X港口物流发展的SWOT分析及对策论文

页参考文献[1]董洁霜，范柄全．现代港口发展的区位优势理论研究[J]．世界地理研究，2003，12(2):47－51[2]唐秋生，余秋林．基于SWOT模型的重庆港口经济发展分析[J]．重庆交通大学学报(社科版)，2008，8(2):16－19

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[4]李瑞红，林丽萍．广西北部湾经济区产业结构发展现状分析[J]．现代商贸工业，2009(14):64－65

[5]李文荣．港口经济对区域发展的影响分析[J].大众科技，2006(7):185－186

[6]李文荣，曹妃甸.港口经济发展对策探讨[J]．沿海企业与科技，2006(2):217－234[7]迈克尔·波特.竞争优势[M].北京：华夏出版社，1997[8]林淼，宋彬云．我国铁路运输发展战略的SWOT分析[A]．铁道运输与经济[9]罗贯三．港航物流是重庆发展现代物流的首选[J]．中国港口，2008[10]夏东进．论国外港口物流发展对我国的启示[J]．现代商贸工业，2009[11]尚芯新．关于港口物流发展的几点思考[J]．中国新技术新产品，2009[12]王小平，沈宏宾．我国港口物流现状及发展趋势[J]．物流工程与管理管控，2009[13]李健．重庆发展港口物流初探[J]．商场现代化，2008[14]赵毅．香港港口物流发展初探[M]．江苏城市规划，2009[15]叶青．重庆港物流发展SWOT分析与对策[J]．中国水运，2004[16]MartinChristopher．LogisticsandSupplyChainManagement-StrategiesforReducingCostsandImprovingServices[M]．FinancialTimes/PitmanPublishing，1994[17]BenjaminSBlanchard．LogisticsEngineeringandManagement(4thEdition)[M].RenticeHall,1992[18]JamesC.Johnson,DonaldF.Wood．ContemporaryLogistics(4thEdition)[M],MacmillanPublishingCompany,1990[19]DonaldWaters．GlobalLogisticsandDistributionPlanning[M]BocaRaton：CRCPress，1999[20]IgorHAnsoff．TheNewCorporateStrategy[M].NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons,1998附录英文原文StudyonTheriskofbillofladingLiHuaJiangBillofloadingisadocumentforinternationaltradeandshippingandplaysallimportantroleintheprocessofinternationaltradefrombartertodocumentarytransaction．However,manyproblemsarisesfromthepracticeofusingB／L，includingexchangingL／GcleanB／L.antidatedandadvancedB／LaswellasdeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／LInlightofthesituationmentionedabove，thisdissertationprobesintotheproblemsandrecognizestheriskswhichrelevantpartiesshallburden.Correspondingly,itproposesseveralcountermeasureforimprovement.WiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandthefrequentuseofLetterofCredit(L／C)alloverworld，thesystemofB／ListhreatenedbythephenomenasuchasexchangingLetterofGuarantee(L／G)forcleanB/L，antidatedB/LandadvancedB／LaswellasdeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／L．Althoughthesephenomenaarequotidianinthecarriageofgoodsbysea,therelevantpartieswhofailtorecognizethesephenomenashallburdenunnecessaryloss．1.CausesforExchangingL／GforCleanB／LIntheinternationalsaleofgoods，Iftheshipperdeliverstheflawedgoods，thecarriershouldmakeanoteinB／L、withaviewtosecuringandprotectingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsoftheconsigneeortheholderofB／L，accordingtotheprincipleofhonestyandcredibility．TheaboveisaboutthesystemofmakinganoteinB/L．Astothepaymentmethod．mostpaymentsaresettledbyL／C.L／CbyitselfisaseparatetransactionfromthesaleOrothercontractsonwhichitmaybebased．Consequently,L／Cisonlydocumentsbusiness．Banksonlyexamineapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsappearOntheirfacetoconstitutea.plyingpresentation。Ifthereisanydiscrepancy，bankswillrefusenegotiation．