语言学导论课后习题答案

Chapter4Morphology

Whatismorphology?

Thetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalledthelexicon.

Wordsarethesmallestfreeunitsoflanguagethatunitesoundswithmeaning.

Morphologyisdefinedasthestudyoftheinternalstructureandtheformationofwords.

Morphemesandallomorphs

Thesmallestmeaningfiilunitoflanguageiscalledamorpheme.

Amorphememayberepresentedbydifferentforms,calledallomorphs.

“zero"formofamorphemeandsuppletives

Somecountablenounsdonotchangefonntoexpressplurality.Similarly,someregularverbs

donotchangeformtoindicatepasttense.Inthesetwocases,thenounorverbcontainstwo

morphemes,amongwhichthereisone“zerofbrm“ofamorpheme.

Someverbshaveirregularchangeswhentheyareinpasttense.Inthiscase,theverbsalsohave

twomorphemes.Wordswhicharenotrelatedinformtoindicategrammaticalcontrastwiththeir

rootsarecalledsuppletives.

Freeandboundmorphemes

Somemorphemesconstitutewordsbythemselves.Thesemorphemesarecalledfree

morphemes.

Othermorphemesareneverusedindependentlyinspeechandwriting.Theyarealways

attachedtofreemorphemestoformnewwords.Thesemorphemesarecalledboundmorphemes.

Thedistinctionbetweenafreemorphemesandaboundmorphemeiswhetheritcanbeused

independentlyinspeechorwriting.

Freemorphemesaretherootsofwords,whileboundmorphemesaretheaffixes(prefixesand

suffixes).

Inflexionalandderivationalmorphemes

InflexionalmorphemesinmodemEnglishindicatecaseandnumberofnouns,tenseandaspect

ofverbs,anddegreeofadjectivesandadverbs.

Derivationalmorphemesareboundmorphemesaddedtoexistingformstoconstructnew

words.

Englishaffixesaredividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

Somelanguageshaveinfixes,boundmorphemeswhichareinsertedintoothermorphemes.

Theprocessofputtingaffixestoexistingformstocreatenewwordsiscalledderivation.Words

thusformedarecalledderivatives.

Conclusion:classificationofmorphemes

Morphemes

Freemorphemes

Boundmorphemes

Inflexional

Derivational:affixes

Prefixes:-s,-er,-est,-ing,-ed,-s

Suffixes

Formationofnewwords

Derivation

Derivationformsawordbyaddinganaffixtoafreemorpheme.

Sincederivationcanapplymorethanonce,itispossibletocreateaderivedwordwitha

numberofaffixes.Forexample,ifweaddaffixestothewordfriend,wecanformbefriend,

friendly,unfriendly,friendliness,unfriendliness,etc.Thisprocessofaddingmorethanoneaffixto

afreemorphemeistermedcomplexderivation.

Derivationdoesnotapplyfreelytoanywordofagivencategory.Generallyspeaking,affixes

cannotbeaddedtomorphemesofadifferentlanguageorigin.

Derivationisalsoconstrainedbyphonologicalfactors.

SomeEnglishsuffixesalsochangethewordstress.

Compounding

Compoundingisanothercommonwaytoformwords.Itisthecombinationoffreemorphemes.

ThemajorityofEnglishcompoundsarcthecombinationofwordsfromthethreeclasses-

nouns,verbsandadjectives-andfallintothethreeclasses.

Incompounds,therightmostmorphemedeterminesthepartofspeechoftheword.

Themeaningofcompoundsisnotalwaysthesumofmeaningofthecomponents.

Conversion

Conversionistheprocessputtinganexistingwordofoneclassintoanotherclass.

Conversionisusuallyfoundinwordscontainingonemorpheme.

Clipping

Clippingisaprocessthatshortensapolysyllabicwordbydeletingoneormoresyllables.

ClippedwordsareinitiallyusedinspokenEnglishoninformaloccasions.

