历年大学英语四级真题(删减版)

大学英语四级真题2009年12月

PartIWriting

1.建设绿色校园很重要

2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……

3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)

SectionA

Infamilieswithtwoworkingparents,fathersmayhavemore

impactonachild'slanguagedevelopmentthanmothers,anewstudy

suggests.

Researchers(47)92familiesfrom11childcarecenters

beforetheirchildrenwereayearold,interviewingeachtoestablish

income,levelofeducationandchildcarearrangements.Overall,it

wasagroupofwell-educatedmiddle-classfamilies,withmarried

parentsbothlivinginthehome.

Whenthechildrenwere2,researchersvideotapedthemathome

infree-playsessionswithbothparents,(48)alloftheirspeech.

ThestudywillappearintheNovemberissueofTheJournalofApplied

DevelopmentalPsychology.

Thescientistsmeasuredthe(49)numberofutterances(话语)

oftheparents,thenumberofdifferentwordstheyused,the

complexityoftheirsentencesandother(50)oftheirspeech.On

average,fathersspokelessthanmothersdid,buttheydidnotdifferin

thelengthofutterancesorproportionofquestionsasked.

Finally,theresearchers(51)thechildren'sspeechatage3,

usingastandardizedlanguagetest.Theonlypredictorsofhighscores

onthetestwerethemother'slevelofeducation,the(52)ofchild

careandthenumberofdifferentwordsthefatherused.

Theresearchersare(53)whythefather'sspeech,andnotthe

mother's,hadaneffect.

"It'swell(54)thatthemother'slanguagedoeshavean

impact,"saidNadyaPancsofar,theleadauthorofthestudy.Itcould

bethatthehigh-functioningmothersinthestudyhad(55)hada

stronginfluenceontheirchildren'sspeechdevelopment,Ms.

Pancsofarsaid,"oritmaybethatmothersare(56)inawaywe

didn'tmeasureinthestudy."

A)alreadyB)analyzedC)aspects

D)characters

E)contributingF)describingG)established

H)quality

I)quotedJ)recordingK)recruited

L)total

M)unconsciousN)unsure0)yet

SectionB

Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthe

presidentialcandidatesandhowthey'llchangeAmerica.Rightlyso.

Butselfishly,I'mmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshe

mightbeabletodo,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasan

African-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewouldhave

theworld'sattention.Andthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewill

haveachancetogetupcloseandpersonalwiththetypeof

African-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.

Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.The

prevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe'reallhot-temperedsingle

motherswhocan'tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,

blackwomenstillcan'tescapethestereotypeofbeingeye-roiling,

oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)

mothers.

Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallblackwomenare

viewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheevergetsthechanceto

committoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermost

urgentandperhapsmostcomplicateddutymaybesimplytobe

herself.

Itwon'tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedone

in-depthfeaturesonregularAfricanAmericanwomen,littleisknown

aboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.

Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.

Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffans

whousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirstLady.Many

African-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey'dliketosee

MichellebringtotheWhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthata

blackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.

Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.But

formanyAfrican-Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise(沉

着)，confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchangingan

imagethat'sbeenaroundforfartoolong.

57>WhydoesMichelleObamaholdastrongfascinationfortheauthor?

A)SheservesasarolemodelforAfrican-Americawomen.

B)ShepossessesmanyadmirablequalitiesbecomingtheFirst

Lady.

C)ShewillpresenttotheworldanewimageofAfrican-America.

D)ShewillpaycloserattentiontotheinterestsofAfrican-America.

58、WhatisthecommonstereotypeofAfrican-Americanwomen

accordingtotheauthor?

A)Theyarevictimsoffamilyviolence.

B)Theyareofaninferiorsocialgroup.

C)Theyusequitealotofbodylanguage.

D)Theyliveoncharityandsocialwelfare.

59、WhatdomanyAfrican-Americanswriteaboutintheirblogs?

A)WhetherMichellecanliveuptothehighexpectationsofher

fans.

B)HowMichelleshouldbehaveasapublicfigure.

C)HowproudtheyaretohaveablackwomanintheWhiteHouse.

D)WhatMichelleshoulddoaswifeandmotherintheWhiteHouse.