Ifthecarrierfindsparticularsconcerningthedescription，mark，numberofpackagesorpieces，weightorquantityofthegoodswhichdonotaccuratelyrepresentthegoodsactuallyreceived，itwillmakeanoteinB／L．Inthatcase，B／Lisunclean．AccordingtoUCP600。theuncleanB/Lcan'tbenegotiatedinbanksbecauseitisnot.plyingwiththecleanandshippedB／LstipulatedinL／C．InordertoobtainthecleanB／L．theshippersurrendersL／GtothecarrierindicatingthattheshipperundertakestoindemnifythecarrieragainstlossresultingfromthecleanB／Lissuedbythecarrierwhodidn’ttransferthenotationfrommale’sreceipttoB/L．Apparently,surrenderingL/Gisacertainkindoffraud．However．L/Gcanfacilitatethetransferoftheflawedgoodsfromtheshippertothecarrier．SoexchangingL／GforcleanB／Lisuseduniversally．Asamatteroffact,thispracticehaspositiveeffectinpromotingeconomyandshippingtoSomedegree．2.TheLegalBasisforL／GValidityExchangingL／GforcleanB／Lhasbeenanaccustomedpracticeintheinternationalsaleofgoodsandtheshippingindustry，whichcanabatethecontradictionbetweenthecarrierandtheshipperwhendisputesovertheflawedgoodsarise．Forinstance，AmericaandFrancedenyL／GValidity，However,internationalconvention，HamburgRulesfirstformulatesthelegalstatusandValidityofL／Ginsomeareas.Sothecarrierhasafighttoclaim.pensationfromtheshipper,whoissuedUQafterindemnifiedagainstthethirdpartythelossresultingfromL／GButifL／Gresultingindefraudingathirdparty,includingaconsignee，suchL／Gisvoidevenbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,andthecarrierhasnofighttoclaim.pensationfromtheshipperevenifithasindemnifiedtheconsignee．(1)CountermeasuresofExchangingL／GforCleanB／LWecanseethatdeliveryL／Ghasbothpositiveandnegativeeffects．Tosomeextent，issuanceofL／Gisinevitableforsmoothdeliveryofgoods．Astothecarrier,itshouldbecarefulattheacceptanceofL/Gtotheconsignee.itshouldbeactivetoexaminethegoodsandclaims.pensationimmediatelywhentheproblemarises.Astotheshipper,itshouldpreparethegoodsforloadingontimeandstipulatetoacceptsomenotationinsalecontract．(2)CountermeasuresAdoptedbytheConsigneeInanofficialandwrittenreplytotheproblemaboutL／GValidity,SupremePeople’sCourtstipulatedasfollow：“Inthecarriageofgoodsbysea，theconsigneeisnotboundbyL／GwhichtheshipperissuedinexchangeforthecleanB／L．NomatterhowL／Gisstipulated,itcall’taffecttheconsigneetoclaimfor.pensationagainstthecarrierortheshipper．”thestipulationexpressesthattheconsigneeisnotboundbyL／Ganditcanincreasethepossibilityofreceivingthe.pensationfromthecarrier.However,thestipulationthattheconsigneecanclaimfor.pensationdoesn’tmeanthatitcallsuccessfullyreceivethe.pensationTherefore，iftheconsigneeisnotfamiliarwiththeshipperandthereisnobusinessrelationshipbefore,theconsigneeshallinvestigatepositivelythecreditandqualificationoftheshipperandthecarrierthroughsuchorganizationasBankofChinaofInternationalMaritimeBureau．