Someclippedwordshavebecomewidelyaccepted,andareusedeveninformalstyles.For

example,thewordsbus(omnibus),vet(veterinarian),gym(gymnasium),fridge(refrigerator)and

fax(facsimile)arerarelyusedintheircompletefbnn.

Blending

Blendingisaprocessthatcreatesnewwordsbyputtingtogethernon-morphemicpartsof

existingwords.Forexample,smog(smoke+frog),brunch(amealinthemiddleofmorning,

replacingbothbreakfastandlunch),motel(motor+hotel).Thereisalsoaninterestingwordinthe

textbookforjuniormiddleschoolstudents-"plike”(akindofmachinethatislikebothaplane

andabike).

Back-formation

Back-fbrmationistheprocessthatcreatesanewwordbydroppingarealorsupposedsuffix.

Forexample,thewordteleviseisback-formedfromtelevision.Originally,thewordtelevisionis

formedbyputtingtheprefixtele-(far)totherootvision(viewing).Atthesametime,thereisa

suffix-sioninEnglishindicatingnouns.Thenpeopleconsiderthe-sioninthewordtelevisionas

thatsuffixanddropittofbnntheverbtelevise.

Acronymsandabbreviations

Acronymsandabbreviationsareformedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofallwordsina

phraseortitle.

Acronymscanbereadasawordandareusuallylongerthanabbreviations,whichareread

letterbyletter.

Thistypeofwordformationiscommoninnamesoforganizationsandscientificterminology.

Eponyms

Eponymsarewordsthatoriginatefrompropernamesofindividualsorplaces.Forexample,the

wordsandwichisacommonnounoriginatingfromthefourthEarlofSandwich,whoputhisfood

betweentwoslicesofbreadsothathecouldeatwhilegambling.

Coinage

Coinageisaprocessofinventingwordsnotbasedonexistingmorphemes.

Thiswayofwordformationisespeciallycommonincaseswhereindustryrequiresawordfor

anewproduct.Forexample,KodakandCoca-cola.

Formoredetailedexplanationtothewaysofwordformation,seemynotesofPracticalEnglish

Grammar.

Chapter3Phonology

Whatisphonology?

Phonologyisthestudyofsoundsystemsandpatterns.

Phonologyandphoneticsaretwostudiesdifferentinperspectives,whichareconcernedwith

thestudyofspeechsounds.

Phonologyfocusesonthreefundamentalquestions.

Whatsoundsmakeupthelistofsoundsthatcandistinguishmeaninginaparticularlanguage?

Whatsoundsvaryinwhatwaysinwhatcontext?

Whatsoundscanappeartogetherinasequenceinaparticularlanguage?

Phonemesandallophones

Aphonemeisadistinctive,abstractsoundunitwithadistinctivefeature.

Thevariantsofaphonemearetermedallophones.

Weuseallophonestorealizephonemes.

Discoveringphonemes

Contrastivedistribution-phonemes

Ifsoundsappearinthesameenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincontrastivedistribution.

Typicalcontrastivedistributionofsoundsisfoundinminimalpairsandminimalsets.

Aminimalpairconsistsoftwowordsthatdifferbyonlyonesoundinthesameposition.

Minimalsetsaremorethantwowordsthataredistinguishedbyonesegmentinthesame

position.

TheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheconsonantsandvowelsrepresentedbytheEnglishphonetic

alphabetareincontrastivedistribution.

SomesoundscanhardlybefoundincontrastivedistributioninEnglish.However,thesesounds

aredistinctiveintermsofphoneticfeatures.Therefore,theyareseparatephonemes.

Complementarydistribution-allophones

Soundsthatarenotfoundinthesamepositionaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

Ifsegmentsareincomplementarydistributionandshareanumberoffeatures,theyare

allophonesofthesamephoneme.

Freevariation

Ifsegmentsappearinthesamepositionbutthemutualsubstitutiondoesnotresultinchangeof

meaning,theyarcsaidtobeinfreevariation.

