unit-5-Why-nothing-works市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

Unit5Whynothingworks1/53I'vealwayswantedtoownandcontroltheprimarytechnologyineverythingwedo.

——SteveJobsDiscussion

Supposeyouroldmobilephoneisbroken.Repairingitcosts100yuanwhilepurchasinganewonecosts1,000yuan.Whatwillyoudo?2/531.Hasyourcellphone,yourcomputer,yourcamera,yourMP3orsomethingofthekindeverrefusedtowork?Whenthishappens,whatorwhomdoyouputtheblameon?Whatdoyounormallythinkisthecauseofthefailure?2.Manythingsthatusedtobemadebyhandarenowmanufacturedbymachine.Whichdoyouhavegreaterfaithin:hand-madeproductsormachine-madeproducts?Why?3/534/53EvidencefromTextPomoIndianbasketandEskimoskinboatQualityisnotdependentontechnologyalone.32Quality-controlinstrumentsneedmaintenance;gaugesgooutoforder;Xraysandlaserbeamsneedadjustment.Quality-controlgadgetsandsamplingaresubjecttoMurphy'sLaw.11IllustrationsorexamplesprovidedWhatisillustratedorexemplifiedPara.No.5/53management,theworkeronthefactoryfloor,theofficehelp,thesalespeoplevariousstagesinvolvedinproductionanddistributioninamodernsociety55pottery-making,basket-weaving,canoe-buildingcraftspecialtiesadoptedbydifferentmembersofthebandorvillage34Menmadetheirownspears,bowsandarrows,andprojectilepoints;womenwovetheirownbasketsand

…

orfiber.AndthewholePara.4Producersandconsumerswereeitheroneandthesameindividualorclosekinthatguaranteedthehighestdegreeofreliabilityanddurability.336/53EvidencefromText

Process:InPara.3Harrisemploysprocesstohelpexplaintheformationofsocialrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.The

step-by-stepexplanationmakesiteasyforthereadertofollowtheauthor'sflowofthoughts.

Contrast:Inthelasttwoparagraphs,Harrisemployscontrast.Thepurposeistorevealthewidedifferenceinthequalityofproductsmadebytheproducerforhimselforhiskin,andofthosemadeforunknownusers.Thiscontrastoccurringtowardstheendoftheessaynaturallyaddsemphasistothethesis.7/53Murphy'slawisanadage（格言）inWesternculturethatbroadlystates,"Iftherearetwoormorewaystodosomething,andoneofthosewayscanresultinacatastrophe,thensomeonewilldoit."假如有两种选择，其中一个将造成灾难，则必定有些人会作出这种选择.Itisalsocitedas:"Anythingthatcangowrongwillgowrong.";凡事只要有可能犯错，那就一定会犯错。Thesimilar"Whatevercangowrong,willgowrong,"or,"Whatevercangowrongwillgowrong,andattheworstpossibletime,intheworstpossibleway."8/53FOREXAMPLE.THEOLDSAYING:Ineverhadasliceofbreadparticularlylargeandwidethatdidnotfalluponthefloorandalwaysonthebutteredside.“面包落地时候，永远是抹牛油一面着地”Whenyouwasstandinginline,andyouwaswaitingimpatiently.Andthenyouchangedateam,intheend，youhasfoundoutthattheoriginalteamwasfaster.9/53SummaryOfMURPHY'SLAWS1.Nothingisaseasyasitlooks.任何事都没有表面看起来那么简单；2.Everythingtakeslongerthanyouthink.全部事都会比你预计时间长；3.Anythingthatcangowrongwillgowrong.会犯错事总会犯错；4.Everysolutionbreedsnewproblems.每一个处理方案都会带来新问题。10/53Attribute:Ifyouattributesomethingtoaneventorsituation,youthinkthatitwascausedbythateventorsituation.把…归因于;把…归咎于;Ifyouattributeaparticularqualityorfeaturetosomeoneorsomething,youthinkthattheyhavegotit.加于…;认为…为…全部Ifapieceofwriting,aworkofart,oraremarkisattributedtosomeone,peoplesaythattheywroteit,createdit,orsaidit.出自Womentendtoattributetheirsuccesstoexternalcausessuchasluck.Peoplewerebeginningtoattributesuperhumanqualitiestohim.This,andtheremainingpaintings,arenotattributedtoPicasso.

