专题05阅读理解C篇(二次开发微技能名校模拟)原卷版

《2024年1月“九省联考”英语真题解读与考后变式训练》原题呈现专题05阅读理解C篇(二次开发+微技能+名校模拟)原卷版原题呈现变式方向：词形转换;高考考点;熟词新意;态度推断题技巧;人际关系话题阅读理解关键词：说明文,人与社会,争论的意义,人际关系,人际沟通,和谐相处,社会热点Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“Ihaveetotheconclusionthatthereisonlyonewaytogetthebestofanargument—andthatistoavoidit.”Thisdistasteforargumentsismon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbal(言语的)fightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Youwouldbefeelingalmostasbadifargumentswereevenjustpetitions—like,say,tennistournaments.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneresoutfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingexplainswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments.However,therearewaystowinanargumenteverytime.Whenyoustateyourposition,formulate(阐述)anargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Whenyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirviewandspellouttheirargumentfully.Assessitsstrengthandweakness.Raiseobjections(异议)andlistencarefullytotheirreplies.Thismethodwillrequireeffort,butpracticewillmakeyoubetteratit.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningaboutwhatdividespeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother—thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.28.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardCarnegie’sunderstandingofargument?A.Critical. B.Supportive. C.Tolerant. D.Uncertain. 29.Whydomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments?A.Theylackdebatingskills. B.Theymayfeelbadeveniftheywin. C.Theyfearbeingignored. D.Theyarenotconfidentinthemselves.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“spellout”inparagraph3probablymean?A.Defend. B.Explain. C.Conclude. D.Repeat. 31.Whatisthekeyto“winning”anargumentaccordingtotheauthor?A.Senseoflogic. B.Solidsupportingevidence. C.Propermanners. D.Understandingfrombothsides. 核心词汇核心词汇背诵一、纲内词汇（酌情删减）1.conclusionn.结论2.argument n.争论3.distaste n.不喜欢；反感4.mistaken a.错误；不正确5.social a.社会的；社交的6.physical a.身体的；物理的7.bloodied a.血染的；有血的8.petitionn.竞赛；竞争9.say vt.说话；比方说10.tournamentn.锦标赛11.opponentn.对手12.position n.位置；姿势；立场13.claim vt.声称；认领；夺取生命14.honestly ad.诚实地15.stand n.立场；观点16.fully ad.充分地17.assess vt.评估18.strength n.力量；优势19.weakness n.弱点20.divide vt.分割21.disagree vi.不同意22.readjust vt.重新调整23.verbal a.文字的；言语的24.critical a.批判的；关键的；严重的25.supportivea.支持的 26.tolerant a.宽容的 27.uncertaina.无把握的28.lack vt.缺乏29.ignore vt.不理睬；忽视30.conclude vt.推断出；结束31.solid a.坚硬的；结实的32.evidence n.证据，证词33.proper a.合适的二、高频词块（酌情删减）1.etotheconclusion得出结论2.getthebestof 占上风，战胜3.dependon 依赖于4.missthepoint 抓不着要点5.endup 最后落得6.bewelloff 经济富裕7.backandforth 来来回回地8.spellout 详加说明9.disagreewithsb不同意某人（的观点）10.one’sattitudetowards…对……态度11.beconfidentin…对……有信心二、高频词块（酌情删减）1.inthewild 在野外2.feedon 以……为食物3.playafunctionin在…中起作用4.watchoutfor 小心提防5.reactto 对……作出反应6.takeflight 逃跑；起飞7.bereactiveto 对…有反应8.besubjecttosth 受支配；常遭受…9.expose…to… 暴露于10.atayoungage 在年轻时11.avoinddoing 避免做某事12.callfor 要求，需要考点变式训练考点变式训练一、词类转换（酌情删减）1.concludevt.推断→n.结论2.mistaken.错误→a.错误；不正确3.petevi.竞赛；竞争→n.竞赛；竞争→n.对手4.full a.圆满的→fullyad.充分地5.stronga.力量；优势→n.力量；优势6.supportivevt.支持→a.支持的7.toleratevt.容忍→a.容的8.evidentn.明显的→n.证据，证词二、纲内词汇翻译（酌情删减）1.conclusionn.2.argument n.3.distaste n.4.mistaken a.5.social a.6.physical a.7.bloodied a.8.petitionn.9.say vt.10.tournamentn.11.opponentn.12.position n.13.claim vt.14.honestly ad.15.stand n.16.fully ad.17.assess vt.18.strength n.19.weakness n.20.divide vt.21.disagree vi.22.readjust vt.23.verbal a.24.critical a.25.supportivea. 26.tolerant a.27.uncertaina.28.lack vt.29.ignore vt.30.conclude vt.31.solid a.32.evidence n.33.proper a.三、高频词块翻译（酌情删减）1.etotheconclusion2.getthebestof 3.dependon 4.missthepoint 5.endup 6.bewelloff 7.backandforth 8.spellout 9.disagreewithsb10.one’sattitudetowards…11.beconfidentin…四、单句填空（核心考点习题化）1.Inhis1936work,DaleCarnegiewrote:“Ihaveetothe____________(conclude)thatthereisonlyoneway____________(get)thebestofanargument—andthatistoavoidit.”2.Thisdistasteforargumentsismon,butitdependsona____________(mistake)viewofargumentsthat____________(cause)problemsforourpersonalandsociallives.3.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,____________ishowweoftenthinkofthem.4.Likephysicalfights,verbal(言语的)fightscanleavebothsides____________(bloody).5.