Distinctiveandnon-distinctivefeatures

Featuresthatdistinguishmeaningarecalleddistinctivefeatures,andfeaturesdonot,

non-distinctivefeatures.

Distinctivefeaturesinonelanguagemaybenon-distinctiveinanother.

Phonologicalrules

Phonemesareabstractsoundunitsstoredinthemind,whileallophonesaretheactual

pronunciationsinspeech.

Whatphonemeisrealizedbywhatallophonesinwhatspecificcontextisanothermajor

questioninphonology.

Theregularitiesthatwhatsoundsvaryinwhatwaysinwhatcontextaregeneralizedandstated

inphonologyasrules.

TherearemanyphonologicalrulesinEnglish.Takethefollowingonesasexamples.

[+voiced+consonant]-[-voiced]/[-voiced+consonant]_

[-voiced+bilabial+stop]一unaspirated/[-voiced+alveoiar+fricative]_

Syllablestructure

Asyllableisaphonologicalunitthatiscomposedofoneormorephonemes.

Everysyllablehasanucleus,whichisusuallyavowel.

Thenucleusmaybeprecededbyoneormoreconsonantscalledtheonsetandfollowedbyone

ormoreconsonantscalledthecoda.

Sequenceofphonemes

Nativespeakersofanylanguageintuitivelyknowwhatsoundscanbeputtogether.

SomesequencesarenotpossibleinEnglish.Theimpossiblesequencesarecalledsystematic

gaps.

Sequencesthatarepossiblebutdonotoccuryetarecalledaccidentalgaps.

Whennewwordsarecoined,theymayfillsomeaccidentalgapsbuttheywillneverfill

systematicgaps.

Suprasegmcntalfeatures

Featuresthatarefoundoverasegmentorasequenceoftwoormoresegmentsarecalled

suprasegmentalfeatures.

Thesefeaturesaredistinctivefeatures.

Stress

Stressistheperceivedprominenceofoneormoresyllabicelementsoverothersinaword.

Stressisarelativenotion.Onlywordsthatarecomposedoftwoormoresyllableshavestress.

Ifawordhasthreeormoresyllables,thereisaprimarystressandasecondarystress.

Insomelanguageswordstressisfixed,i.e.onacertainsyllable.InEnglish,wordstressis

unpredictable.

Intonation

Whenwespeak,wechangethepitchofourvoicetoexpressideas.

Intonationisthevariationofpitchtodistinguishutterancemeaning.

Thesamesentenceutteredwithdifferentintonationmayexpressdifferentattitudeofthe

speaker.

InEnglish,therearethreebasicintonationpatterns:fall,rise,fall-rise.

Tone

Toneisthevariationofpitchtodistinguishwords.

Thesamesequenceofsegmentscanbedifferentwordsifutteredwithdifferenttones.

Chineseisatypicaltonelanguage.

Chapter2Phonetics

Whatisphonetics?

Phoneticsistermedasthestudyofspeechsounds.

Sub-branchesofphonetics

Articulatoryphonetics-theproductionofspeechsounds

Acousticphonetics-thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds

Auditoryphonetics-theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds

Thespeechorgans

Wheredoestheairstreamcomefrom?

Fromthelung

Whatisthefunctionofvocalcords?

Controllingtheairstream

Whatarethecavities?

Oralcavity

Pharyngealcavity

Nasalcavity

Transcriptionofspeechsounds

Unitsofrepresentation

Segments(theindividualsounds)

Phoneticsymbols

ThewidelyusedsymbolsforphonetictranscriptionofspeechsoundsistheInternational

PhoneticAlphabet(IPA).

TheIPAattemptstorepresenteachsoundofhumanspeechwithasinglesymbolandthe

symbolsarcenclosedinbrackets[]todistinguishphonetictranscriptionsfromthespellingsystem

ofalanguage.

Inmoredetailedtranscription(narrowtranscription)asoundmaybetranscribedwithasymbol

towhichasmallerisaddedinordertomarkthefinerdistinctions.