Whenthingsgowrong,theconsigneeshouldbringanactionontimebeforethedefrauderreceivespaymentforgoods(3)SimilaritiesandDifferencesofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LAntidatedB／LmeansthatashippedB／L，whoseissuedateispriortotheactualshipmentdate．WhileAdvancedB／LmeansthatashippedB／Lissuedwhenthecarrierhasnotbegunloadingor.pletedshipment.BothantidatedB／LandadvancedB／Lfraudulentlyrecordtheshipmentdate．TheshipmentdaterecordedinB／Lispriortotheactualshipmentdateifthegoodsindeedareloadedontoshipintheend．Tobespecific，similaritiesareasfollows：①BothkindsofB／LalwaysoccurunderpaymentofL／C．2.BothkindsofB／Linvolvetheconspiredfraudbetweentheshipperandthecarrier,especiallywhentheshipperisliableforcharteringshiporbookingspaceunderCIFandCFRtradeterms.②BecausebothkindsofB／Lobscuretheconsigneefromthefactofdelayinshipment,whentheconsigneelearnthetruth,itcanchoosetoreceivethegoodswithcondition，ortorefusetoreceivethegoodsortoclaim.pensationaccordingtotheconditionofdamagetogoods．③IftheissuingbankidentifiesantidatedB／LandadvancedB／L．ithastherighttorefusenegotiation．AccordingtoUCP600，abankassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilityfortheform，sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness，falsificationorlegaleffectofanydocument,whichisaboutbank’Sexonerationfromliability．However,ifthedocumentexaminedbythebankisfalse，thebankstillhastherighttorefusetoreceiveB／L.(4)CausesandRisksofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LMostantidatedB／Lareissuedbythecarderattherequestoftheshipper．TheaimofantidatedB／ListhattheshippermakessurethattheshipmentdateisconsistentwithrequirementofthesalecontractandL／C，soitCanfulfilltheobligationofdeliveryandsettleforeignexchangesuccessfullyandsmoothly．UnitedNationsConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsandContractLawconsidertheobligationofdeliveryasanimportantone.Iftheshippercan’tdeliverthegoodsorcan’tdeliverthegoodsontime，itisdeemedbreachescontractfundamentallyandtheconsigneecancancelthecontract。Evenifthegoodshavealreadyarrivedattheportofdestination,theconsigneeCallrefusetotakedeliveryofgoodsifitcanprovethattheshipperdidn’tfinishshipmentwithinthetimeofshipment．Moreover,underpaymentofL／C，accordingtoUCP600，theexpirydateforpresentationmustbeconsistentwithstipulationinL／CwhentheshippernegotiatesB／L.Ifnot，thebankwillrefusetoreceivesuchB／L．thepaymentofL／Cwillbevoid．andthecreditofbankwillbechangedintothecreditofbusiness．Consequently,theshipperwillconfronttheriskofnotreceivingthepaymentforgoods．Therefore，theshipperrequires．thecarriertoissueanantidatedB／Lwhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthestipulatedtimeofshipment．(5)CountermeasuresofAntidatedB／LandAdvancedB／LInordertodecreaseunnecessarylossoftherelevantpartiesresultingfromantidatedB／LandadvancedB／L，thecountermeasuresshouldbeconsideredintwoways：insystemestablishmentandinpractice．SomeonesuggeststhatthebankCanofferaextendedservice．