四级写作功能段落及句型

学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载学习必备欢迎下载四级说明议论类作文的九种功能段落及句型9种功能段落：图表、现象、原因、意义、危害、举例、建议（方法）、提出观点、对比观点。1、图表例(02.6)：Asisshowninthechart,theaveragehoursastudentspendsusingcomputershasgrownuptremendously.Foronething,from1990to1995,theaveragehoursthatstudentsspentoncomputersineveryweekonlydoubled.Foranother,in2000,collegestudentsaveragelyspent20hoursperweekoncomputers,whichisfivetimesaslargeasthatof1995.Itisobviousthatcollegestudentsbecomeincreasinglycrazyaboutcomputers.图表模板Asisshown/depicted/describedinthepicture/chart/cartoon,概括图表内容或反映的趋势.Foronething,支持这一内容的一个方面.Foranother,支持这一内容的另一个方面.Itisobviousthat图表所反映的问题.描述图表句型：（不要面面俱到地描述，把所有的数字都报告一遍。只描述趋势、上升或下降，比较,排名即可。）“从图表中可以看出”(1)Accordingto/Ascanbeseenfrom/Asshownin/Itisclear/apparentfromthechart（饼状图，柱状图）/graph（曲线图）/table（表格）/figure（数字）/statistics（数据）,….(2)Thechart/graph/tablereveals/shows/suggeststhat...(3)Fromthestatistics/informationgiveninthechart/graph/table,wecanestimate/see/concludethat...趋势(4)Duringtheperiod1970—1999/From1910to1974/Since1980/Sincetheearly1980s,therewas/hasbeensudden/sharp/dramatic/steady/slight/gradualjump/rise/increase/fluctuation（波动）/decrease/decline/reduction/dropinthenumberofpeoplewho/personalincome/collegepopulation.数字上升或下降(5)Thenumber/figure/percentageof…nearly/almostdoubled/tripled,ascomparedwiththose/thatoflastyear.(6)Thenumber/figure/percentageincreased/dropped/decreasedmorethan/almostsixtimes/twice/twoandahalftimes,comparedwith...(7)Bycomparisonwith1990,itshotup/jumped/increased/rose/decreased/dropped/fellinthepastfewyears/in1998占百分比(8)Itaccountsfor15percentofthetotal.排名(9)(如China)rankedthefirstintermsof(如GDP)followedby(如U.S.A.).…rankedintheworld'stopfiveasacarmanufacturerin1985.2、现象例1（03.1）：Inthistimeandage,theproblemofdishonestyhasarousedpublicattention.Whatamazesusmostisthatalotofstudentscheatinexams.Andpeopleseemtogetaccustomedtomanydishonestbehaviors.Wecanseethattherearedishonestpracticesinallwalksoflife.描述现象段模板1Inthistimeandage（=recently）,描述现象，引起话题.Whatamazesusmostis表现较为典型的一个方面.And对于现象作出评论.Wecanseethat总结现象普遍性.例2（12.6）：Withtheamazingimprovementoflivingstandard,commoditieswithexcessivepackaginghavepouredintothemarketsandstores,suchasluxuriousmooncakesandtraditionalChineserice-pudding（粽子）.Suchaprevailingphenomenonleadstosuchaseriouswastethatithasarousedpeople’swideconcernandstrongcriticism.描述现象段模板2Withtheamazingimprovementoflivingstandard,现象_havepouredinto….Suchaprevailingphenomenonleadstosuch结果thatithasarousedpeople’swideconcernandstrongcriticism.描述现象常用句型：中立现象：Inthistimeandage,thephenomenon/problemof…hasarousedpublic/world-wideattention.Oneofthepressingproblemconfrontingoursocietytodayis…Withtheamazingdevelopment/improvement/expansionof…,peopleincreasingly/anincreasingnumberof…(4)Withthegrowingrecognition/realization/acknowledgementof…,(5)With…playinganincreasinglybigrolein…,(6)Thesedaysthereisa(n)increasing/growingtendencyto/concernover…(7)Overthelastseveralyears,alongwiththeimprovement/rapiddevelopmentofeconomy,anincreasingnumberofstudents/parents/residents/peoplehavebeenV+ing…(8)Inaneraofeconomicglobalization,…isemergingasaninevitabletrend.坏现象:(9)XXregretfullyobservethat…(玩游戏)Manyparentsregretfullyobservethattheirkidsseemunabletocomeupwithanythingtodointheirsparetimebesidesplayingvideogames.