60、WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutMichelleObamaasaFirstLady?

A)Howevermanyfansshehas,sheshouldremainmodest.

B)Sheshouldn'tdisappointtheAfrican-Americancommunity.

C)Howeverhardshetries,shecan'texpecttopleaseeverybody.

D)ShewillgiveprioritytoAfrican-Americanwomen'sconcerns.

61、WhatdomanyAfrican-AmericanwomenhopeMichelleObama

willdo?

A)Helpchangetheprevailingviewaboutblackwomen.

B)HelpherhusbandinthetaskofchangingAmerica.

C)OutshinepreviousFirstLadies.

D)Fullydisplayherfinequalities.

PassageTwo

Whennextyear'scropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxford

Universityinthefallof2009,they'llbejoinedbyanewface:Andrew

Hamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教务长)ofYale,who'llbecome

Oxford'svice-chancellor—apositionequivalenttouniversitypresident

inAmerica.

Hamiltonisn'ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.Schoolin

France,Egypt,Singapore,etc.havealsorecentlymadetop-levelhires

fromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitive

businessnowadays,andlikesomanybusiness,it'sgoneglobal.Yet

thetalentflowisn'tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtoheadin

onlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.

ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdon'ttendtoseriously

considerlookingabroad.Forexample,whentheboardofthe

UniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwanteda

leaderfamiliarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceofthe

university'sbudget,"Wedidn'tdoanyglobalconsideration,"says

PatriciaHayes,theboard'schair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruce

Benson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanandpoliticalactivist(活

动家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversity

presidents:fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmerican

thing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raising

abilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.

ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostly

dependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernmentsupporthas

failedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumbers.Thedeclinein

governmentsupporthasmadefundraisinganincreasinglynecessary

abilityamongadministrators,andhashiringcommitteeshungryfor

Americans.

Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhave

joinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridgeUniversityappointed

AlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,the

universitypubliclystressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen

(监督)"amajorstrengtheningofYale'sfinancialposition."

Ofcourse,fund-raisingisn'ttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.The

globalizationofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseeking

headswithinternationalexperienceofsomekindtopromote

internationalprogramsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreigners

canofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices.

62、Whatisthecurrenttrendinhighereducationdiscussedinthe

passage?

A)InstitutionsworldwidearehiringadministratorsfromtheII.S.

B)Alotofpoliticalactivistsarebeingrecruitedasadministrators.

C)Americanuniversitiesareenrollingmoreinternationalstudents.

D)Universitypresidentsarepayingmoreattentiontofund-raising.

63、WhatisthechiefconsiderationofAmericanuniversitieswhen

hiringtop-leveladministrator?

A)Theirpoliticalcorrectness.B)Theirabilityto

raisefunds.

C)Theirfameinacademiccircles.D)Their

administrativeexperience.

64、WhatdowelearnaboutEuropeanuniversitiesfromthepassage?

A)Thetuitionstheychargehavebeenrisingconsiderably.

B)Theiroperationisunderstrictgovernmentsupervision.

C)Theyarestrengtheningtheirpositionbyglobalization.

D)Mostoftheirrevenuescomefromthegovernment.

65、CambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichardasits

vice-chancellorchieflybecause.

A)shewasknowntobegoodatraisingmoney

B）shecouldhelpstrengthenitstieswithYale

C）sheknewhowtoattractstudentsoverseas

D）shehadboostedYale'sacademicstatus

66、Inwhatwaydotop-leveladministratorsfromabroadcontribute

touniversitydevelopment?

A）Theycanenhancetheuniversity'simage.

B）Theywillbringwiththemmoreinternationalfaculty.

C）Theywillviewalotofthingsfromanewperspective.

D）Theycansetupnewacademicdisciplines.

PartVITranslation

1、Youwouldnothavefailedif

（按照我的指令去做）.

2、Despitethehardship,heencountered,Mark

never（放弃对知识的追求）.

3、Scientistsagreethatitwillbealongtime

before______________________________（我们找至U治愈癌症的方法）.

4、Productionhastobeincreasedconsiderably

to______________________________（与消费者不断增长的需求保持同

步I

5、Themoreexerciseyou

take,（你越不大可能感冒）.