Thatis，thebankcontactswiththedesignatedorganizationsandisliableforcheckingwhethertheshipmentconditionisconsistentwithbothdocumentandL／C．However，banksneitherguaranteethatthereisn’tanyfraud，norguaranteewhetherthesalecontractissuccessful.AccordingtostipulationofUCP600，abankassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilityfortheform，sufficiency,accuracy,genuineness．falsificationorlegaleffectofanydocument，norforthecreditandqualificationofthecarrier：butabankonlyisliableforexaminingapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsappearontheirfacetoconstitutea.plyingpresentation．SoinordertoavoidtheantidatedB／LandadvanedB／LtheconsigneemustrequiretheshippertobringtherelevantdocumentsissuedbyauthenticinspectionorganizationwhichCanprovetheaccuracyandauthenticityoftheshipmentdate,otherthanB／Landinsurancepolicy．Otherwise,theshipperCan’tsettleforeignexchange．3.TheCarrier’sRequirementWiththedevelopmentoftheshipmentindustry,thetimeoftransportationisdecreasing,especiallyinshort-distancetransportation．However,theoperationprocedureofB／Lisstilloperatedinthetraditionalway,whichisbadlylaggedbehind．Therefore，itis.monthatB／Lhavenotreachedtheconsigneewhilethegoodshavearrivedatportofdestination．MostcarriersaleawareofabidingbytheobligationofdeliverywiththeoriginalB／L，otherwisetheywilltakerisksofindemnifyinglossofordamagetogoods．Thereasonwhytheconsigneeisanxioustotakedeliver),ofgoodswithouttheoriginalB／Listoavoidtheextracharge.Normally,theconsigneecanstorethegoodswithinsomedaysforfree．However,iftheconsigneedoesn’tapplytothecustomswithinsuchtime，itwillbearotherchargessuchasdemurragecharge，containerdetentionchargeandsurchargeondelayeddeclarationofimportgoods．Secondly,ifthegoodsareforemergencyorperishableetc。，theconsigneewilltrytopersuadethecarriertodelivergoodswithcopyB/LandL／GAdditionally,underthedevelopmentofmodernlogistics．theimposeroritsagentoritsdistributorswishtoshortentheperiodfromproductiontomarketingwithaviewtoeconomizingcostandenhancingefficiency．Sotheconsigneerequiresthegoodsinjusttimeandwillnotleavetoomuchextratimeinunloadingport．(1)DelayedArrivaloftheDocumentandB／LL／Cisauniversalmethodofpaymentintheinternationaltrade．ThegoodsmayberesoldmanytimeswhenthedocumentsandB／Lhavenotbeenexaminedbyebanks,whichcausesB／Ldelayinarrivingatunloadingport，MoreoverunderL／C.theissuingbankhasaobligationofexaminingapresentationtodetermine，onthebasisofthedocumentsalone，whetherornotthedocumentsare，ontheirface，in.pliancewiththetermsandconditionsofL／Candconsistentwithoneanother．Thebankisverycautionstoexaminedocuments．IfthebankconsiderstherearesomeseriousdiscrepanciesamongB／L,packinglist,invoiceandspecificstipulationofL/C.itwillrejectfullsetofdocumentsandrequiretheshippertoremakeanewfullsetofdocumentsaccordingtothestipulation．withintheexpirydateofL/C．ThesituationmentionedabovecausesB／Ldelayinarrivingatunloadingport．