants.

Economics

Thestudyofthechoicespeoplemaketoattaintheirgoals,giventheirscarceresources.

9BuildingaFoundation:EconomicsandIndividualDecisionsLEARNINGOBJECTIVE1Market

Anarrangementorinstitutionthatbringstogetherbuyersandsellersofagoodorservice.MarginalanalysisAnalysisthatinvolvescomparingmarginalbenefitsandmarginalcosts.Threeimportantideas:PeoplearerationalPeoplerespondtoeconomicincentivesOptimaldecisionsaremadeatthemargin10

AppleComputerMakesaDecisionattheMargin1-1LEARNINGOBJECTIVE1ShouldAppleproduceanadditional300,000iPods?Insolvingtheproblem,considerthefollowing:Optimaldecisionsaremadeatthemargin.Anactivityshouldbecontinuedtothepointwherethemarginalbenefitisequaltothemarginalcost.Inthiscase,thecorrectdecisionrequiresinformationaboutadditionalrevenueandadditionalcost.11TheEconomicProblemThatEverySocietyMustSolveLEARNINGOBJECTIVE2Trade-off

Theideathatbecauseofscarcity,producingmoreofonegoodorservicemeansproducinglessofanothergoodorservice.Threefundamentalquestions:Whatgoodsandserviceswillbeproduced?Howwillthegoodsandservicesbeproduced?Whowillreceivethegoodsandservicesproduced?12TheEconomicProblemThatEverySocietyMustSolveCentrallyplannedeconomy

Aneconomyinwhichthegovernmentdecideshoweconomicresourceswillbeallocated.Marketeconomy

Aneconomyinwhichthedecisionsofhouseholdsandfirmsinteractinginmarketsallocateeconomicresources.CentrallyPlannedEconomiesversusMarket

Economies13TheModern“Mixed”EconomyMixedeconomy

Aneconomyinwhichmosteconomicdecisionsresultfromtheinteractionofbuyersandsellersinmarkets,butwherethegovernmentplaysasignificantroleintheallocationofresources.14TheModern“Mixed”EconomyProductiveefficiencyOccurswhenagoodorserviceisproducedatthelowestpossiblecost.AllocativeefficiencyAstateoftheeconomyinwhichproductionreflectsconsumerpreferences;inparticular,everygoodorserviceisproduceduptothepointwherethelastunitprovidesamarginalbenefittoconsumersequaltothemarginalcostofproducingit.VoluntaryexchangeThesituationthatoccursinmarketswhenboththebuyerandsellerofaproductaremadebetteroffbythetransaction.EquityThefairdistributionofeconomicbenefits.EfficiencyandEquity15EconomicModelsLEARNINGOBJECTIVE3Economicmodel

Asimplifiedversionofsomeaspectofeconomiclifeusedtoanalyzeaneconomicissue.Todevelopamodel,economistsgenerallyfollowthesesteps:Decideontheassumptionstobeusedindevelopingthemodel.Formulateatestablehypothesis.Useeconomicdatatotestthehypothesis.Revisethemodelifitfailstoexplainproperlytheeconomicdata.Retaintherevisedmodeltohelpanswersimilareconomicquestionsinthefuture.EconomicvariableSomethingmeasurablethatcanhavedifferentvalues,suchasthewagesofsoftwareprogrammers.16EconomicModelsPositiveanalysisAnalysisconcernedwithwhatis.NormativeanalysisAnalysisconcernedwithwhatoughttobe.NormativeandPositiveAnalysisDon’tConfusePositiveAnalysiswithNormativeAnalysisDoesoutsourcingbyU.S.firmsraiseorlowerincomesintheUnitedStates?WhenEconomistsDisagree:ADebateOverOutsourcing1-117MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsLEARNINGOBJECTIVE4Microeconomics

Thestudyofhowhouseholdsandbusinessesmakechoices,howtheyinteractinmarkets,andhowthegovernmentattemptstoinfluencetheirchoices.Macroeconomics

Thestudyoftheeconomyasawhole,includingtopicssuchasinflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth.18APreviewofImportantEconomicTermsLEARNINGOBJECTIVE5EntrepreneurInnovationTechnologyFirm,company,orbusinessGoodsServicesRevenueOpportunitycostProfitHouseholdFactorsofproductionoreconomicresourcesCapitalHumancapital19Manycountries,includingtheUnitedStates,haveexperiencedrapidlyincreasingexportstoChina.TheHaloEffect:HowChina’sExpansionWillAffectJobsandGrowthElsewhere20AllocativeefficiencyCentrallyplannedeconomyEconomicmodelEconomicvariableEconomicsEquityMacroeconomicsMarginalanalysisMarketMarketeconomyMicroeconomicsMixedeconomyNormativeanalysisPositiveanalysisProductiveefficiencyScarcityTrade-offVoluntaryexchange21Appendix1A:

UsingGraphsandFormulasAgraphislikeastreetmap—itisasimplifiedversionofreality22Appendix1A:

UsingGraphsandFormulasGraphsofOneVariable1A-1MarketSharesintheU.S.

AutomobileMarket23Appendix1A:

UsingGraphsandFormulas1A-2Time-SeriesGraphsGraphsofOneVariable24Appendix1A:

UsingGraphsandFormulasGraphsofTwoVariables1A-3PlottingPriceandQuantity

PointsinaGraph25Appendix1A:

UsingGraphsandFormulas1A-4CalculatingtheSlopeofaLineGraphsofTwoVariablesSlopesofLines26Appendix1A:

UsingGraphsandFormulas1A-5GraphsofTwoVariablesTakingIntoAccountMoreThanTwoVariablesonaGraphShowingThreeVariablesonaGraph27Appendix1A:

UsingGraphsandFormulas1A-6GraphsofTwoVariablesPositiveandNegativeRelationshipsGraphingtheDirectRelationshipbetweenIncomeand

ConsumptionSpending28Appendix1A:

UsingGraphsandFormulas1A-7GraphsofTwoVariablesSlopesofNonlinearCurvesTheSlopeofaNonlinearCurve29A