可数名词和不可数名词

可数名词和不可数名词●Unit1NounsandNounPhrases●1.1kindsofnouns●wordformation构词法:Simple简单名词,compound复合名词andderivativenouns派生名词●lexicalmeaning词汇意义:Proper专有名词andcommonnouns普通名词Propernouns专有名词:France,Madrid,TomCommonnouns普通名词分为四大类：●1.collectivenoun集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。eg:family,team,cattle,police●2.individualnoun个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。eg.boy,house,tiger,insect●3.abstractnouns抽象名词：表示抽象的概念。eg:glory,honesty,failure,education●4.materialnoun物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。eg:water,air,bread,rice●andgrammaticalform语法意义:Countablenouns,uncountablenounsandnounsthatcanbecountableanduncountable●1.2functionofnouns●1.Thesubjectofverb:Tomarrived.●2.作补语Thecomplementofthesubjectbe,become,seem:Tomisanactor.Thecomplementoftheobjectcall:WecallherMissWang●3.作宾语Theobjectofaverb:IsawTom.Theobjectofapreposition:IspoketoTom.●4.作同位语:Thesmalldesksandchairsareforusstudents.●5.Anouncanalsobeinthepossessivecase:Tom’sbooks.●6.称呼语Helen,openthedoor.●7.作副词Shewaslatethreetimesthisweek.●2.NumberofNouns(名词的数)●英语可数名词有单数(singular)和复数(plural)两种形式,表示一个人或事物用单数形式,表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化,如:apen,abed,aroom,anEnglishbook。●名词复数形式有着规则的(Regularplurals)与不规则的(Irregularplurals)变化形式，以及复合名词(compoundnouns)特殊的变化形式。●2.1Regularplurals●1.Thepluralofanounusuallybyadding–stothesingular:day-days,dog-dogs,house-houses“-s”ispronounced/s/afterap,korfsound.Otherwiseitispronounced/z/.When-sisplacedafter-ce,-ge,-se,or-zeanextrasyllable(/IZ/)isaddedtothespokenword.●2.Nounsendingin–o,–s,-ch,-sh,-ss,or-xformtheirpluralbyadding-es:tomato-tomatoes,brush-brushes,box-boxes,church-churches,class-classes●whenesisplacedafter-ch,-sh,-ssor--xanextrasyllable(/IZ/)isaddedtothespokenword.Andafter–o,-esispronounced/Z/.●Notes:●1.如果词尾的ch发k音，要加-s,e.g.monarch君主,stomach,patriarch族长,epoch●2.但是有些以字母o结尾的外来词或缩写词的复数形式只加-s，如果o前面的是元音字母，也只加-s。e.g.:alto男高音，folio对开纸,cuckoo,radio,bamboo●3.Nounsendinginyfollowingaconsonant（辅音）formtheirpluralbydroppingthe-yandadding-ies:baby-babies,country-countries,lady-ladies,fly-flies(例外:stand-bys)●Nounsendinginyfollowingavowel（元音）formtheirpluralbyadding–s:boy-boys,day—days,donkey-donkeys(词尾为quy时，变y为i再加-es，如soliloquy,colloquy●4.14nounsendinginforfedroptheforfeandaddves.Thesenounsarecalf,half,knife,leaf,life,loaf,self,shelf,thief,wife,wolf,elf,housewifeloaf-loaves,wife-wives,wolf-wolvesetc.scarf,wharf,staff,dwarf,handkerchief,hoof,可以加-s或-ves.Otherwordsendinginforfeaddsintheordinaryway:cliff-cliffs,safe-safes●2.2Irregularplurals●1.Afewnounsformtheirpluralbyavowelchange改变元音:foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women,goose-geese,man-men,tooth-teethThepluralsofchildandoxarechildren,oxen.●2.Somenounsdonotchangeintheplural:deer-deer,sheep-sheep,Chinese-Chinese,直接从汉语译音的名词一般无复数，但要用斜体，e.g.:li,dan,mu,renminbi,yuan,liang●3.Certainwordsarealwaysplural:clothes,trousers,barracks,series,species,etc.