11/53the

savant

knownonlyasMurphySavant

isaFrenchwordinorigin,meaning"apersonofgreatknowledgeofsomesubject"or"amanofprofoundlearning."EdMurphy,anaircraftengineer(seethenextnote),isbynomeansasavantinthetruesenseoftheword.Butthelawheformulatesseemstobeuniversallytrue.Sotheauthorusestheterm

savantwhichismodifiedby"knownonlyasMurphy,"meaningthatthissavantisofahumbleorigin.12/53corollaryn.anidea,anargument,orafactthatnaturallyfollowssomethingelseCorollariestoMurphy'sLawsuggestthemselvesascluestotheshoddygoodsproblem.—FromMurphy'sLawwemayfindanswerstotheproblemofbadlymadegoods.13/53Murphy'sLawThisisahumorousmaximdeclaring,ingeneral,thatifanythingcangowrong,itwill.Thelaworiginatedin1949withCaptainEdMurphy,anaircraftengineer.Referringtoatechnician,hesaid,"Ifthereisanywaytodoitwrong,hewill."Theprojectmanager,GeorgeE.Nichols,assignedthename"Murphy'sLaw"tothatandsimilarstatements.

AdditionalformsofMurphy'sLawinclude"nothingisaseasyasitlooks"and"everythingtakeslongerthanyouthinkitwill".14/53untiladecentintervalhaselapseduntilasufficientlylongperiodoftimehaspassedThebasicmeaningof

decent

is"proper;sociallyacceptable,"e.g.decentbehaviour,decentclothing.Inthiscontext,adecentintervalsuggeststhattheamountoftimeshouldbelongenoughforpeopletoacceptasproper.Elapsev.Thiswordisusedtoindicatethepassingoftime.e.g.Threeweeks/Fourmonths/Twoyearshaveelapsed.15/53forestallv.preventordefeat(apersonorhisplans)byactingfirste.g.Beforehehadtimetoexplainwhatheproposedtodo,hisplanwasforestalled.Thepoliceforestalledtheburglar'sattempttobreakintothejeweller's.16/53commitmentn.theactofpledgingordevoting(oneself)toacourseofaction;(inthiscontext)obligationordeterminationtoforestallMurphy'sLawe.g.Theteacher'scommitment(responsibility)ismorethanimpartingknowledge.Apersonis

committed

ifhedevoteshimselftoacertaincause,e.g.acommittededucationist.Ifapersoncommitshimselftosomething,hepromisestogivehistime,moneyorloyaltytoaplan,action,cause,etc.e.g.Thegovernmenthascommitteditselftoincreasingbudgetforeducation.Theyarejustdatingeachother;theyhavenotyetcommittedthemselvestoarelationshipyet.

17/53thesehumaninputsitrefersto"intelligence,skillandcommitment"intheprecedingsentencescientificsamplingproceduresaprocesstoassessthequalityorcharacterofawholebyexaminationofasample;theprocessortechniqueofdeterminingthetraitsorattitudesofawholebycollectingandanalyzingdatafromarepresentativesegmentofit18/53subjecttoaffectedby;dependenton;governedorcontrolledbye.g.Pricesaresubjecttochange.

(affectedby)ThefundingissubjecttoapprovalbytheBoardofEducation.

(dependenton)Everycitizenissubjecttothelawofthecountry.(Everycitizenmustobeythelaw.)ViolatorsaresubjecttoaRMB100fine.

(Violatorsmustpaythefine.)19/53maintenancen.thewayofproducingmaterialgoods;theproductionofmaterialgoods;Themaintenanceofabuilding,vehicle,road,ormachineistheprocessofkeepingitingoodconditionbyregularlycheckingitandrepairingitwhennecessary.

/Maintenanceismoneythatsomeonegivesregularlytoanotherpersontopayforthethingsthatthepersonneeds.Thewindowhadbeenreplacedlastweekduringroutinemaintenance.Hehastopaymaintenancetohisex-wife.

20/531.WhatroledoesMurphy'sLawplayinHarris'swriting?(Para.1)Murphy'sLaw,whichseemstobeananswertothequestionposedbythetitle"WhyNothingWorks?",isinfactnoansweratall.Butitcallsthereader'sattentiontoaphenomenonsocommonthatitisoftentakenforgranted.ThusithelpsleadtowhatHarrisintendstodiscussinthispassage:Whatcausesthingstogowrongsoquickly?Canwedoanythingtopreventitfromhappening?21/532.

WhichsentenceinPara.1tellsusthatHarristhinksMurphy'sLawisirresistible?Thesentence"WhileMurphy'sLawcanneverbewhollydefeated,itseffectscanusuallybepostponed."tellsusthatHarristhinksthelawisirresistible.3.Explainthemeaningoftheword"inputs"asusedin"Ifthesehumaninputsareassistedby…”(Para.1)"Inputs",asthecompoundingindicates,means"whatisputin".Inthiscontext,thewordreferstotheeffortsmadeandresponsibilitytakenbyhumanbeings,tothe"intelligence,skill,andcommitment"theycontributetoproduction.22/53artifactn.anobjectthatismadebyman,suchasatooloradecoration,especiallyonethatisofhistoricalintereste.g.Variousartifactsofprehistorictimeswerediscoveredduringtheexcavation.23/53dispelv.remove(falsebelief,doubt,fear)byprovingthemwronge.g.Hisencouragingwordsdispelledallmydoubtsaboutmyowninability.Thedoctor'swordsdispelledmyfearsaboutthenatureofthetumor(肿瘤).24/53wehonorthelabel"handmade"weshowrespectfor/thinkmuchofthetagwhichsaysthatthearticleismadebyhanddwindlingbreedsofmodern-daycraftspeoplepresent-daycraftsmenwhoarebecomingfewerandfewerinnumber25/53Forwhatreason(s)doesHarristhinkthatpeoplenowadayshonourthelabel"handmade"?(Para.2)