Descriptionofspeechsounds

DescriptionofEnglishconsonants

Generalfeature:obstruction

Criteriaofconsonantdescription

Placesofarticulation

Mannersofarticulation

Voicingofarticulation

Placesofarticulation

Thisreferstoeachpointatwhichtheairstreamcanbemodifiedtoproduceasound.

Bilabial:[p][b][m][w]

Labiodental:[f][v]

Interdental:[][]

Alveolar:[t][d][s][z][1][n][r]

Palatal:[][][t][d]U]

Velar:[k][g][]

Glottal:[h]

Mannersofarticulation

Thisreferstohowtheairstreamismodified,whetheritiscompletelyblockedorpartially

obstructed.

Stops:[p][b][t][d][k][g]

Fricatives:[s][z][][][f][v][][][h]

Affricates:[t][d]

Liquids:[1][r]

Glides:[w][j]

Nasals:[m][n][]

Voicingofarticulation

Thisreferstothevibratingofthevocalcordswhensoundsareproduced.

Voicedsounds

Voicelesssounds

DescriptionofEnglishvowels

Generalfeature:withoutobstruction

Criteriaofvoweldescription

Partofthetonguethatisraised

Front

Central

Back

Extenttowhichthetonguerisesinthedirectionofthepalate

High

Mid

Low

Kindofopeningmadeatthelips

Positionofthesoftpalate

Singlevowels(monophthongs)anddiphthongs

Phoneticfeaturesandnaturalclasses

Classesofsoundsthatshareafeatureorfeaturesarecallednaturalclasses.

Majorclassfeaturescanspecifysegmentsacrosstheconsonant-vowelboundary.

Classificationofsegmentsbyfeaturesisthebasisonwhichvariationsofsoundscanbe

analyzed.

第三章“词汇”问题和练习

1.解释下列术语

语素复合词

屈折变化词缀

派生词词根

语素变体词干

粘着语素自由语素

词位词汇

语法词词汇词

封闭类开放类

混成法借词

混合借词转移借词

缩略语脱落

逆构词法同化

异化俗词源

2.给卜列词加上适当的否定前缀

a.removablem.syllabic

b.formaln.normal

c.practicableo.workable

d.sensiblep.written

e.tangibleq.usual

f.logicalr.thinkable

g.regulars.human

h.proportionatet.relevant

i.effectiveu.editable

j.elasticv.mobile

k.ductivew.legal

1.rationalx.discreet

3.语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。那么语素是语法概念还是语义概念？它

跟单位是什么关系？语素和音位能够构成一个有机整体吗？

4.阅读下面一段话，列出所有能找到的功能词。(包括be的所有形式，都看作功能词)

并给出这段话中功能词的百分比。

Shewasasmallwoman,oldandwrinkled.Whenshestartedwashingforus,shewas

alreadypastseventy.MostJewishwomenofherageweresickly,weak,brokeninbody.Butthis

washwoman,smallandthinasshewas,possessedastrengththatcamefromgenerationofpeasant

ancestors.Motherwouldcountouttoherabagoflaundrythathadaccumulatedoverseveral

weeks.Shewouldlifttheheavybag,loaditonhernarrowshoulders,andcarryitthelongway

home.

5.”完全由两个或更多的较小形式构成的自由形式是词组。不是词组的自山形式是词。

那么，词……是最小的自由形式。"(布龙菲尔德，1935：178)

回答下面的问题：

(a)"词"这个术语是有歧义的。布龙菲尔德的定义想要涵盖哪一种词？

(b)英语中有没有传统认为是词(在"词"的合适意义上)却不能满足布龙菲尔德定义

的词？

(c)词的定义中还用到了哪些其他的标准？

6.找出下列混合词的来源。假如词典中没有提供答案，请根据自己的理解来判断。

(a)bash;(b)smash;(c)glimmer;(d)flimmer;(e)clash;(f)flare;(g)brunch;(h)motel;(i)

transistor;(j)medicare;(k)workaholic;(1)spam;(m)telethon;(n)aerobicise;(o)chunnel;(p)

chortle;(q)bit;(r)modem;(s)guestimate;(t)threepeat.