答案：

PartIWriting

CreatingaGreenCampus

Itisofgreatimportancetomakeandmaintainagreencampusin

ouruniversityorcollege.Obviously,agrowingnumberofpeopleare

beginningtorealizethatitisourdutytodothatinthepresentdays,

sincetheconceptof"agreenworld"hasbecomethefocusofthe

society.

Theideaof"agreencampus"isbeyondagreenenvironment.To

beginwith,thedevelopmentonthecampusistobesustainableand

recyclable.Someoftheauthorities'budgetshouldbeputonhowto

reducethewaste.What'smore,we'dbetterbeawareofthe

seriousnessofpollutionaroundus.Thustheideaofenvironmental

protectionmaybecomeacommonoccurrenceinourdailylife.

Itisnecessarythateffectiveactionsshouldbetakentoprotect

ourcampusfromwasteandpollution,andhencetheseactivitiesare

toplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Certainly,

thereislittledoubtthatfurtherconsiderationmustbepaidtoour

greencampuses.

［解析］本次写作试题要求对“创建绿色校园”进行阐述分析。这种题目沿袭了近几

年来四六级考试的作文题目主要围绕校园生活这--特点。写作提纲也跟以往相

似：先阐述现象，然后就此现象的产生原因或应对措施或危害进行分层次分析，

最后在第三段发表个人见解，一般是预测未来趋势或者进行呼吁。在第一部分中，

考生可以先描写创建绿色校园是非常重要的(Itisofgreatimportanceto

makeandmaintainagreencampusinouruniversityorcollege.),并

说明越来越多的人意识到了这一点；接着在第二段中阐述绿色校园的理念不仅仅

是指绿色的环境(Theideaof"agreencampus"isbeyondagreen

environment.)还指出学校的可持续发展(thedevelopmentonthe

campusistobesustainableandrecyclable),此段在进行问题阐述的时候

用了句型Tobeginwith...What'smore,..最后一段按照要求谈一谈对于创建

绿色环境我们应该做些什么。作者提出应该采取一些有效的措施来保护我们的校

园不被污染(Itisnecessarythateffectiveactionsshouldbetakento

protectourcampusfromwasteandpollution.),在未来也要对我们的绿

色校园有更多的思考(Certainly,thereislittledoubtthatfurther

considerationmustbepaidtoourgreencampuses.)o

关键词：agreencampus；greenenvironment；development；waste

andpollution；protect；effectiveactions

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)

SectionA

47、K动词。很明显空格处需要一个动词作谓语，根据全文的时态，此处的动

词应该是过去时，这句话的意思是“研究人员从11个育儿中心招募了92个家庭进

行配合研究”。但是在选项中却没有表达“招募”意思的词，然而换位思考一下，

如果我们是符合条件的家庭，可能会主动提出申请，参加这个研究项目，我们就

是被接纳的对象，选项中的recruited就含有这层含义，是“招募，招收，招生”

的意思，选项中的其他选项虽然形式符合，但意思不符。

48、J非谓语动词。前面说到当孩子两岁时，研究人员用摄像机拍摄下了他们和

父母在家自由玩耍时的影像，并记录下他们的话语。所以该空格的意思应该是“记

录”，但这里缺少一个分词短语作伴随状语，所以选项J最合适。

49、L形容词。这句话的意思是说“所有说的话都汜录下来了”。考的是形容词搭

配，thetotalnumberof意思是"所有的"。

50、C名词。承接上文.研究人员从不同角度研究获得的第一手资料］包括他

们所使用不同词汇的数量以及句子的复杂性等方方面面。aspects是“方方面面”

