高考英语一轮高考题组训练专题十三主旨大意题

专题十三主旨大意题Passage1(2017北京,C)Measles(麻疹),whichoncekilled450childreneachyearanddisabledevenmore,wasnearlywipedoutintheUnitedStates14yearsagobytheuniversaluseoftheMMRvaccine(疫苗).Butthediseaseismakingaeback,causedbyagrowingantivaccinemovementandmisinformationthatisspreadingquickly.Alreadythisyear,115measlescaseshavebeenreportedintheUSA,paredwith189foralloflastyear.Thenumbersmightsoundsmall,buttheyaretheleadingedgeofadangeroustrend.Whenvaccinationratesareveryhigh,astheystillareinthenationasawhole,everyoneisprotected.Thisiscalled“herdimmunity”,whichprotectsthepeoplewhogethurteasily,includingthosewhocan’tbevaccinatedformedicalreasons,babiestooyoungtogetvaccinatedandpeopleonwhomthevaccinedoesn’twork.Butherdimmunityworksonlywhennearlythewholeherdjoinsin.Whensomerefusevaccinationandseekafreeride,immunitybreaksdownandeveryoneisinevenbiggerdanger.That’sexactlywhatishappeninginsmallneighborhoodsaroundthecountryfromOrangeCounty,California,where22measlescaseswerereportedthismonth,toBrooklyn,N.Y.,wherea17yearoldcausedanoutbreaklastyear.Theresistancetovaccinehascontinuedfordecades,anditisdrivenbyarealbutverysmallrisk.Thosewhorefusetotakethatriskselfishlymakeotherssuffer.Makingthingsworsearestatelawsthatmakeittooeasytooptout(决定不参加)ofwhataresupposedtoberequiredvaccinesforallchildrenenteringkindergarten.Seventeenstatesallowparentstogetanexemption(豁免),sometimesjustbysigningapapersayingtheypersonallyobjecttoavaccine.Now,severalstatesaremovingtotightenlawsbyaddingnewregulationsforoptingout.Butnoonedoesenoughtolimitexemptions.Parentsoughttobeabletooptoutonlyforlimitedmedicalorreligiousreasons.Butpersonalopinions?Notgoodenough.Everyoneenjoysthelifesavingbenefitsvaccinesprovide,butthey’llexistonlyaslongaseveryonesharesintherisks.1.Thefirsttwoparagraphssuggestthat.

A.asmallnumberofmeaslescasescanstartadangeroustrendB.theoutbreakofmeaslesattractsthepublicattentionC.antivaccinemovementhasitsmedicalreasonsD.informationaboutmeaslesspreadsquickly2.Herdimmunityworkswellwhen.

A.exemptionsareallowedB.severalvaccinesareusedtogetherC.thewholeneighborhoodisinvolvedinD.newregulationsareaddedtothestatelaws3.Whatisthemainreasonfortheebackofmeasles?A.Theoveruseofvaccine.B.Thelackofmedicalcare.C.Thefeaturesofmeaslesitself.D.Thevaccineoptoutsofsomepeople.4.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.Tointroducetheideaofexemption.B.Todiscussmethodstocuremeasles.C.Tostresstheimportanceofvaccination.D.Toappealforequalrightsinmedicaltreatment.Passage2(2016北京,C)CaliforniaCondor’sShockingRecoveryCaliforniacondorsareNorthAmerica’slargestbirds,withwinglengthofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpoisoning(铅中毒)nearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrainingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred(繁殖).Since1992,therehavebeenmultiplereintroductionstothewild,andtherearenowmorethan150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandBajainMexico.Electricallineshavebeenkillingthemoff.“Astheygointorestforthenight,theyjustdon’tseethepowerlines,”saysBruceRideoutofSanDiegoZoo.Theirwingscanbridgethegapbetweenlines,resultinginelectrocution(电死)iftheytouchtwolinesatonce.Soscientistshaveeupwithashockingidea.Tallpoles,placedinlargetrainingareas,teachthebirdstostayclearofelectricallinesbygivingthemapainfulbutundeadlyelectricshock.Beforethetrainingwasintroduced,66%ofsetfreebirdsdiedofelectrocution.Thishasnowdroppedto18%.Leadpoisoninghasprovedmoredifficulttodealwith.Whencondorseatdeadbodiesofotheranimalscontaininglead,theyabsorblargequantitiesoflead.Thisaffectstheirnervoussystemsandabilitytoproducebabybirds,andcanleadtokidney(肾)failureanddeath.SocondorswithhighlevelsofleadaresenttoLosAngelesZoo,wheretheyaretreatedwithcalciumEDTA,achemicalthatremovesleadfromthebloodoverseveraldays.Thisworkisstartingtopayoff.Theannualdeathrateforadultcondorshasdroppedfrom38%in2000to5.4%in2011.Rideout’steamthinksthattheCaliforniacondors’averagesurvivaltimeinthewildisnowjustundereightyears.“Althoughthesemeasuresarenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow,”hesays.“Theyaretrulygoodbirdsthatarewortheveryeffortweputintorecoveringthem.”1.Californiacondorsattractresearchers’interestbecausethey.