7.确定第一栏中词的正确历史语源，并在第二栏或第三栏中选出正确的解释。

栏1栏2栏3

(a)hangnailachingnailhangingnail

(b)femaleamale'scompanionlittlewoman

(c)crayfishcrawlingfishcrab

(d)shamefacedfacereflectingshameboundbyshame

(e)Jordanalmondimportedalmondgardenalmond

(f)sparrowgrassagenusofherbsbirdnestingingrass

(g)belfrebelltowerbell

(h)bridegroomawomanisjustoramanisjust,orabout

abouttobemarriedtobemarried

(i)muskratalargerat-likeanimalalargemuskdeer

(Algonquian:musquash)

(j)woodchuckanorthAmericangoatanorthAmerican

(Algonquian:otchek)marmot

8.从下面的逆构词确定本来项目的形式。

(a)asset:

(b)burgle:

(c)enthuse:

(d)greed:

(e)hush:

(f)automate:

(g)donate:

(h)escalate:

(i)homesick:

(j)peddle:

(k)diagnose:

(1)tuit:_____

(m)amusing:

(n)loaf:

(o)self-destruct：

(p)attrit:

(q)hairdress:

(r)emote:

(s)drowse:

(t)frivol:

9,确定下列词语的直接语源。(例如，“meaning”的直接语源是法语，尽管它更远的来

源是拉丁语。)

(a)air:____

(b)barbecue:

(c)bungalow:

(d)cola:

(e)gusto:

(f)Babel:

(g)buffalo:

(h)cocoa:

(i)costume:

(j)ill：______

(k)mule:

(1)decreed:

(m)revolution:

(n)benevolent:

(o)lie:_____

(p)topic:

(q)subject:

(r)theme:

(s)wind:

(t)datum:

10.把下列词语进行分类，分出借词(LW)、混合借词(LB)、转移借词(LS)、翻译

借词(LT)：

boobytrap,coconut,loanword,monk,firewater,freeverse,warpaint,yankee.

11.如果有两个词缀・ly,一个生成形容词，另一个附在形容词后生成副词，我们能找

到同时包含这两个词缀的词吗？

12.从下列词语中列出后面能加・s的名词。

epiphany,foot,hat,house,kitchen,ox,phenomenon,region,sheep,tomato

13.有没有这样的词缀，能附加在动词后面，不会产生或没有很特殊的意义，而且不

会改变动词的类别？

2.

a.irremovablem.dissyllabic

b.informaln.abnormal

c.impracticableo.unworkable

d.insensiblep.unwritten

e.intangibleq.unusual

f.illogicalr.unthinkable

g.iiTegulars.inhuman

h.disproportionatet.irrelevant

i.ineffectiveu.uneditable

j.inelasticv.immobile

k.inductivew.illegal

1.irrationalx.indiscreet

3.既然把语素定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位，那么它同时涉及了语言单位的语法方面

和语义方面。一个语素可能就是一个音位，如I(我)；但是一个语素通常不是一个音位，

如pig(猪)，整个单词是一个语素，也就是说pig是具独立的自山语素，但是音位是/p/,/V和

/g/。

4.这段话中包含的功能词有：she,was,a,and,when,she,for,she,was,past,of,her,were,in,

but,this,and,as,she,a,that,from,of,would,to,her,a,of,that,had,over,she,would,the,it,on,