的意思。选项中的其他名词都不符合上下文的意思。

51、B动词。主语theresearchers后面缺少渭语动词，排除47题的答案K就

只有G)establishecT建立"，l)quoted"引用"和B)analyzed"分析"，这句话

的意思应该是“最后研究人员用标准的语言测试分析了孩子三岁时的话语”，所以

选项B正确。

52、H名词。前面提到了测试得高分数是跟母亲的教育程度有关，还跟孩子被

照顾的________有关，这里说的就是跟孩子被照顾得好坏程度有关，那也就是与

被照顾而量有关。所以H是正确答案。

53、N形容词。上文提到实验结果表明“父亲所说的话的影响力会更大一些”，

但实验者对此结果的态度也是“不确定的”，因为按常规来理解，可能母亲的影响

更大一些。这种不确定的原因，正是下文要分析的，所以N是正确答案。

54、G形容词。这句话的意思是说“母亲的语言的确有影响。”这道题的关键是

不要只把选项G理解成动词，除此之外还有形容词性，意思是“已经确立的”。

55、A副词。根据研究母亲确实会对孩子语言能力的发展产生影响，这句话表

示已经发生的，而且是一个肯定的语气状态，所以应该选A。

56、E非谓语动词。研究人员在此分析为什么是父亲而不是母亲对孩子语言的

影响更大，原因之一可能是她们起作用的方式是研究模式未涉及到的。

SectionB

PassageOne

57、C细节题。根据题目定位到文中第一段第三〜五句：I'mmorefascinated

byMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeabletodo,notjustforthis

country,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.Asthepotential

FirstLady,shewouldhavetheworld'sattention.Andthatmeansthat

forthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseand

personalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarely

see.（我更关注米歇尔•奥巴马和她可能做的事，不仅因为这个国家，更关心她

会为像我这样的非裔美国妇做些什么。作为可能成为第一夫人的人，她也许吸引

了世界的目光。这就意味着人们将第一次有机会近距离亲身接触非裔美国妇女，

这是他们平时很少能见到的。）可见作者最在意的是MichelleObama能为非

裔美国女性展示出一个新的形象。因此选C。

58、B细节题。根据题目定位到文中第二段第三句Evenintheworldof

make-believe,blackwomenstillcan'tescapethestereotypeofbeing

eye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic

mothers.（甚至在这个相信奇迹的世界上，黑人妇女仍然不能逃脱人们的偏见,

他们觉得我们是爱转动眼球的，由酗酒的单身母亲抚养长大的滥交的女人。）由

作者所列的各种形象不难看出非裔美国女性属于社会的底层群体。而选项A、C、

D在原文中均未提及。因此选B。

59、D细节题。根据题目定位到文中最后一一段第二句ManyAfrican-American

blogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey'dliketoseeMichellebringtothe

WhiteHouse—mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancan

supporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.（许多非裔美国人在博

客中写到他们想让米歇尔带给白宫的是让世界看到黑人妇女是能够支持她的丈

夫和撑起一个坚强的黑人家庭的。）此处主要体现的是她作为妻子和母亲的职责。

因此选D。

60、C细节题。根据题目定位到文中最后一段第三句Michellew川haveto

worktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.（米歇尔将不得不努力去取

悦所有人——一项不可能完成的任务。）而选项A、B、D在原文中均未提及。因

此选Co

61、A细节题。根据题目定位到文中最后一段最后一句Butformany

African—Americanwomenlikeme,justalittleofherpoise,confidence

andintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat'sbeen

aroundforfart。。long.（但是对于许多像我一样的非裔美国妇女来说，只要

能学习一点儿她的沉着、自信和机智，就能在改变人们根深蒂固的形象的道路上

迈进一大步。）选项B、C、D在原文中均未提及。因此选A。

PassageTwo

62、A细节题。根据题干定位到文章第二段最后一句；High-levelpersonnel

tendtoheadinonlyonedirection：outwardfromAmerica.（高级人员

趋于只朝一个方向发展——向美国之外。）选项B、C文中未提及。选项D中大

学校长对筹资更加重视，此项为美国大学一向的传统，不能称为currenttrend。

因此选Ao

63、B细节题。根据题干定位到文章第三段第四、五句：Theboardultimately

pickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanand

politicalactivistwhoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodern

universitypresidents：fund-raising.Fund-raisingisadistinctively

Americanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.（董事

会最终选择了BruceBenson,69岁的科罗拉多商人和政治活动家，他很有可

能完成现代大学校长的主要任务：集资。集资明显是一项具有美国特色的事情，

因为美国学校非常依赖捐款。）选项A、C、D文中未均直接提及。因此选B。

64、D细节题。根据题干定位到文章第四段第一句：ManyEuropean

universities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernment

funding.（同时许多欧洲的大学仍然主要依靠政府资金。）选项A、B、C文中

未均直接提及。因此选D。

65、A细节题。根据题干定位到文章第五段第二句：In2003,when

CambridgeUniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYale

provost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypubliclystressedthatin

herpreviousjobshehadoverseen'*amajorstrengtheningofYale's

financialposition.”（2003年，当剑桥大学酶用AlisonRichard,前耶鲁大

学的教务长，当副校长时，学校就公开声明在她以前的工作中她负责监督“加强

耶鲁的财政状况”。）选项B、C、D文中均未提及。因此选A。

66、C细节题。根据题干定位到文章最后一段第二、三句：Theglobalization

ofeducationmeansmoreuniversitieswillbeseekingheadswith

internationalexperienceofsomekindtopromoteinternational

programsandattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanoffera

freshperspectiveOnestablishedpractices.（教育的全球化意味着更多大

学需要找到具有国际经验的领导人，能够促进国际项目，并吸引全球的学生。在

现有做法的基础上外国人能提供独特的看法。）选项A“提高学校形象”；选项B“带

来更多外籍师资”；选项D“建立新的学术科目”；均不符合原文。因此选C。

PartVITranslation

1、youhadfollowedmyinstructions.（按照我的指令去做）

此句译为：如果你按照我的指令去做你就不会失败。本句考查：if引导的条件句

的虚拟语气的用法，此句为对过去事情的虚拟，即主句谓语形式用

would/should/might/couldhave+动词过去分词，if引导的从句用had+动

词过去分词。译为"如果…就…。followone'sinstructions"按照某人的指

令”。

例句：IfIhadseenthefilm,Iwouldhavetoldyouaboutit.我如

果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你的。IfIhadgotthereearlier,I

wouldhavemetMr.Li.如果我早点到那儿，我就会见到李先生了。

2、gaveuppursuingknowledge.（放弃对知识的追求）.

此句译为：尽管马克遇到了困难，但他从未放弃对知识的追求。本题考查：give

updoingsth."放弃做某事"，pursueknowledge"追求知识"。

例句：Hegaveupteachingonlytwoyearsago.两年前他才离开教

学工作的。Youmustn'tgiveupstudyingforeignlanguagesforevena

day.你们学习外语一天也不要中断。

3、wefindthemethodsofcuringcancers.(我们找到治愈癌症的方法).

此句译为：科学家们认为我们找到治愈癌症的方法还需要很长时间。本句考查：

findthemethodsofdoingsth."找到做某事的方法”。

例句：Youmustfindthemethodsoffinishingthetask.你必须找到

完成任务的方法。

4、keeppacewiththeconstantlyincreasingdemandsof

consumers.(与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步).

此句译为：产量将会大幅增加与消费者不断增长的需求保持同步。本句考查：

keeppacewith"跟上，与…同步，并驾齐驱"。

例句：IenjoymyjobinresearchbecauseIhavetokeeppacewith

allthelatestdevelopments.我喜欢我的研究工作，因为我得嗓跟上所有的

最新发展。

It'simportantforafirmtokeeppacewithchangesinthemarket.

对一个公司来说，能跟上市场的发展是很重要的。

Tomhastotakelongstepstokeeppacewithhisfather.汤姆须迈

大步才能跟上他的父亲。

5^thefewerchancesyouwillhaveofcatchingacold.(你越不大可能感

冒).

此句译为：你锻炼得越多，你越不大可能感冒。本句考查句型：the+比较级，

the+比较级。此句型表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，意为“越.…就越:'，

前者相当于一个条件句，因此，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。catchacold"

感冒”。

例句：ThebetterIknewhim,themoreIlikedhim.我越了解他就

越喜欢他。

Themoredifficultthequestionsare,thelesslikelyI'llbeableto

answerthem.题目越难我越答不出。

大学英语四级真题2010年06月

PartIWriting

1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写

2.出现这种现象的原因是……

3.为了改变这种状况，我认为……

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)

SectionA

Whenwethinkofgreenbuildings,wetendtothinkofnewones—the

kindofhigh-tech,solar-paneledmasterpiecesthatmakethecoversof

architecturemagazines.ButtheU.S.hasmorethan100million

existinghomes,anditwouldbe(47)wastefultotearthemall

downand(48)themwithgreenerversions.Anenormousamount

ofenergyandresourceswentintotheconstructionofthosehouses.