（不安全的食品）Manyresidentsregretfullyobservethattheyseemunabletofindsafefoodtofeedthemselves.（空气污染）Manyresidentsregretfullyobservethattheyseemunabletofindcleanairtotakein.(10)Inthepast5years,manynationshavebeenconfrontedwiththeseriousproblemof…3、原因（要素）例1（03.1）：Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthesedishonestbehaviors.Amongthemostconvincingreasonsidentifiedisthatcountlesspeopleneglectthemoralvaluesinpursuitoftheirowninterests.Anothercontributingfactoristhatwelackeffectivelawsandregulationsofsupervisionsothatagreatmanydishonestpeoplecanescapepunishment.Consequently,theproblemofdishonestybecomesveryserious.原因模板1Anumberoffactorscouldaccountfor主题.Amongthemostconvincingreasonsidentified原因一.Anothercontributingfactoristhat原因二.Asaresult/Consequently,讲述导致的结果例2（12.6）：Itisnosimplemattertorenderthereasonsforthisphenomenonwhichinvolvesmany/severalcomplicatedfactors.Foronething,anincreasingnumberofcompaniesandstoresholdtheideathatfancypackagingmayattractpotentialcustomersandstimulatetheirpurchasingdesire,thusearningmoreprofits.Foranother,manycustomershaveawrongnotionthatthemoredelicatethepackagelooks,thebetterqualitythecommoditywillhave,whichencouragestheeviltrendofexcessivepackaging.Stillanother,theprevailingphenomenonispartlyduetothelackofrelatedlawsandregulationsandstrictenforcementofthem.原因模板2Itisnosimplemattertorenderthereasonsforthisphenomenonwhichinvolvesmany/severalcomplicatedfactors.Foronething,.理由一Foranother,理由二.Stillanother,theprevailingphenomenonispartlydueto理由三.原因句型：Thereareprobablymany/several/anumberof/avarietyofreasons/causesforthisdramaticincrease/decline/growth/changein….First….Second….Itisnoeasy/simplejob/task/mattertooffer/identify/renderthereasonsforthisphenomenon/tendency/changewhichinvolvesmany/severalcomplicatedfactors..Anumberoffactorscouldaccountfor/contributeto/leadto/resultinthechangeof….Tobeginwith,….Inthesecondplace,….Finally,….Thanksto/Owingto/Dueto/Becauseof/Asaresultof+NOnemayattribute/ascribe/owetheincrease/decrease/changeto+NOnetendstoview/see/regard/thinkofthetrend/increase/success/changeasaresultof/signof/responseto….(7)Amongthemostimportant/sound/convincingreasonsgiven/cited/identifiedbypeoplefor…is…Thefirst/primaryreasonwhy…isrootedinthefactthat+从句(8)Oneofthemostpopular/common/primaryreasons/explanationsfor…isthat…(9)Anothercontributory/contributingfactor/reasonis…(10)…isalso/partly/solely/chieflyresponsiblefortheincrease/problem.(11)Beyondenormousobviousreasons,thereliesamorein-depthcause.(12)Itiscrucialthatweanalysethecausesofthisdisturbingissue.Frommyownperspective,thecausesaremultiple.Foronething,(首先)…Foranother,(第二)….Stillanother,(第三)….4.意义(重要性、必要性、好处、利、支持方观点)例（08.12）：Asamatteroffact,peopleinmountingnumbershavecometorealizethesignificanceoflimitingtheuseofdisposableplasticbags.Foronething,itenablesustoprotectthelivingsurroundings,buildahealthysocietyandpromotelow-carbonlife.Foranother,itwilldefinitelypromotethedevelopmentofenvironmentallyfriendlymaterialsbymanufacturers,thusmakingthedevelopmentsustainable,whichotherwisewouldbeimpossible.意义模板：Asamatteroffact,peopleinmountingnumbershavecometorealizethesignificanceof______（意义主题句）.Foronething,itenablesusto______(意义支持句1).Foranother,itwilldefinitelypromotethedevelopmentof______(意义支持句2),thusmakingthedevelopmentsustainable,whichotherwisewouldbeimpossible.