(2)RisksofDeliveryofGoodswithoutPresentationoftheOriginalB／LAlthoughitisnecessaryforexistenceofdeliveryofgoodswithouttheoriginalB／L，itstillviolatestheprincipleofdeliveryofgoodswiththeoriginalB／L.First,itharmsrightsofthelegalholderofB／L；second，theshippermaynotreceivethepaymentforgoodsandthecarriermayfacetheriskofthearrestofships．CountermeasuresofonepartymayonlybenefititselfandCannotguaranteeothers’rightsandinterestsasawhole．Therefore，itisnecessarytodosomelegislativeapproaches，whichmaycreateawin-win-winsituation．EstablishmentofUniformStandardforL/GB／LAct,ThewriterbelievesB／LActisafundamentaltooltoformulatethedeliveryofgoodswithoutpresentationoftheoriginalB／L，antidatedB／LoradvancedB／LandexchangingL／GforcleanB／L．However,thereisnoB／LActinOurcountry,whichisalegislativevacancyinsuchabigshippingcountryandWTOmember．SinceB／Liscrucialincarriageofgoodsbysea,thereisstillnowayforseawaybillandtheelectronictoreplaceB／L．U．S．A．andsomeEuropeancountrieshavealreadypromulgatedB／LAct．OurcountryshouldconstituteB／LActasaspeciallawunderMaritimeCode．TherelevantproblemofdeliverywithouttheoriginalB／L，L／GandsooilshouldbestipulatedinB／LAct.4.RisksoftheElectronicB／LTheelectronicB／LcannotonlypreventtherisksofantidatedB／LandadvancedB／LbutalsoavoiddeliverywithouttheoriginalB／L．ExchangingL／GforcleanB／Lisa.promisebetweenthesystemofmakinganoteinB／Landtheefficiencyof.merce．AntidatedB／LandadvancedB／LiSforthe.plianceintheshipmentdatewithL／Corthecontract．UndertheelectronicB／L，thepartiesconcernedsendandreceivemessagethroughastandardformat．Sincethereisnowrittendocument,whentheshipperdeliversgoodstotheportofshipmentandwhenthecarrierreceivesgoodsarestoredinEDIsystem，theconsigneeCanchecktheshipmentdateby.puternetworktoavoidantidatadB／LandadvancedB／L．TheelectronicB／LbasesonElectronicDataInterchange，i．e．theinterchangeoftradedataiseffectedbyteletransmission．Thatis，thegoodsownershipoftransferiseffectbyEDIsystem．5.BackgroundoftheElectronicB／LPeopleseektoadoptaseriesofnewdocumentsfortransportationsuchasseawaybillandtheelectronicB／LsincethereareinevitabledefectsinthetraditionalB／L．Astoseawaybill，itstillhasthefollowingproblems：Firstly,theshipperlosescontrolofgoodsaftershipmentandbearstheriskofnotreceivingthepaymentforgoods；secondly,nonnegotiability,theseawaybilldoesn’tfitthepracticeoftheresaleofgoodsintransit．Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,peoplestarttoexploretheelectronicB／L．AtypicallegislationofdigitalizationisUNCITRALModelLawonElectronicCommerce．TwoMainProblemsConfrontingtheElectronicB／LTheRulesadoptsthefunctional—equivalentprincipleonbasisoftheaimandfunctionofthetraditionalB／Landanalyseshowtoachievetheseaimandfunctionbyelectronictechnology．ItsaimistosimulatethetraditionalB／Ltomaximumextentthroughthetechnologicandproceduralmethodinelectronictransferofgoodsownership．UnderRules，thecarrierisakeyofelectronicB／L．