Anditwouldtakeanaverageof65yearsforthe(49)carbon

emissionsfromanewenergy-efficienthometomakeupforthe

resourceslostbydestroyinganoldone.Sointhebroadest(50),

thegreenesthomeistheonethathasalreadybeenbuilt.Butatthe

sametime,nearlyhalfofU.S.carbonemissionscomefromheating,

coolingand

(51)ourhomes,officesandotherbuildings."Youcan'tdealwith

climatechangewithoutdealingwithexistingbuildings,"saysRichard

Moe,thepresidentoftheNationalTrust.

Withsome(52),theoldesthomestendtobetheleast

energy-efficient.Housesbuiltbefore1939useabout50%more

energypersquarefootthanthosebuiltafter2000,mainlyduetothe

tinycracksandgapsthat(53)overtimeandletinmoreoutsideair.

Fortunately,therearea(54)numberofrelativelysimple

changesthatcangreenolderhomes,from(55)oneslikeLincoln's

Cottagetoyourownpostwarhome.Andefficiencyupgrades(升级)

cansavemorethanjusttheearth;theycanhelp(56)property

ownersfromrisingpowercosts.

A)accommodationsB)clumsyC)

doubtfullyD)exceptions

E)expandF)historicG)incredibly

H)powering

I)protectJ)reducedK)replace

L)sense

M)shiftedN)supplying0)vast

SectionB

PassageOne

Youneverseethem,butthey'rewithyoueverytimeyoufly.They

recordwhereyou'regoing,howfastyou'retravelingandwhether

everythingonyourairplaneisfunctioningnormally.Theirabilityto

withstandalmostanydisastermakesthemseemlikesomethingout

ofacomicbook.Theyareknownastheblackbox.

Whenplanesfallfromthesky,asaYemeniairlinerdidonitsway

totheComorosIslandsintheIndianOceanJune30,2009,theblack

boxisthebestbetforidentifyingwhatwentwrong.SowhenaFrench

submarine(潜水艇)detectedthedevice'shomingsignalfivedayslater,

thediscoverymarkedahugesteptowarddeterminingthecauseofa

tragedyinwhich152passengerswerekilled.

In1958,AustralianscientistDavidWarrendevelopeda

flight-memoryrecorderthatwouldtrackbasicinformationlike

altitudeanddirection.Thatwasthefirstmodelforablackbox,which

becamearequirementonallU.S.commercialflightsby1960.Early

modelsoftenfailedtowithstandcrashes,however,soin1965the

devicewascompletelyredesignedandmovedtotherearofthe

plane—thearealeastsubjecttoimpact—fromitsoriginalpositionin

thelandingwells(起落架舱).Thatsameyear,theFederalAviation

Authorityrequiredthattheboxes,whichwereneveractuallyblack,be

paintedorangeoryellowtoaidvisibility.

Modemairplaneshavetwoblackboxes:avoicerecorder,which

trackspilots'conversations,andaflight-datarecorder,which

monitorsfuellevels,enginenoisesandotheroperatingfunctionsthat

helpinvestigatorsreconstructtheaircraft'sfinalmoments.Placedin

aninsulated(隔绝的)caseandsurroundedbyquarter-inch-thick

panelsofstainlesssteel,theboxescanwithstandmassiveforceand

temperaturesupto2,000°EWhensubmerged,they'realsoableto

emitsignalsfromdepthsof20,000ft.Expertsbelievetheboxesfrom

AirFranceFlight447,whichcrashednearBrazilonJune1,2009,are

inwaternearlythatdeep,butstatisticssaythey'restilllikelytoturn

up.Intheapproximately20deep-seacrashesoverthepast30years,

onlyoneplane'sblackboxeswereneverrecovered.

57、Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheblackbox?

A)Itensuresthenormalfunctioningofanairplane.B)Theidea

foritsdesigncomesfromacomicbook.