意义句型意义主题句：Anincreasingnumberofpeoplecometorealize／beawareoftheimportanceof…Apparentlyenough,itisofgreatsignificancefor…to…Itisnothardforonetorealizethefar-reachingsignificanceof…Somearguethatitisabsolutelynecessaryto______(because________).☆Actually/Asamatteroffact/Infact,___peopleinmountingnumbershavecometorealizetheimportance/convenienceof______.☆Toengagein_____isarewardingpursuitthatnooneshouldbeallowedtomiss.意义支持句：拓展框架：Foronething,(意义支持句1).Foranother,(意义支持句2).（1）Withoutthisquality/virtue/awareness,itisimpossiblefor_____to_______.（2）Itis______thatenables/helpsustobuildup(ourspeedandefficiency).（☆强调句式）（3）_____isamustforanyonewhowants/intendstosurpassothersinahighlycompetitivesociety.（4）_____willdefinitelypromotethedevelopment/efficiency/awarenessof_____,whichotherwisewouldbeimpossible.（5）Asa_____,_______bringsus_____,arousesourenthusiasmfor_______,andhelpsusto____________.（6）：Anotherevidentadvantage/merit/strength/benefitisthat____mayoffer/provide/bringentertainment/pleasure/anenjoyablelife.5.危害（问题、坏处、弊）例（09.6）：Apparentlyenough,therearesomenegativeimpactswhichweshouldnotignore/neglect.Tobeginwith,morevisitorsmayimpairtheobjectsinexhibition.Besides,freeadmissionstomuseummeansagraveamountofeconomicburdenformuseumstorunasusualwithoutanyprofitsfromthevisitors.Ifweletthissituationcontinueasitis,thequalityofmuseumexhibitionwillnotbeassatisfactoryasexpected.危害模板Apparentlyenough,therearesomenegativeimpactswhichweshouldnotignore/neglect（危害主题句）.Tobeginwith,…mayimpairthe…(危害支持句一).Besides,…meansagraveamountofeconomicburdenfor…(危害支持句二).Ifweletthissituationcontinueasitis,…willnotbeassatisfactoryasexpected（危害总结句）.危害句型：危害主题句(1)Thereareanumberofnegative/undesirable/seriouseffectson/consequencesof..(2)Thiswillentail/bring/involvesomedreadful/serious/perniciousconsequences.(3)Itmaycreate/leadto/giverisetoahost/multitudeofproblems(4)Ifwekeepturningablindeye,thistrendisboundtogenerate/resultin/leadtoseriouseffects.(5)Apparentlyenough,therearesomenegativeimpactswhichweshouldnotignore/neglect.(6)Quiteobviously,itisofgreatnecessitytofigureoutthenegativeinfluencesbehindit.(7)Totacklethisproblem,itisofgreat/vitalsignificancetoanalyzethepotentialnegativeimpactsofthismatter.(8)Itwillhave/exert/produceaconsiderable/profound/beneficial/favorable/undesirable/negativeinfluence/effecton…危害支持句☆(1)Tobeginwith,_____maydamage/hurt/injure/harm/impair/underminetheover-alldevelopmentof______,(because____________).☆(2)Moreover,(强调句式)itis_____thatdoesnotenable______tobuildup/expand________.(3)Thistrendisparticularlyworthconcernforthebackgroundthat____focustoomucheyesighton____,totallyturningablindeyetothesignificanceof_____.(4)Besides,(itcanbearguedthat)_____meansagraveamountoftime/energy/naturalresources;however,theresult/quality/realityof_____isnotalwaysassatisfactoryasexpected.☆危害总结句(1)Unfortunately,manyof____havebecometoo____,andifweletthissituationcontinueasitis,wewillnotknowwhere____willbeintheforthcomingfuture.(2)Toconclude,itisundeniablethatthebadimpactsof_____canneverbeturnedablindeyeto.6、举例例（97.1）：IcanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheideathantheexampleofEnglishstudy.Peoplecanlearnthewordsandgrammaticalruleswellonlyiftheyfollowthesaying“practicemakesperfect”.Furthermore,morepracticewillenableustospeakEnglishfluently.Tosomeextent,thekeytosuccessfullanguagelearningliesinpracticing.