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupno____________(well)off.6.Youwouldbefeelingalmostasbadifargumentswereevenjust____________(petition)—like,say,tennistournaments.7.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforth____________onewinneresoutfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.8.Thiskindofthinkingexplains____________somanypeopletrytoavoidarguments.9.However,therearewaystowinan____________(argue)everytime.10.Whenyoustateyourposition,formulate(阐述)anargumentforwhatyouclaimand____________(honest)askyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.11.Whenyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirviewandspellouttheirargument____________(full).12.Assessits____________(strong)andweakness.Raiseobjections(异议)andlistencarefullytotheirreplies.13.Thismethodwillrequireeffort,____________practicewillmakeyoubetteratit.五、熟词新意(defend用法)1.Scientistsareclaimingamajorbreakthroughinthefightagainstcancer.2.Alotoflostpropertyisneverclaimed.3.Thecarcrashclaimedthreelives.4.Shewastooweaktostand.5.Istoodthelittlegirlonachairsothatshecouldsee.6.Thecastlestandsonthesiteofanancientbattlefield.7.Thetowerstands30metreshigh.8.Shecouldn'tstandbeingkeptwaiting.9.Modernplasticscanstandveryhighandverylowtemperatures.10.Hewascriticizedforhistoughstandonimmigration.11.Theysetupastandtosellcookedsausages.六、长难句分析（括号法+标记法）1.Thisdistasteforargumentsismon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofarguments[thatcausesproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives—andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace].【翻译】这种对争论的厌恶是常见的，但它取决于对争论的错误看法，这会给我们的个人和社会生活带来问题，而且在很多方面都没有抓住争论的重点。【分析】thatcausesproblems…引导________从句，修饰先行词arguments；定语从句由________连接两个并列的谓语动词；主句部分是________连接的并列句。2.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument[—notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningaboutwhatdividespeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem].【翻译】这些工具可以帮助你赢得每一场争论——不是从击败对手的无益意义上，而是从更好的意义上了解人们的分歧，了解他们为什么不同意我们的观点，并学会与他们交谈和合作。【分析】Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument是一个“________”结构的简单句；后边破折号部分期解释说明作用，not…but….连接两个介词短语；but之后由三个learning,learn…andlearning…是________结构。3.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments[—fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother—]thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.【翻译】如果我们重新调整我们对争论的看法——从一场口头斗争或网球比赛到一场理性的交流，通过这种交流我们都能获得彼此的尊重和理解——那么我们就改变了“赢得”争论的本质。【分析】两个破折号部分相当于插入语，throughwhichweallgainrespectandunderstandingfromeachother是________从句，修饰先行词exchange；主体部分是一个if引起的条件状语从句+主句结构的主从复合句。2023年四省联考2023年四省联考Foryears,DavidJames,whostudiesinsectsatWashingtonStateUniversity,hadwantedtoexaminethemigration(迁徙)patternsofWestCoastmonarchbutterflies(黑脉金斑蝶).Theroutethebutterfliestravelhasbeenhardlyknownbecausethepopulationsaretoosmalltofollow.Forevery200monarchstagged(打标签)byaresearcher,onlyoneisusuallyrecoveredattheendofitstrip,Jamessays,andfindingeven200inthewildtotagisunlikely.Knowingtherouteisvitaltoconservationefforts,butJameshadnowaytofigureitoutuntilhegotaphonecallfromWashingtonStatePenitentiaryinWallaWalla.Theprisonwaslookingfornewactivitiestoimprovethementalhealthofthoseservinglongtermsentences.SoJamesbeganworkingwithprisonerstoraisemonarchsthroughthewholeprocessoftheirtransformation.Theadultinsectswerethentaggedandreleasedfromtheprison.Overfiveyears,nearly10,000monarchsflewfromthefacility.ElsewhereinWashington,OregonandIdaho,researchersreleasedanotherfewthousand.Thetagsincludedemailaddresses,andsoonafterthefirstbutterfliestookoff,Jamesstartedreceivingmessagesfrompeoplewhohadspottedthem.Thebutterflies,thereportsconfirmed,winteredincoastalCalifornia.TwelveofthemlandedatLighthouseFieldStateBeachinSantaCruz.SeveralmoreheadedtoBolinasandMorroBay.TheworkhelpsresearchersidentifyidealplacestoplantmilkweedandothervegetationthatareimportanttothelifecycleofWestCoastmonarchbutterflies.Italsobroughtoutthegentlersideofsomeoftheprisoners.“Theywereveryworriedthattheyweregoingtoharmthebutterflies,”Jamessays.Watchingthemonarchchangetheirformalsotouchedthemen.“Thisbutterflychanged,”Jamesrecallsprisonerstellinghim,“andmaybewecantoo.”28.WhatwashardforDavidtodoinhisstudy?A.Gainfinancialsupport. B.Hirequalifiedworkers.C.Buildanewlaboratory. D.Findenoughmonarchs.29.Whyarethebutterfliestaggedbeforebeingreleased?A.Toguaranteetheirsafety.B.Toenablethemtoflylongerdistances.C.Totracktheirtravelroutes.D.Todistinguishthemfromotherspecies.30.Whatmakestheprisonersfeelthattheycanchange?A.Thepatiencethebutterfliesshowed.B.Thehardshipthebutterfliesunderwent.C.Thetransformationofthebutterflies.D.ThedevotionofJamestothebutterflies.31.Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theimpactoftheresearch.B.ThefindingsofJames’study.C.Thereleaseoftheprisoners.D.Thelifecycleofthebutterflies.解题指导解题指导态度观点态度类试题解题指导态度观点态度类试题的解题方法：第一：结合题干人物和内容定位原文出现在哪一（些）段；然后仔细比对该句言外之意；第二：加入自己的态度。要注意区分试题考查的是作者的态度还是作者引用别人的态度；第三：态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者在文章中所运用词汇的褒贬性去判断作者的态度，尤其是动词、形容词和副词，如wonderfully,successfully,unfortunately,doubtfully等。乐观支持类词汇：optimistic乐观的；positive肯定的；favorable支持的，赞同的；supportive支持的；approving赞成的客观中立类词汇：objective客观的；neutral中立的；cautious谨慎的消极反对类词汇：negative否定的；opposite相反的；unfair公正的；doubtful怀疑的；indifferent漠不关心的；critical批评的；ironic讽刺的；skeptical质疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞同的；pessimistic悲观的；dismissive轻蔑的，不屑一顾的考例1（2023年全国甲卷C篇）Iwasabout13whenanunclegavemeacopyofJosteinGaarder’sSophie’sWorld.Itwasfullofideasthatwerenewtome,soIspentthesummerwithmyheadinandoutofthatbook.Itspoketomeandbroughtmeintoaworldofphilosophy(哲学).ThatloveforphilosophylasteduntilIgottocollege.NothingkillstheloveforphilosophyfasterthanpeoplewhothinktheyunderstandFoucault,Baudrillard,orConfuciusbetterthanyou—andthentrytoexplainthem.EricWeiner’sTheSocratesExpress:InSearchofLifeLessonsfromDeadPhilosophersreawakenedmyloveforphilosophy.Itisnotanexplanation,butaninvitationtothinkandexperiencephilosophy.Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher’sworkinthecontext(背景)ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.TheendresultisareadinwhichwelearntowonderlikeSocrates,seelikeThoreau,listenlikeSchopenhauer,andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.This,morethanabookaboutunderstandingphilosophy,isabookaboutlearningtousephilosophytoimprovealife.Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexperiences,andhedoessowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersintoconversationwithsomeofthemostimportantphilosophersinhistory,andhebeespartofthatcrowdintheprocessbydecoding(解读)theirmessagesandaddinghisowninterpretation.TheSocratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityandgraduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,loneliness,andaging.Theinvitationisclear:Weinerwantsyoutopickupacoffeeorteaandsitdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisoffer.It’sworthyourtime,eveniftimeissomethingwedon’thavealotof.28.Whoopenedthedoortophilosophyfortheauthor?A.Foucault. B.EricWeiner.C.JosteinGaarder. D.Acollegeteacher.29.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosophersinparagraph4?A.TopareWeinerwiththem.B.Togiveexamplesofgreatworks.C.Topraisetheirwritingskills.D.TohelpreadersunderstandWeinersbook.30.WhatdoestheauthorlikeaboutTheSocratesExpress?A.Itsviewsonhistoryarewellpresented.B.Itsideascanbeappliedtodailylife.C.Itincludesmentsfromreaders.D.Itleavesanopenending.31.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeinersbook?A.Objectiveandplain.B.Daringandambitious.C.Seriousandhardtofollow.D.Humorousandstraightforward.考例2（2021年新高考I卷D篇）Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskillbasedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重视)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwellbeing.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersreevaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.32.Whatisamonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest. B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills. D.Itreferstoaperson’spositivequalities.33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater”inparagraph2?A.Toexplainarule. B.Toclarifyaconcept.C.Topresentafact. D.Tomakeaprediction.34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic. B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication. D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.历年真题历年真题速递1（2018·全国·高考真题）We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeunfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavepromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialmunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustmunicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwellbeingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.1．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofmunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.2．WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A．Showinggoodmanners. B．Relatingtootherpeople.C．Focusingonatopic. D．Makingbusinessdeals.3．Whatdoesthecoffeeshopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A．Itimprovesfamilyrelationships. B．Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C．Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk. D．Itmakespeoplefeelgood.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ConversationCounts B．WaysofMakingSmallTalkC．BenefitsofSmallTalk D．UnfortableSilence2（2024·浙江·统考高考真题）TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Followupstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempted(诱惑)bysugarytreats,butbyourputers,phones,andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacaloriepoorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformationpoor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.5．WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischel’stest?A．Takeanexaminationalone. B．Showrespectfortheresearchers.C．Sharetheirtreatswithothers. D．Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.6．Accordingtoparagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween___________.A．thecaloriepoorworldandourgoodappetitesB．theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneedsC．therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrainsD．thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfit7．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?A．Absorbnewinformationreadily. B．Beselectiveinformationconsumers.C．Usediverseinformationsources. D．Protecttheinformationenvironment.8．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．EatLess,ReadMore B．TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumansC．TheLater,theBetter D．TheMarshmallowTestforGrownups3（2023·全国·统考高考真题）OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathasetobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbeecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.9．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation. B．Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.10．Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmall B．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotmunicate D．estimateswerenotfullyindependent11．Whatdidthefollowupstudyfocuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups. B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess. D．Theindividualestimates.12．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.名校好题速递名校好题速递4（2023·云南昆明·昆明一中校考一模）RecentlyI’vebeendrawntobookswhichmotivatemetolookatmyself,andhopefullymakemeabetter“me”.TheCouragetoBeDisliked,byIchiroKishimiandFumitakeKoya,hasatitleIjustcan’tgopast.ThebookhastakenJapanbystorm,usingthetheoriesofphilosopherAlfredAdlertocreateconversationsbetweenafictionalphilosopherandayoungman.Theconversationscovermanybroad,interestingandtouchytopics.ThephilosophercharactersticksbythetheoriesofAdler,andexplainshowwearepetenttodetermineourownlives,andbefreeoftheinfluenceofpastexperiencesandothers’expectations.It’sawayofthinkingthatallowsustodevelopthecouragetochangeandtoignorethelimitationsplacedonus.Theseoftenplextopicsareplayedoutinaconversationalstylebetweenthetwomen.Whileit’seasytofollowtheconversations,thetopicswillknockaroundinyourownheadasyouworkoutwhetheryousitonthesideofthephilosopher,theyoungman,orsomewhereinbetween.Thebookiswellreceivedbyreadersprimarilyowingtothefactthatitpresentstwowellbalancedperspectivesinthearguments.You’llfindyourselfdoinghouseholdchores,oratyourkeyboard,unpackingalltheinformationinyourmindandingtoyourownconclusions.Youwillwholeheartedlyagreeonsomepointsandwanttothrowthebookatthewallatothers.Itscontentispolarising(两极化的)andIcertainlydon’tagreewitheverythingthephilosopherortheyoungmansays,butIthinkthat’sthepoint.TheCouragetoBeDislikedistheretosparkaconversationwithyourselfanddosomeslightlyunfortablesoulsearching.13．Whichcategorydoesthebookbelongto?A．Classicliterature. B．Sciencefiction.C．Philosophytheory. D．Selfimprovement.14．Whichstatementmightthephilosophercharacteragreewith?A．Peoplecantakechargeoftheirlifecourse.B．Peoplearefreeoftheinfluenceoftheirpast.C．Peopleshouldhidetheireagernesstochange.D．Peopleoughttotaketheirlimitationsseriously.15．Howdoesthebookdevelop?A．Bypresentingdialogues. B．Bymakingparisons.C．Byarguingtheoretically. D．Bylistingadequate