C)Itsabilitytowardoffdisastersisincredible.D)Itisan

indispensabledeviceonanairplane.

58、Whatinformationcouldbefoundfromtheblackboxonthe

Yemeniairliner?

A)Dataforanalyzingthecauseofthecrash.B)Thetotal

numberofpassengersonboard.

C)Thesceneofthecrashandextentofthedamage.D)Homing

signalssentbythepilotbeforethecrash.

59、Whywastheblackboxredesignedin19657

A)Newmaterialsbecameavailablebythattime.B)Too

muchspacewasneededforitsinstallation.

C)Theearlymodelsoftengotdamagedinthecrash.D)The

earlymodelsdidn'tprovidetheneededdata.

60>whydidtheFederalAviationAuthorityrequiretheblackboxesbe

paintedorangeoryellow?

A)Todistinguishthemfromthecoloroftheplane.B)Tocaution

peopletohandlethemwithcare.

C)Tomakethemeasilyidentifiable.D)To

conformtointernationalstandards.

61、WhatdoweknowabouttheblackboxesfromAirFranceFlight

447?

A)Thereisstillagoodchanceoftheirbeingrecovered.

B)Thereisanurgentneedforthemtoberestructured.

C)Theyhavestoppedsendinghomingsignals.

D)TheyweredestroyedsomewherenearBrazil.

PassageTwo

The$11billionself-helpindustryisbuiltontheideathatyou

shouldturnnegativethoughtslike"Ineverdoanythingfight"into

positiveoneslike"Icansucceed."Butwaspositivethinkingadvocate

NormanVincentPealefight?Istherepowerinpositivethinking?

ResearchersinCanadajustpublishedastudyinthejournal

PsychologicalSciencethatsaystryingtogetpeopletothinkmore

positivelycanactuallyhavetheoppositeeffect:itcansimplyhighlight

howunhappytheyare.

Thestudy'sauthors,JoanneWoodandJohnLeeoftheUniversityof

WaterlooandElainePerunovicoftheUniversityofNewBrunswick,

beginbycitingolderresearchshowingthatwhenpeoplegetfeedback

whichtheybelieveisoverlypositive,theyactuallyfeelworse,not

better.Ifyoutellyourdimfriendthathehasthepotentialofan

Einstein,you'rejustunderlininghisfaults.Inone1990sexperiment,a

teamincludingpsychologistJoelCooperofPrincetonasked

participantstowriteessaysopposingfundingforthedisabled.When

theessayistswerelaterpraisedfortheirsympathy,theyfelteven

worseaboutwhattheyhadwritten.

Inthisexperiment,Wood,LeeandPerunovicmeasured68

students'self-esteem.Theparticipantswerethenaskedtowritedown

theirthoughtsandfeelingsforfourminutes.Every15seconds,one

groupofstudentsheardabell,whenitrang,theyweresupposedto

tellthemselves,"Iamlovable."

Thosewithlowself-esteemdidn'tfeelbetteraftertheforced

self-affirmation.Infact,theirmoodsturnedsignificantlydarkerthan

thoseofmembersofthecontrolgroup,whoweren'turgedtothink

positivethoughts.

Thepaperprovidessupportfornewerformsofpsychotherapy(心

理治疗)thaturgepeopletoaccepttheirnegativethoughtsand

feelingsratherthanfightthem.Inthefighting,wenotonlyoftenfail

butcanmakethingsworse.Meditation(静思、)techniques,incontrast,

canteachpeopletoputtheirshortcomingsintoalarger,morerealistic

perspective.Callitthepowerofnegativethinking.

62、whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphabouttheself-help

industry?

A)Itisahighlyprofitableindustry.B)Itisbased

ontheconceptofpositivethinking.

C)ItwasestablishedbyNormanVincentPeale.D)Ithas

yieldedpositiveresults.

63>WhatisthefindingoftheCanadianresearchers?

A)Encouragingpositivethinkingmaydomoreharmthangood.

B)Therecanbenosimpletherapyforpsychologicalproblems.

C)Unhappypeoplecannotthinkpositively.

D)Thepowerofpositivethinkingislimited.

64、Whatdoestheauthormeanby"...you'rejustunderlininghis

faults"(Line