Peoplehaveahighregardforhandmadeproductsnowadaysbecauseoftheirreliabilityinquality(andtheirassociationwithamorepersonalrelationshipbetweentheproducerandtheconsumer--Para.3).26/53ThePomoIndiansbelongtoaNorthAmericanIndiantribethatformsthesecondlargesttribalgroupinCalifornia,U.S.A.Thename"Pomo"comesfromasuffixthatthePomopeopleaddtomanywordsintheirlanguage.ThePomowomen'sfinebasketryistheartistictriumphofthepeople.Pomobasketryincludessmallmasterpiecesaswellaslarge,colourfullydecoratedcontainers,andisconsideredamongtheworld'sfinest.27/53Insummer,Eskimosusedtwokindsofboatsforhuntingandtravel.1.Thekayak(皮艇)wasdeckedoverexceptforamanholethataccommodatedoneperson.Suchcrafthadframesmadeofpiecesofdriftwoodboundtogether.Theframeswerecoveredwithdehairedsealskinssewnwithwaterproofstitching.2.Theumiak(木框皮艇)wasalarge,openboatmadebycoveringadriftwoodframewithsplitwalrushidesorsealskins.28/5329/53craftspecialtiesspecialkindsofhandicraftbarteranequalexchangeofgoodswithoutmoneyinvolvede.g.Wehadnomoneysowehadtolivebybarter.Chickens,goatsandrabbitswereofferedforbarteratthebazaar.30/531.Harristakeshisreadersthroughtwodevelopmentalstagesofwhathetermsas"prehistory"inPara.3.Whatarethey?Whatremainedunchangedinthesetwostages?

1)Peoplemadethingsforthemselvesandfortheirclosekin.2)Peopleobtainedmanyitemsthroughbarterandtrade.Theconnectionbetweentheproducerandtheconsumerremainedintimate,permanent,andcaring.31/53Parkaisatypeofheavyjacketwithahood,oftenlinedwithfurorfakefur,soastoprotectthefacefromacombinationoffreezingtemperaturesandwind.Thiskindofgarment,originallymadefromcaribouorsealwasinventedbytheCaribouInuit,Inuit(Eskimo)oftheArcticregion,whoneededclothingthatwouldprotectthemfromwindchillandwetnesswhilehuntingandkayaking.32/53thestateoftheartthelevelofdevelopment(asofadevice,procedure,process,technique,orscience)reachedatanyparticulartimeusuallyasaresultofmodernmethods33/53CanyouidentifythetopicsentenceofPara.4?Whatfunctiondoesthisparagraphperforminthepassage?

No.Notwithintheparagraph.Thewholeparagraphisanillustrationofthesortofintimaterelationshipbetweentheproducerandtheconsumermentionedinthepreviousparagraph.34/53massproductiontheproductionormanufactureofgoodsinlargequantitiesbymachinerymassmarketing

offeringtosellthingstoasmanypeopleaspossible35/53theintimatesentimentalandpersonalbondstheclose/familiaremotionalandperson-to-personrelationship/connectionwitherv.becomeweakerorshrinke.g.Plants,trees,flowersmayallwitheraway,andsomayone'shopes,whenonebecomeshopeless.36/53eachnewemployeecontributesadiminishedsharetotheoverallproductionprocesseachnewemployeebecomesmorespecialized,thusmorerestrictedinhisworktask,i.e.hedoesonlyaspecializedportioninthewholeproductionprocess37/53sabotagen.intentionaldamagetomachines,buildings,etc.carriedoutsecretlytoweakenagovernment,anenemy,orasaproteste.g.Allattemptsatsabotagemustbemercilesslycrushed.38/53HasHarrisimpliedorstatedexplicitlythecauseofshoddygoods?Whatisit?(Para.5)HehasstateditexplicitlyinPara.5—"…

becausetheintimatesentimentalandpersonalbondswhichoncemadeusresponsibletoeachotherandtoourproductshavewitheredaway."39/53OralWorkTherootoftheword"manufacture"

manu-

bearsthemeaning"ofhand,byhand",whichremindsusofatimewhenthingswerealmostallmadebyhand.Nowasaresultofmodernization,mass-productionandmass-marketinghavebecomethenorm.Somepeoplethinksuchamodernmodeofproductionistheguaranteeforthequalityofgoodsproducedwhileothersdisagree.Formtwogroupsholdingoppositeviewsconcerningtheissueandfindsupporttoyourview.40/53Exposition:CauseandEffectSignificance

Causeandeffectrelationshipsinvolveacrucialthinkingprocess.