●4.Collectivenouns,crew,family,team,etc.,cantakeasingularorpluralverb;singularifweconsiderthewordtomeanasinglegrouporunit:Ourteamisthebest.orpluralifwetakeittomeananumberofindividuals:Ourteamarewearingtheirnewjerseys（运动衫).●5.crisis类，将-sis换成-ses，如thesis,analysis,diagnosis;●datum类，将-tum换成-ta，如stratum,medium;●criterion类，将-on换成-a，如phenomenon;●plateau类，将-u换成-ux，如adieu;●nucleus类，将-us换成-i，如cactus,focus,fungus●2.3Compoundnouns●1.Normallythelastwordismadeplural:boy-friends,break-ins,travelagentsButwheremanandwomanisprefixedbothpartsaremadeplural:mendrivers,womendoctors●2.Thefirstwordismadepluralwithcompoundsformedofverb+ernouns+adverbs:hangers-on（奉迎者）,lookers-on,runners-up（亚军队）andwithcompoundscomposedofnoun+preposition+noun:ladies-in-waiting（侍女）,sisters-in-law,●2.4Nounsthatcanbecountableanduncountable●advice(劝告)--advices(通知)●green(绿色)--greens(青菜)●air(空气)--airs(神气)●good(好事)--goods(货物)●arm(手臂)--arms(武器)●iron(铁)--irons(镣铐)●brain(脑)--brains(智力)●look(看)--looks(外表)●Authority（权威)--authorities(当局)●pain(疼痛)--pains(努力)●cloth(布)--clothes(衣服)●paper(纸)--papers(文件)●condition(情况)--conditions(条件)●regard(尊敬)--regards(问候)●content(内容)--contents(目录)●time(时间)--times(时代)●custom(风俗)--customs(海关)●water(水)--waters(水域)●force(力量)--forces(军队)●work(工作)--works(作品)●glass(玻璃)--glasses(眼镜)●2.5Numberformsofpropernouns●Propernounsareuniqueinreferenceandthereforehavenopluralforms,exceptforsuchpropernamesastheUnitedStates,thePhilipines,theNetherlands,etcwhicharethemselvespluralinform.●Whenapropernountakesapluralending,ittakesonsomecharacteristicsofacommonnoun,eg:HaveyouinvitedtheBrowns?TherearetwoMissSmiths/MissesSmithinourclass.●3.Partitives单位词●Partitives,alsocalledunitnouns,arecommonlyusedtodenoteapartofawhole整体的一部分orthequantityofanundifferentiatedmass未分化物质的数量.Bothcountandnoncountnounscanenterpartitiveconstructions单位词结构.Withpluralcountnouns,partitiveconstructionscandenotetheideaof"agroup","apack",etc.Withnoncountnouns,suchconstructionscanachievecountability.●1)Generalpartitives一般表示个数的单位词●apieceofadvice●abitoftrouble●anitemofnews●anarticleoffurniture●severalpiecesofbread●threeitemsofnews●2)Partitivesrelatedtotheshapeofthings表示形状的单位词●acakeofsoap一块肥皂●abarofchocolate●twoears穗ofcorn●tenheadofcattle/cabbage●要表示“牛”的头数，可借助head(头)这个词。如：tenheadofcattle(10头牛)，fortyheadofcattle(40头牛)等，这些表达中的headof也可省略，即可说tencattle,fortycattle等，但是我们通常不说onecattle,而应说成oneheadofcattle,因为cattle是一个表复数意义的集合名词。同时应注意：以上各例中的head(头)是一个单复数同形的名词，所以没用heads这样的形式。