举例模板Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheideathantheexampleof主题.Peoplecan人们的习惯做法.Furthermore,其他相关的事实.Tosomeextent,总结例子说明的道理。举例句型：(1)…isoften/frequentlycited/quoted/mentionedasacommonexampleof…(2)Agoodcaseinpoint/exampleofthisisbestprovidedby…(3)Themostdramatic/familiar/tellingexampleofthisis…(4)Thisoffersatypical/concreteinstance/illustrationof….(5)Asanexampleof/illustrationof/caseinpoint,wemaysee…(6)Take…asatypicalexampleIcanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheideathantheexample/caseof…(8)Turning/Takingalookaround/at_______,wecannotice/findagreatmany/plentyof/agooddealofexampleslikethis:两个例子.7、建议(方法)例（11.6）：Asacustomer,Iamconvincedthattherearevariouswaysinwhichwecanenhanceonlineshopping.Firstandforemost,itisessentialthatregulationsshouldbeworkedoutandenforcedtoguidetheonlinetransactions.Then,weshouldeducate,advocateandencourageourfriends,classmates,andacquaintancestobealertwhenshoppingonline.Ifwetryourutmosttodoso,thefutureofshoppingonlinewillbepromisingandhopeful.建议（方法）模板：Asa…,Iamconvincedthattherearevariouswaysinwhichwecanenhance…（主题句）.Firstandforemost,itisessentialthatregulationsshouldbeworkedoutandenforcedto…(具体建议句1).Then,weshouldeducate,advocateandencourageourfriends,classmates,andacquaintancesto…(具体建议句2).Ifwetryourutmosttodoso,thefutureof…willbepromisingandhopeful(总结句：积极展望).建议（方法）句型：主题句：(1)Wehavefiguredoutmanyapproachesto…Weshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestosolvetheproblem.(2)Inviewoftheseriousnessofthesituation,effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbeforethingsgetworse.(3)Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly,itishightimethatwetookfeasiblestepstostop/limit/restrainthistrend.(4)Itissuggestedthatconsiderable/concerted/persistent/sustainedeffortsshouldbemade/exertedtoattain/achievethegoal(of/that…).(5)Itisevident,therefore,thattheproblemof…deserves/demands/requiresimmediateattention/efforts/consideration(6)Thefollowingsuggestionsshouldbewelltakenintoconsiderationwhenweareseekingsolutionstocopewiththeproblem.(7)Consideringtheseverityofthisissue,wehavenooptionbuttotakestringentmeasurestoaddressthisproblem.具体建议句（支持句）：（1）Firstandforemost,itissuggestedthatpublicshouldenhance/promote/cultivate/strengthentheirawarenessof__________.☆(2)Generalawarenessof/Commonrecognitionof/Publiccommitmenttotheproblemisthefirststeptowardthesolution.（3）Inthesecondplace,itisessentialthatregulationsshouldbeworkedoutandenforcedto___________.（4）Then,itisadvisable/significantfor________to________（4）Inaddition,_______arehighlyhoped/expected/well-advisedto__________.☆(5)Lastly,________shouldeducate,advocateandencourage___________(not)to______________.总结句（展望未来）(1)Weshouldstartactingrightnowtobring（坏问题）undercontrolsothat(2)Onlybydoingso/Onlythroughthesemeasures,canwe__________________________.☆(3)Ifwetryourutmosttodoso,thefutureof____willbepromising/hopeful/rosy.