A.areactiveatnightB.hadtobebredinthewildC.arefoundonlyinCaliforniaD.almostdiedoutinthe1980s2.Researchershavefoundelectricallinesare.

A.blockingcondors’journeyhomeB.bigkillersofCaliforniacondorsC.restplacesforcondorsatnightD.usedtokeepcondorsaway3.AccordingtoParagraph5,leadpoisoning.

A.makescondorstoonervoustoflyB.haslittleeffectoncondors’kidneysC.canhardlybegottenridoffromcondors’bloodD.makesitdifficultforcondorstoproducebabybirds4.Thispassageshowsthat.

A.theaveragesurvivaltimeofcondorsissatisfactoryB.Rideout’sresearchinterestliesinelectricengineeringC.theeffortstoprotectcondorshavebroughtgoodresultsD.researchershavefoundthefinalanswerstotheproblemPassage3(2015北京,C)LifeintheClearTransparentanimalsletlightpassthroughtheirbodiesthesamewaylightpassesthroughawindow.Theseanimalstypicallylivebetweenthesurfaceoftheoceanandadepthofabout3,300feet—asfarasmostlightcanreach.Mostofthemareextremelydelicateandcanbedamagedbyasimpletouch.SonkeJohnsen,ascientistinbiology,says,“Theseanimalslivethroughtheirlifealone.Theynevertouchanythingunlessthey’reeatingit,orunlesssomethingiseatingthem.”Andtheyareasclearasglass.Howdoesananimalbeeseethrough?It’strickierthanyoumightthink.Theobjectsaroundyouarevisiblebecausetheyinteractwithlight.Lighttypicallytravelsinastraightline.Butsomematerialsslowandscatter(散射)light,bouncingitawayfromitsoriginalpath.Othersabsorblight,stoppingitdeadinitstracks.Bothscatteringandabsorptionmakeanobjectlookdifferentfromotherobjectsaroundit,soyoucanseeiteasily.Butatransparentobjectdoesn’tabsorborscatterlight,atleastnotverymuch.Lightcanpassthroughitwithoutbendingorstopping.Thatmeansatransparentobjectdoesn’tlookverydifferentfromthesurroundingairorwater.Youdon’tseeit—youseethethingsbehindit.Tobeetransparent,ananimalneedstokeepitsbodyfromabsorbingorscatteringlight.Livingmaterialscanstoplightbecausetheycontainpigments(色素)thatabsorbspecificcolorsoflight.Butatransparentanimaldoesn’thavepigments,soitstissueswon’tabsorblight.AccordingtoJohnsen,avoidingabsorptionisactuallyeasy.Therealchallengeispreventinglightfromscattering.Animalsarebuiltofmanydifferentmaterials—skin,fat,andmore—andlightmovesthrougheachatadifferentspeed.Everytimelightmovesintoamaterialwithanewspeed,itbendsandscatters.Transparentanimalsusedifferenttrickstofightscattering.Someanimalsaresimplyverysmallorextremelyflat.Withoutmuchtissuetoscatterlight,itiseasiertobeseethrough.Othersbuildalarge,clearmassofnonlivingjellylike(果冻状的)materialandspreadthemselvesoverit.Largertransparentanimalshavethebiggestchallenge,becausetheyhavetomakeallthedifferenttissuesintheirbodiesslowdownlightexactlyasmuchaswaterdoes.Theyneedtolookuniform.Buthowthey’redoingitisstillunknown.Onethingisclear:fortheselargeranimals,stayingtransparentisanactiveprocess.Whentheydie,theyturnanontransparentmilkywhite.1.AccordingtoParagraph1,transparentanimals.