●3)Partitivesrelatedtovolume表示容积的单位词●abottleofink/oil●twobowlsofrice●severalpailsofwater●aglassofbeer●4)Partitivesrelatedtothestateofaction表示动作状态的单位词●Theuseofthesepartitivesislimitedtocertainsetphrases,eg:afit突然发作,一阵ofanger/coughing/laughter/feverapeal隆隆声ofapplause/laughter/thunderaflash一瞬间ofhope/light/lightningadisplay表现ofcourage/force/power/skill/fireworks●5)Partitivesdenotingpairs,groups,flocks,etc表示成双、成组、成群的单位词●apairofshoes/scissors/trousers●aflock(禽、畜等的)群ofbirds/chickens/sheep/goats●aherd牧群ofelephants/cattle●aswarm蜂群,一大群ofbees/flies/animals/people●atroupe一群一伙或一群ofactors●agang(一)伙,(一)群ofhooligans小流氓/criminals●apack<贬>一群oflies/cards/thieves●abenchofjudges●4.Genitive名词属格●CASE格isagrammaticalcategory.Itdenotesthechangesintheformofanounorapronounshowingitsrelationshipwithotherwordsinasentence.4.1genitive4.2of+noun4.3independentgenitive4.4doublegenitive●4.1Genitive●4.1.1Formation,●4.1.2meanings●4.1.3andusesofgenitivenouns●4.1.1Formationofgenitivenouns●Rulesofformationareasfollows:●a)Thegenitiveisformedinwritingbyadding'stosingularnounsandtothosepluralnounsthatdonotendin-s,eg:●mymother'sarrival●women'sclothes●b)Pluralnounsendingin–stakesanapostrophe撇号asagenitivemarker,eg:thegirls’dormitoryateachers'college●c)Incompoundnouns复合名词orapostmodifiednounphrase有后置限定词的名词词组,thegenitiveendingisaddedtotheendofthecompoundortotheendofthenounphrase,eg:●mymother-in-law'sdeath●anhourandahalf'stalk●somebodyelse'sopinion●theUniversityofMinnesota'sstudent●d)Incoordinatenouns并列名词,thegenitiveendingisaddedtoeachofthecoordinateelementswhendenotingrespectivepossession,andonlytothelastcoordinateelementwhendenotingcommonpossession.Compare:Mary'sandBob'sbooksMaryandBob'sbooks●e)Intheconstructionof"nounphrase+appositive同位语",thegenitiveendingisaddedtotheendoftheappositive.Itcanalsobeaddedbothtotheendofthenounphraseandtotheappositive.Baselthebookseller'sBasel's,thebookseller's●4.1.2Meaningsofgenitivenouns●Thegenitiveischieflyusedtodenote“possession”,andtherefore,istraditionallycalled“possessivecase所有格".Butgenitivemeaningsarebynomeansrestrictedtopossession.Theycanbesummedupasfollows:●a)Possessivegenitive表示所有关系,eg:MrBrown'ssuitcasehasbeentakenupstairs.TaiwanispartofChina'sterritory.●b)Subjectivegenitive表示主谓关系,eg:ThePrimeMinister'sarrivalwasreportedinthemorningpaper.EverybodywaspleasedatDavid'squickrecoveryfromillness.●c)Objectivegenitive表示动宾关系,eg:Theenemy'sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.Thecriminal'spunishmentwillbetenyearsinprison.●d)Genitiveoforigin表示来源,eg:Ihaven'treceivedmysister'sletteryet.Newton'slawwasdevelopedinthe17thcentury.●e)Descriptivegenitive表示类别,eg:Ifirstmetheronasummer'sday.Thisworkshopmakesmen'sshoes.●f)Genitiveoftime,distance,measure,value,etc表示时间、度量、价值等,eg:twohours'delay300kilometres'distancefivedollars'worthofstamps50kilograms'weight●4.1.3Usesofgenitivenouns●Genitivenounsaremostlyusedascentraldeterminers中位限定词andthereforeperformthesamefunctionas“possessivedeterminers物主限定词“(traditionallycalled"possessivepronouns"),eg:●theboy'sfather=hisfather●thewoman'shusband=herhusband●thestudents'essays=theiressays●theprimeminister'sarrival=his/herarrival●thecriminal'spunishment=his/herpunishment●Mary'sletter=herletter●thestranger'sstory=hisstory●Ascentraldeterminer中位限定词,genitivenounscan‘tcollocatewithothercentraldeterminers,norcantheybeprecededbyapremodifier前置限定词.Forinstance,wecansay"Mary'sletter",butnot"aMary'sletter;wecansay"Mary'sinterestingletter"insteadof"interestingMary'sletter.