her,and,it和the。整段文章共有85个单诩词。其中功能词有40个。所以功能词在这段文章

中所占的比例是40/85-47%

5.(a)布龙菲尔德想把book,books,或者do,does,did,done这样的同自主理成同一个词的不

同形式，而不是看作不同的词。但另一方面，他又主张把JohiTshat中的Johnl当作一个词。

同样theboy，s(hat)也只是一个词。由此我们可以看出布龙菲尔德对词的定义，是想要用同样

的标准来涵盖不同的语言单位。

(b)像和这样的语法冠词，传统认为是跟所修饰的中心语不同的词。但是布龙菲尔德不这

样看，具体观点参看(a)o

(c)因此，在定义词的范围时，还考虑了语法标准。例如，thekingofEnglands或者theman

Isawyesterday这样一些用作前修饰的成分，布龙菲尔德把它们作为独立的长词处理。其实

这种修饰词，是降级短语，根本就是不词。

6.

(a)bash：(b)at+m(ash)

(b)smash:(sm)ack+m(ash)

(c)glimmer:(g)leam+sh(immer)

(e)clash:(cl)ap+cr(ash)

(f)flarc:(fl)ame+gl(iminer)

(g)brunch:(br)eakfast+l(unch)

(h)motel:(mo)tor+ho(tel)

(i)transistor:(trans)fer+res(ister)

(j)medicare:(medi)cal+(care)

(k)workaholic:(work)+alco(holic)

(I)spam:(sp)iced+h(am)

(m)telethon:(tele)phone+mara(thon)

(n)aerobicise:(aerobi)cs+exer(cise)

(o)chunnel:(ch)uckle+sn(ort)

(p)chortle:(ch)uckle+sn(ort)

(q)bit:(b)inary+dig(it)

(r)modem:(ino)dulator+(dem)odulator

(s)guestimate:(guess)+es(timate)

(t)threepeat:(three)+re(peat)

7,确定第一栏中词的正确历史语源，并在第二栏或第三栏中划出正确的单词。

(a)hangnail(由agnail,angnail变化而来)achingnail

(b)female(匚口古英语：femel,femelie)amalerscompanion

(c)(中古英语：jardinalmande)gardenalmond

(d)shamefaced(iJjasparagus变化而来)boundbyshame

(e)Jordanalmond(中古英语：jardinalmandegardenalmond

(f)sparrowgrass(山asparagus变化而来)agenusofherbs

(g)belfre(中古英语：berfrey)belltower

(h)bridegroom(中古英语：bridegome)amanisjust,orabouttobemarried

(i)muskrat(阿尔冈琴语系:musquash)alargerat-likeanimal

(j)woodchuck(阿尔冈琴语系：otchek)anorthAmericanmarmot

8.(a)asset:(assets)

(b)burgle:(burglar)

(c)enthuse:(enthusiasm)

(d)greed:(greedy)

(e)hush:(husht)

(f)automate:(automation)

(g)donate:(donation)

(h)escalate:(escalator)

(i)homesick:(homesickness)

(j)peddle:(peddler)

(k)diagnose:(diagnosis)

(1)tuit:(intuition)

(m)amusing:(amuse)

(n)loaf:(loafer)

(o)selMestruct：(seli-destruction)

(p)attrit:(attrition)

(q)hairdress:(hairdresser)

(r)emote:(emotion)

(s)drowse:(drowsy)

(t)frivol:(frivolous)

9.(a)air:中世纪英语

(b)barbecue:美洲西班牙

(c)bungalow:北印度语

(d)cola:源自非洲语言

(e)gusto:西班牙语

(f)Babel:圣经

(g)buffalo:意大利语

(h)cocoa:西班牙语

(i)costume:法语

(j)ill：中世纪英语

(k)mule:中世纪英语

(1)decreed:拉丁语

(m)revolution:中世纪英语

(n)benevolent:中世纪英语

(o)lie:中世纪英语

(p)topic:拉丁语

(q)subject:中世纪英语

(r)theme:中世纪英语

⑸wind:中世纪英语

⑴datum:拉丁语

10.借词混合借词转移借词翻译借词

monkboobytrapyankeefirewater

loanwordcoconutfreeverse

warpaint

11.不能。

*friendilily*timelily*ghostlily

13.-ed表示一般过去时：Hewalkedhome.