A.stayingroupsB.canbeeasilydamagedC.appearonlyindeepoceanD.arebeautifulcreatures2.Theunderlinedword“dead”inParagraph3means.

A.silently B.gradually C.regularly Dpletely3.Onewayforananimaltobeetransparentisto.

A.changethedirectionoflighttravelB.gathermaterialstoscatterlightC.avoidtheabsorptionoflightD.growbiggertostoplight4.Thelastparagraphtellsusthatlargertransparentanimals.

A.movemoreslowlyindeepwaterB.stayseethroughevenafterdeathC.producemoretissuesfortheirsurvivalD.takeeffectiveactiontoreducelightspreadingPassage4(2013北京,A)EPPortableHeaterWeallknowthatthecostofheatingourhomeswillcontinuetobeasignificantburdenonthefamilybudget.NowmillionsofpeoplearesavingontheirheatingbillswiththeEPportableheater.Withoveronemillionsatisfiedcustomersaroundtheworld,thenewEPheatsbetterandfaster,savesmoreonheatingbills,andrunsalmostsilent.TheEPhasnoexposedheatingpartsthatcancauseafire.TheoutsideoftheEPonlygetswarmtothetouchsothatitwillnotburnchildrenorpets.TheEPwillnotreduceoxygenintheroom.Withotherheaters,you’llnoticethatyougetsleepywhentheheatesonbecausetheyareburningupoxygen.TheadvancedEPalsoheatstheroomevenly,walltowallandfloortoceiling.Itfortablycoversanareaupto350squarefeet.Otherheatersheatroomsunevenlywithmostoftheheatconcentratedtothecenteroftheroom.Andtheyonlyheatanareaafewfeetaroundtheheater.WiththeEP,thetemperaturewillnotvaryinanypartoftheroom.TheEPeswitha3yearwarranty(保修)anda60day,noquestionsasked,satisfactionguarantee.Ifyouarenottotallysatisfied,returnitatourexpenseandyourmoneywillbegivenbacktoyou.Nowwehaveaspecialofferfor10days,duringwhichyoucanenjoyahalfpricediscountandafreedelivery.Ifyouorderafterthat,wereservetherighttoeitheracceptorrejectorderrequestsatthediscountedprice.Takeactionrightnow!1.WhatismainlydiscussedinParagraph2?A.TheheatoftheEP.B.ThesafetyoftheEP.C.TheappearanceoftheEP.D.ThematerialoftheEP.2.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthattheEP.

A.doesn’tburnupoxygenB.runswithoutanynoiseC.makespeoplegetsleepyD.isunsuitableforchildrenandpets3.Theunderlinedword“evenly”inParagraph4probablymeans.

A.continuously B.separatelyC.quickly D.equally4.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.

A.persuadepeopletobuytheproductB.advisepeopletosaveonheatingbillsC.reportthenewdevelopmentofportableheatersDparethefunctionsofdifferentheaterbrands答案精解精析高考题组训练Passage1[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。题材为科普知识类。14年前因为疫苗的使用,麻疹病在美国几乎消失了。但是最近,美国麻疹病例的数量却呈小幅上升趋势,这无疑给人们敲响了警钟。1.A推理判断题。文章第一段讲的是由于反疫苗运动,麻疹病卷土重来;再根据第二段第一句可知,麻疹病例的数量听起来不多,但是它们却是一种危险趋势的开始。2.C事实细节题。根据第三段第一句可知,群体免疫力只有在几乎整个群体都进行了疫苗免疫后才能起作用,故选C项。3.D推理判断题。根据第一段第二句及倒数第三、四段的内容可知选D项。4.C主旨大意题。作者通过讲述日益增长的反疫苗运动以及一些州政府法律对于疫苗豁免权的不限制,分析了美国麻疹病例的数量呈小幅上升趋势的原因,由此向读者强调接种疫苗的重要性,故选C项。[重点词汇]e