Whenyousolvecauseandeffectproblems,youareputtingthingstogether.Youdon'tthinkofFactAandFactBseparately.YouthinkofthemasFactAandFactBtogether.Example

Considerthesetwostatements:1.Thewomandiedandthenherhusbanddied.2.Thewomandiedand,soonafter,herhusbanddiedofgrief.41/53Structure

Inthesecondstatement,thedeathofthewifeisthecause,andthedeathofthehusbandistheeffect.Thisisthesimplestandmostcommonexpressionofacauseandeffectrelationship.Ithastheseproperties:

1.Thecausecomesfirst.

2.Thetie-inofthecauseandtheeffectisstatedinobviousterms("ofgrief").

3.Thereareonecauseandoneeffect.Thedeathofthegrief-strickenhusbandoccurredsoonaftertheburialofhiswife.

Inthisstatement,theeffectcomesfirstandthecauseisfoundlater.Thisreversestheordermostfamiliartoourwayofthinkingaboutcauseandeffect.42/53WritingTechnique

Inwritinganexpositoryparagraphdevelopedbycauseandeffect,thereareatleastthreemethodsavailable:1.Oneeventleadstoanumberofresults.Lookatthefollowingoutlineforacause-and-effectparagraph:TopicSentence:Thefailureofelectricpowerinthecityhada

numberofinterestingconsequences.I.

Mobilitywascertainlyreduced.A.Surfacetransportationwasstrained.B.Verticaltransportation—thatis,elevators—ceased.II.Patiencewasnotonlyavirtuebutanecessityaswell.A.Peoplehadtolearntobepatientwiththesituation.B.Peoplelearnedthattheyhadtobenotonlypatientwith,buthelpfulto,oneanother.43/532.Anumberofcausesleadtoaneffect.Supposeyouwerereadytogotoclassonacertaindayandanumberofirritatingeventskeptyoufromit.Youcandescribethesituationbysayingthatanumberofreasons(causes)keptyou

fromclass(oneeffect).44/533.Oneeventcausesaneffect,butthateffectthenbecomesthecauseforalaterresult,andsoon.Thinkofthislittlepoem:Forwantofthenailtheshoewaslost;Forwantoftheshoethehorsewaslost;Forwantofthehorsetheriderwaslost;Forwantoftheriderthemessagewaslost;Forwantofmessagethebattlewaslost;Forwantofthebattlethewarwaslost.45/53

Indevelopingaparagraphofcauseandeffect,rememberthatitis

notenoughsimplytolistthecausesortheeffectsatrandom.Theymustbearrangedaccordingtoaplanandheldtogetherinaunifiedwhole.Also,mostexpositionreliesonanumberofdevelopingtechniques.Learntousenotcausesandeffectsalone,butcausesandeffectsassistedbyothermethodslikeexampleorcomparison.46/531.Wehave,formostofourlifetime,beenstrivinghardtopreventourthingsfrommalfunctioningorgettingbrokendownatleasttillafterarelativelylongerperiodoftheirapplication.2.ToavoidtheeffectofMurphy’sLaw,onecannotdependonspecialquality-controlinstrumentsandscientificsamplingproceduresonly,becausetheyarealsogovernedbythesamelaw.3.Machine-madeandhandmadebasketsorboatsalikemaysoonbebrokenwhenputtoapplicationbyaninattentiveandrecklessuser.4.Inlargercompanieswithamorerefinedwork-sharingsystem,relationsbetweenpeopletendtobelesssocaredfor,andMurphy’sLaw,therefore,islikelytobemoreapplicable.47/531.Theharshrealitytheycouldnotevadedispelledalltheirromantichopesforarosyfuture.2.Oursportsmeetwillbepostponedtonextweekbecauseoftheunpredictableweather.3.

Everyvisitortothisexhibitionmustshowhis/heridentitycardnomatterwhohe/sheis.4.Therenovationplanfortheoldcitycentreissubjecttotheapprovalofthemunicipalgovernment.5.Theexperienceofrepeatedsetbacksandfailuresdidnotwitherawayhishopes.6.E-mailissoquickandconvenientinsendingmessagesthatithasalreadyreplacedtraditionalmailservicetoalargeextent.7.ThesightoftheGreatWallevokedasenseofwonderin