(4)Dobearinmind:no__________,no______________.8、提出观点(Inmyopinion)开头段提出观点：例1（99.1）：ItisacommonconceptionthatItiswellknownthatweshouldnothesitatetosay“No”onmanyoccasions.Thetruthofitisself-evident.Noonecandenythatwhenweareunabletoofferhelp,weshouldsay“No”.Therefore,adirectreply“No”shouldbeusedtoavoidmisunderstandingamongus.practicemakesperfect.Thetruthofitisself-evident.Noonecandenythatthemoreyoupractice,themoreskillfulyouwillbe.Therefore,weshouldbedown-to-the-earthandpracticealotbeforewecanactuallyacquiresomeskills.开头段提出观点模板一Itisacommonconceptionthat论点.Thetruthofitisself-evident.Noonecandeny观点的理论依据.Therefore,总结句.例2（97.1）：Itisacknowledgedthatpracticemakesperfect.Thetruthisdeepandprofound.Asweknow,thatthemoreyoupractice,themoreskillfulyouwillbe.Consequently,weshouldbedown-to-the-earthandpracticealotbeforewecanactuallyacquiresomeskills.开头段提出观点模板二Itisacknowledgedthat论点.Thetruthisdeepandprofound.Asweknow,观点的理论依据.Consequently,总结句.开头段提出观点句型：Itisacknowledgedthat…Thereisnodenyingthat…Noonedeniesthat…Itisacommonconception/belief/misconceptionthat…结尾段提出观点：起始句+原因+积极展望未来例（03.9）：Frommyownperspective,loveisthemostbeautifulthingintheworld.Ontheonehand,Lucyisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Ontheotherhand,wewilltryourbesttohelpherwhensheisinneed.Inconclusion,everyoneofusshouldloveeachotherandmakeoursocietyawarmfamily.结尾段提出观点模板：Frommyownperspective,提出个人观点.Ontheonehand,原因一.Ontheotherhand,原因二.Inconclusion,everyoneofusshould…andmakeoursocietyawarmfamily.(积极展望未来)结尾段提出观点句型：起始句：（尽量不要用Inmyopinion，换成下面的表达）Asforme/Frommyownperspective/AsfarasIamconcerned/AsIseeit,Iwouldpointoutthat______.Formypart,Istandon/agreewiththelatteropinion.Tomyunderstanding,theformer/latteropinionholdsmoreweight.Asacollegestudent,Iamconvincedthatitisofgreat(no)necessityforusto____.Byandlarge,theadvantagesderivedfrom_______faroutweighthedisadvantages.（折中型）Whoisright?Ithinkthereissomethingrightinbotharguments.However,whatconvincesmeisthatweshould____firstly.Then,wearealsoexpectedto_______.积极展望未来（同方法建议）：(1)Onlybydoingso/Onlythroughthesemeasures,canwe___________________.(2)Ifwetryourutmosttodoso,thefutureof____willbepromising/hopeful/rosy.9.对比观点：引出话题（现象类）+引出人们对此问题看法不同+正方观点+反方观点例（11.6）Viewsononlineshoppingvaryfrompersontoperson.Thosewhoareinfavorofitclaimthatshoppingonlinecarriesnumerousadvantages.Itisbeneficialtoconsumersandretailersalikeinmorethanoneway.Forconsumers,itistime-andenergy-savingtopurchasewhatevertheywantoverthe Internetwithmuchlowerprices.Forretailers,theycansavemuchcostwithouthavingtorentahouseinthedowntownandspendingmuchonemployeescomparedwithtraditionalmarketsale.Manyotherpeople,however,arguethatwecannotturnablindeyetoitsdisadvantages.Foronething,lackofface-to-facecommunicationmakesonlineshoppinglessreliableandtrustworthy.Foranother,somedishonestmerchantsmayprovidefalseinformation,whichrendersittime-consumingtoidentifythecommodity.对比观点模板Viewsononlineshoppingvaryfrompersontoperson（引出人们对此问题看法不同）.Thosewhoareinfavorofitclaimthatshoppingonlinecarriesnumerousadvantages（正方观点）.Itisbeneficialto…(好处).For（对某一群体来说，支持句一）.（对另一群体来说，支持句二）.Manyotherpeople,however,arguethatwecannotturnablindeyetoitsdisadvantages（反方观点）.Foronething,（支持句一）.Foranother,（支持句二）.观点对比类句型：“人们看法不同”(1)Therearedifferentviewsconcerningthistopic.(2)Viewsonthisissuevaryfrompersontoperson.(3)Itisquiteunderstandablethatpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsputdifferentinterpretationsonthesameissue.(4)Itisquitenaturalthatpeoplefr