-s表示一般现在时:Hewalkshome.

-ing表示进行体：Heiswalkinghome.

.名词解释

概念意义外延内涵指称

涵义同义关系互补反义关系等级反义关系

反向反义关系关系对立上下义关系上坐标词

语义成分复合性选择限制命题逻辑

命题谓词逻辑

2.下面这段话选自Lewiscarroll的ThroughtheLookingGlass,讨论其中mean一1词的

意义。

"Don'tstandchatteringtoyourselflikethat/HumptyDumptysaid,lookingatherfbrthe

firsttime,nbuttellmeyournameandyourbusiness.0

"MynameisAlice,but-”

"It'sastupidnameenough!MHumptyDumptyinterruptedimpatiently."Whatdoseit

mean?”

"Mustanamemeansomething?"Aliceaskeddoubtfully.

"OfcourseItmust,nHumptyDumptysaidwithashortlaugh:"mynamemeanstheshapeI

am-andahandsomeshapeitis,too.Withanamelikeyours,youmightbeanyshape,almost.n

3.从语义学角度，特别是从涵义关系角度，分析下面这首诗。

Coloured

DearWhiteFellaYouWhiteFella

Couplethingsyoushouldknow-Whenyoubom,youpink

WhenIborn,IblackWhenyougrowup,youwhite

WhenIgrowup,IblackWhenyougoinsun,youred

WhenIgoinsun,IblackWhenyoucold,youblue

WhenIcold,IblackWhenyouscared,youyellow

WhenIscared,IblackWhenyousick,yougreen

WhenIsick,IblackAndwhenyoudieyougrey

AndwhenIdie-IstillblackAndyouhavethecheek

Tocallmecoloured?

4.有人主张没有真正的同义词。如果两词意义的确相同，那么其中一个终将消亡。人

们常引的一个例子是单词"wireless”的废弃，它被“radio”所取代。你同意这种看法吗？一般地

看，当我们说两词互为同义词时，是指的哪种意义类型？

5.本文没有提及"friendly：unfriendly,1,"honest：dishonest0,"normal：abnormal”，

"frequent：infrequent"，"logical：illogical"和"responsible：irresponsible”这样的反义词。它

们属于哪种反义关系？

6.英国语言学家F.R.Palmer在他的Semantics(《语义学》)(p.97)一书中指出，

”在［等级反义关系和互补反义关系］之间没有绝对的区分。有时我们可以把male/female,

married/single,alive/dead看作等级反义词，某人可能verymale(很男性化)或者more

married(更像—婚的)，而且当然可能moredeadthanalive.”试评论此观点。

7.姜望琪(1991：79)称”在某种程度上，我们可以说任何两个同词性的词都可能成

为反义词，只要这两个词之间的意义差别在该上下文正好是需要强调的这一点。”他用的两

个例句如下所示。你怎么看待这一观点？

Youhavetopeelarawpotatobutyoucanskinaboiledone.

He'snostatesman,butamerepolitician.

8.把下面的逻辑式翻译成英语。其中a=Ann,b=Bill,c=Carol,L=like,M=mother,

x和y是变项，可根据量词的不同译为”someone"，“anyone”或“everyone”。

(a)M(a,b)

(b)L(b,c)&L(c,b)

(c)L(a,b)&〜L(a,c)

(d)［反E］x(L(x,b))

(e)〜［倒A］x(L(x,c))

(f)〜［反E］x(［倒A］y(L(y,x)))

2.文中"意义"(mean)表币"所指"(referto),这是它在"指称论"中所用的意义。

3.这首诗涉及单词"coloured"的意义。作者巧妙地利用了它“不同的颜色"这一意义来反对把

黑人称为"有色人种"。这也从另一角度表明,"coloured"不是"red"(红色的)、"green"(绿色

的)、""yellow(黄色的)等词的上坐标词。

4.没有绝对的同义词，这一看法是正确的。当人们说两词同义时，通常是指它们有相同的

概念意义。

5.从词源上讲，这些反义词可能都是互补的。但是实际上，其中有些现在是等级的，特别

是"friendly：unfriendly。

6.对语言学初学者讲等级反义关系和互补反义关系之间的区分是相对的，这一做法不可取。

表达式"moredeadthanally,，并个是真正的比较级。

7.这一看法是有道理的。

8.