Thatis，thecarrierissuestheelectronicB／L，makesnonofficialregisteroftheelectronicB／UstransferandcontrolsthesecretregistersystemonwhichtheoperationoftheelectronicB／Lbases．Article4(d)inRulesstipulatesthattheinformationofthereceiptmessagehavethesameforceandeffectasiftheywerecontainedinapaperB／L.Article7(d)inRulesstipulatesthatthetransferoftheRightofControlandTransfershallhavethesameeffectsasthetransferofsuchrightsunderapaperB／L．Article11stipulatesthatthecarrierandtheshipperandallsubsequentpartiesutilizingtheseproceduresagreethatanynationalorlocallaw,customorpracticerequitingtheContractofCarriagetobeevidencedinwritingandsigned．issatisfiedbythetransmittedandconfirmedelectronicdataresidingon.puterdatastorage．InagreeingtoadopttheseRules，thepartiesshallbetakentohaveagreednottoraisethedefensethatthiscontractisnotinwriting．Therefore，theelectronicdataisequivalenttowriting．二、英文翻译海运提单风险研究李华江提单作为国际贸易和航运的文件，并从物物交换，以文件交易形式.因而在国际贸易过程中起着重要作用，然而许多问题源于在实践采用中提单时，包括交换保函和清洁提单、倒签和先付提单以及运送货物在原来的提单没有提到的情况下，在本文探讨到的问题和认识的风险，并确认哪些是有关各方应负担的风险。与此相对应，它提出了一些改善对策。随着科学技术的发展和频繁使用的信用证（L/C的）遍布世界的，系统的提单，而受到威胁的现象，如清洁已交换保函（L/G）时，倒签提单和先付提单，以及交付货物，原来没有的提单.尽管这些现象在海上货物运输中有详细而具体的介绍，但如果未能认识到这些现象，有关各方可能会负担那些不必要的损失。一、产生清洁提单和保函交换的原因在国际货物买卖中，根据诚实信用原则，如果承运人送达的货物有缺陷，承运人应在提单上标明，以保证和保护收货人的合法权益，着就是程序要求的关于在制单时应注明的信息。至于付款方法，许多海上贸易是通过信用证解决的，它主要是基于独立的交易买卖或其他交易合同合约形式。因此，信用证仅仅是一种商业文件，银行仅基于单据审查报告确定，而不论文件表面上看其来是否构成完整的单据，但如果有任何差异，银行将拒绝付款。如果承运人发现细节的描述，标记，包数或件数，重量或数量的货物，与实际收到的货物不相符，它会记下。这样的话，提单将不再是清洁提单，根据UCP600规定，在收到不清洁的提单时银行有权拒绝交付，因为她不符合清洁提单和信用证的要求。为了获得清洁提单承运人向托运人保证，对承运人造成的损失进行赔偿。显然，放弃保函是一种典型的欺诈行为。然而，保函在某种程度上可以促进有缺陷的货物的转让。于是，用提单交换保函在全球范围内得到了普遍使用。事实上，这种做法在某种程度上具有促进经济和航运发展的积极作用。二、保函有效性的法律基础使用保函交换清洁提单者一做法在国际货物买卖中已得到广泛的使用，当交付的货物出现缺陷是，它可以缓解承运人与托运人之间的矛盾。例如，在美国和法国他们就拒绝承认保函的有效性，然而，在汉堡规则国际公约中，对保函在一些地区的法律效力作了系统的规定，所以承运人有权要求赔偿向托运人签发后，向受第三方造成的损失，但如果保函导致的第三方欺诈，包括收货人，这样保函就可以避免承运人和托运人之间不一致，而导致的索赔。（1）包含交换清洁提单的具体对策我们可以看到，交换保函既具有其积极的一面又有其不利的一面，在某种程度上，保函又是货物能够顺利流动的基础，如果没有保函国际间的货物贸易将无法顺利进行。就承运人而言，他们在接受保函的时候需要非常的小心，他们要非常细致的检查货物，当发现货物有问题时应当立即提出赔偿的要求。对发货人而言，在准备装船期间他应该仔细检查货物是否符合销售合同合约条约条款的具体的规定。（2）收货人采取的对策最高法院在正式的书面回答关于保函问题的有效性时做出了如下规定：“在海上运输货物，收货人不是必须要按照承运人提出的用保函交换清洁提单。无论保函作何规定，这都不会影响收货人要求承运人赔偿损失。”规定表明，保函对收货人的约束力是有限的，着可能增加对承运人提出赔偿要求的可能性。然而，规定收货人可以要求赔偿并不意味着它就一定能成功获得补偿，因此，如果收货人不熟悉托运人并没有业务关系前，收货人应当积极调查信用资质和托运人与承运人通过这样的机构为中国国际银行海事局。当事情出错，收货人应在诈骗方收到货物之前提起诉讼。（3）倒签提单与先付提单的相同与区别不论是倒签提单还是先付提单他们都记录欺诈装运日期。如果货物是装上船舶的，则具体日期记录在货物装运日之前。具体而言，具有下述相似点：①两种提单都是采用信用证付款形式。②两种提单都涉及有关承运人和托运人阴谋欺诈的行为，尤其是在CIF术语下当托运人负责租船或订舱时。③由于这两种选择模糊了收货人事实上装运延迟的问题，当收货人了解了真相之后它可以选择接收货物的条件，或拒绝接受货物或要求赔偿根据条件损坏的货物。④如果开证行在确定倒签提单和先付提单后，它有权拒绝有关提单的谈判。根据UCP600，银行不承担责任或责任的形式，充分性，准确性，真实性，伪造或法律效力的文件，这是对银行的责任免除。然而，如果文档审查银行是假的，银行仍有权拒绝接受提单。（4）倒签提单和先付提单的风险及原因大部分倒签提单是由承运人在托运人的要求下制定的。倒签提单的目的是托运人保证出货日期与销售合同合约和信用证的要求相一致，因而他能履行交付义务和外汇结算的成功和顺利。联合联合国国际货物销售合同合约公约货物与合同合约法考虑交付义务的一个重要的。如果托运人不能交货或不能按时交货，视为违反合同合约的根本和收货人可以取消合同合约。即使货物已到港目的地，收货人拒绝提货，如果他能证明托运人没有完成的时间内装船发货。此外，在信用证付款下，根据UCP600的规定，交单到期日，必须与信用证相符合，如果不符，银行有权拒绝接受提单并且拒绝根据信用证条约条款付款，而且提供信