●This,however,doesnotapplytosomeothergenitivenounssuchasthedescriptivegenitive表示类别的属格andthegenitivethatdenotestime,distance,valueormeasure表示时间、距离、价值、度量的属格.Thesegenitivenounsarenotusedasdeterminersbutaspremodifiersinthenounphrase,eg:achildren'sbookthesechildren'sbooksaninterestingchildren'ssomeothernewchildren'sbooksthenewlypublishedchildren'sbooka/anotherthreedays'journeyapleasantthreedays'journeyanotherveryboringthreedays'journey●4.2of+noun所有格的用法●1、用于无生命的东西e.g.therocketofthespaceshuttle●2、用于名词化的形容词eg.thehappinessoftheold●3、名词的修饰语较多时eg.theverylongandgracefultailoftheoldblackcat.●Ascentraldeterminer,genitivenounsaresometimesinterchangeablewithof-phrases,eg:●Possessivegenitive：China'sforeignpolicy=theforeignpolicyofChinaanelephant'strunk=thetrunkofanelephant●Subjectivegenitive：theprimeminister'sarrival=arrivaloftheprimeminister●Objectivegenitive:thecriminal'spunishment=punishmentofthecriminal●Genitiveoforigin:Newton'slaw=thelawofNewtonShakespeare'stragedies=thetragediesofShakespeare●Butinsomecases,wecanonlyusegenitivenounsinsteadofof-phrases,eg:1)children’spictorial●men’sclothing2)atswords'points剑拔弩张●ahair‘sbreadth间不容发●awolfinsheep'sclothing●abird‘s-eyeview鸟瞰●atastone‘sthrow一箭之遥●Insomeothercases,however,wecanonlyuseof-phrasesinsteadofgenitivenouns,eg:1)theopinionofthechairmanappointedamonthagothesuggestionsofthosepresentatthemeeting2)theincomeoftherichthestruggleoftheexploited（被剥削者）3)theCityofRome●4.3Independentgenitive独立属格●1)Independentgenitiveisused:●a)whenthemissingnounhasoccurredsomewhereinthecontextandcanbeeasilyretrieved:Hermemoryislikeanelephant's.Mary'sisthelargestapartmentinthebuilding.●b)whenthemissingnounreferstosomebody'shouseorresidence:I'mgoingtodineatmybrother's.Thedoctor'sisontheothersideofthestreet.●c)whenthemissingnounreferstochurch,school,orotherpublicbuildings:JoelivesnearSt.Paul's(Cathedral)inLondon.HewaseducatedatMerchantTaylor's(school).●d)whenthemissingnounreferstocommercialfirms:Pickledvegetablesareavailableatthegrocer's.ChinesetoysaresoldbothatSmith'sandatBrown's.●4.4Doublegenitive双重属格Heisafriendofmyfather's.=Heisoneofmyfather'sfriends.Thisisapaintingofmyroommate's.=Thisisoneofthepaintingsownedbymyroommate.SheisabusinessclientofSirRoger's.=SheisoneofSirRoger'sbusinessclients.●Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanseethattheindependentgenitive独立属格intheof-phrasemustbedefinitespecificpersonalreference确定特指的，一般指人.●Semantically,adoublegenitiveisdifferentfromanordinaryof-phrase.Compare:●Heis