(a)AnnisBill'smother.

(b)BilllovesCaroLandCarollovesBill.

(c)AnnlovesBill,butAnndoesn'tloveCarol.

(d)SomeonelovesBill.

(e)NoteveryonelovesCarol.

(f)Thereisnoonewhoislovedbyeveryone.

3第三章“词汇”问题和练习

1.解释下列术语

语素复合词

屈折变化词缀

派生词词根

语素变体词干

粘着语素自山语素

词位词汇

语法词词汇词

封闭类开放类

混成法借词

混合借词转移借词

缩略语脱落

逆构词法同化

异化俗词源

2,给下列词加上适当的否定前缀

a.removablem.syllabic

b.formaln.normal

c.practicableo.workable

d.sensiblep.written

e.tangibleq.usual

f.logicalr.thinkable

g.regulars.human

h.proportionatet.relevant

i.effectiveu.editable

j.elasticv.mobile

k.ductivew.legal

1.rationalx.discreet

3.语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。那么语素是语法概念还是语义概念？它

跟单位是什么关系？语素和音位能够构成•个有机整体吗？

4.阅读卜一面•段话，列出所有能找到的功能词。(包括be的所有形式，都看作功能词)

并给出这段话中功能词的百分比。

Shewasasmallwoman,oldandwrinkled.Whenshestartedwashingforus,shewas

alreadypastseventy.MostJewishwomenofherageweresickly,weak,brokeninbody.Butthis

washwoman,smallandthinasshewas,possessedastrengththatcamefromgenerationofpeasant

ancestors.Motherwouldcountouttoherabagoflaundiythathadaccumulatedoverseveral

weeks.Shewouldlifttheheavybag,loaditonhernarrowshoulders,andcarryitthelongway

home.

5.”完全由两个或更多的较小形式构成的自由形式是词组。不是词组的自由形式是词。

那么，词……是最小的自由形式。”(布龙菲尔德，1935：】78)

回答下面的问题：

(a)"词"这个术语是有歧义的。布龙菲尔德的定义想要涵盖哪一种词？

(b)英语中有没有传统认为是词(在"词"的合适意义上)却不能满足布龙菲尔德定义

的同？

(c)词的定义中还用到了哪些其他的标准？

6.找出下列混合词的来源。假如词典中没有提供答案，请根据自己的理解来判断。

(a)bash;(b)smash;(c)glimmer;(d)fliminer;(e)clash;(f)flare;(g)brunch;(h)motel;(i)

transistor;(j)medicare;(k)workaholic;(1)spam;(m)telethon;(n)aerobicise;(o)channel;(p)

chortle;(q)bit;(r)modem;(s)guestimate;(t)threepcat.

7.确定第一栏中词的正确历史语源，并在第二栏或第三栏中选出正确的解释。

栏1栏2栏3

(a)hangnailachingnailhangingnail

(b)femaleamale'scompanionlittlewoman

(c)crayfishcrawlingfishcrab

(d)shamefacedfacereflectingshameboundbyshame

(e)Jordanalmondimportedalmondgardenalmond

(f)sparrowgrassagenusofherbsbirdnestingingrass

(g)belfrebelltowerbell

(h)bridegroomawomanisjustoramanisjust,orabout

abouttobemarriedtobemarried

(i)muskratalargerat-likeanimalalargemuskdeer

(Algonquian:musquash)

(j)woodchuckanorthAmericangoatanorthAmerican

(Algonquian:otchek)marmot

8.从下面的逆构词确定本来项目的形式。

(a)asset: