专题04 阅读理解 (说明文议论文)-【好题汇编】2024年高考英语一模试题分类汇编北京专用解析版

专题04阅读理解(说明文&议论文)Part1阅读理解之说明文（一）（204届.北京海淀区.统考一模）Withallthedietaryinformationonline,itcanbehardtoknowwhattipstofollow.Watchoutforthesewordsandexpressions.FatIsGoodItdoesn'tmatterifyouarepartofthefatisGOODforyouorBADforyougroup,theimportantquestiontoaskisthesourceofthefat.Ifitcomesfromaland-basedanimal,andislikelytobesolidatroomtemperature,thenitissaturated(饱和的)fatwhereasifitcomesfromfishorplants,anditislikelytobeliquidatroomtemperature,thenitisunsaturatedfat.Alltheevidenceindicatesthateatingmoreunsaturatedfatthansaturatedfatlowersyourriskofdyingearly.NaturalSugarIsBetterThevastmajorityofsugarweconsumeissucrose（蔗糖）.Itisthewhitepowderedstuffwecookwithandismadeupofglucoseandfructose.Howaboutsugarfromhoney?Itisoftenmarketedasnaturalandbetterforyou.Actually,itjusthasitsowndistinctflavour,butisassweetbecauseofglucoseandfructose.High-pHWaterSomepeoplethinkweneedtoeatalkali（碱）foodtomaintainourbloodatapHof7.4.Buteverythingweeatordrinkpassesthroughthestomach,which,atapHof1.5,isthemostacidicpartofthebody.ItisthenneutralisedtoapHof7.So,nothingweeatwillchangethepHofourblood.Don’tEatAnythingThatYouCan'tPronounceWhetherfoodsarenaturalorhighlyprocessed,theyareallfullofchemicals.Areyousupposedtofear“phenylthiocarbamide”,becauseyoucan'tpronounceit?Thisissimplythechemicalresponsibleforthebittertastefoundinbrassicas,theplantsinthecabbageandmustardfamily.Don'tEatFoodWithMoreThanFiveIngredients（佐料）Simplefoodsarenotnecessarilyhealthierforyou.IfI,forinstance,useChinesefivespicepowderinarecipe,thatwouldcountasoneofthefiveingredients.However,whatifIaddedthetypicalcomponentsoffivespicepowderseparatelyintoadish?Doesthatmeanmyrecipesuddenlybecomesbadbecauseithasmorethanfiveingredients?21. Accordingtothepassage,healthierfat______.A.canbefoundinfishandplants B.comesfromland-basedanimalsC.remainssolidatroomtemperature D.canlowerthedeathrateofelders22.Thepassagesuggeststhat________.A.dietscanhelpadjustthepHofourbloodB.honeysugarcandomoregoodthansucroseC.foodswithmoreingredientsmaybeashealthyD.chemicalswecanrecognizearesafertotakein23.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tocomparetipsonfoodchoices.B.Tointroducedifferenthealthconcepts.C.Torecommendfitnessrecipestoreaders.D.Towarnusofsomedietarymisunderstandings.【答案】21.A22.C23.D【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要是对一些常见的饮食相关的说法进行了分析和解释，以帮助人们更好地理解和选择饮食。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据文章中的“Ifitcomesfromaland-based

animal,andislikelytobesolidatroomtemperature,thenitissaturated(饱和的)fatwhereasifitcomesfromfishorplants,anditislikelytobe

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atroomtemperature,thenitisunsaturatedfat.Alltheevidenceindicatesthateatingmoreunsaturatedfatthansaturatedfatlowersyourriskofdyingearly.”可知，来自鱼类和植物的脂肪是更健康的，吃更多不饱和脂肪比饱和脂肪降低早逝的风险，所以更健康的脂肪来自鱼类和植物。故选A。【22题详解】推理判断题。文章提到“Don’tEatAnythingThatYouCan'tPronounce”时说明不要因为食物名字不会读就认为它不健康，同时提到“Don'tEatFoodWithMoreThanFiveIngredients（佐料）”时说明食物成分多不一定就不健康，即食物含有更多成分可能也一样健康，C选项正确；A选项文章说的是胃的pH值，不是血液的pH值，排除；B选项文章未提及蜂蜜糖比蔗糖更好，排除；D选项文章说的是认识不认识化学物质和食物是否健康没有关系，排除。故选C。【23题详解】细节理解题。文章主要讲了一些关于饮食的常见误解，如脂肪的好坏、天然糖是否更好、高pH值水以及食物成分等方面，目的是提醒人们注意这些饮食方面的误解，D选项正确；A选项文章没有比较不同的食物选择建议，排除；B选项不是文章的主要目的，文章只是举例说明一些饮食误解，排除；C选项文章没有推荐健身食谱，排除。故选D。（二）（2024届.北京海淀区.统考一模）Researchershopebrainimplantswillonedayhelppeoplewithaphasia（失语症）togettheirvoiceback—andmaybeeventosing.Now,forthefirsttime,scientistshavedemonstratedthatthebrain'selectricalactivitycanbedecodedandusedtoreconstructmusic.Anewstudyanalyzeddatafrom29peoplemonitoredforepilepticseizures（癫痫发作），usingelectrodes（电极）onthesurfaceoftheirbrain.Asparticipantslistenedtoaselectedsong,electrodescapturedbrainactivityrelatedtomusicalelements,suchastone,rhythm,andlyrics.Employingmachinelearning,RobertKnightfromUCBerkeleyandhiscolleaguesreconstructedwhattheparticipantswerehearingandpublishedtheirstudyresults.Thepaperisthefirsttosuggestthatscientistscan“listensecretlyto”thebraintosynthesize（合成）music.Toturnbrainactivitydataintomusicalsound,researcherstrainedanartificialintelligence（AI）modeltodecodedatacapturedfromthousandsofelectrodesthatwereattachedtotheparticipantsastheylistenedtothesongwhileundergoingsurgery.Oncethebraindatawerefedthroughthemodel,themusicreturned.Themodelalsorevealedsomebrainpartsrespondingtodifferentmusicalfeaturesofthesong.Althoughthefindingsfocusedonmusic,theresearchersexpecttheirresultstobemostusefulfortranslatingbrainwavesintohumanspeech.LudovicBellier,thestudy'sleadauthor,explainsthatspeech,regardlessoflanguage,hassmallmelodicdifferences—tempo,stress,accents,andintonation—knownasprosody（韵律）.Theseelementscarrymeaningthatwecan'tcommunicatewithwordsalone.Hehopesthemodelwillimprovebrain-computerinterfaces（BCI）,assistivedevicesthatrecordspeech-associatedbrainwavesandusealgorithmstoreconstructintendedmessages.Thistechnology,stillinitsinfancy,couldhelppeoplewhohavelosttheabilitytospeakbecauseofaphasia.Futureresearchshouldinvestigatewhetherthesemodelscanbeexpandedfrommusicthatparticipantshaveheardtoimaginedinternalspeech.Ifabrain-computerinterfacecouldrecreatesomeone'sspeechwiththeprosodyandemotionalweightfoundinmusic,itcouldofferarichercommunicationexperiencebeyondmerewords.Severalbarriersremainbeforewecanputthistechnologyinthehands—orbrains—ofpatients.Thecurrentmodelreliesonsurgicalimplants.Asrecordingtechniquesimprove,thehopeistogatherdatanon-invasively,possiblyusingultrasensitiveelectrodes.However,undercurrenttechnologies,thisapproachmightresultinalowerspeedofdecodingintonaturalspeech.Theresearchersalsohopetoimprovetheplaybackclaritybypackingtheelectrodesclosertogetheronthebrain’ssurface,enablinganevenmoredetailedlookattheelectricalsymphonythebrainproduces.28.Whatcanwelearnfromthestudy?A.Electrodescananalyzemusicalelements.B.Thedecodingofbraindatahelpsrecreatemusic.C.Machinelearninggreatlyenhancesbrainactivity.D.TheAImodelmonitorsmusic-responsivebrainregions.29.Whathopefullymakesitpossibletoexpandthemodeltospeech?A.Theprosodyofspeech. B.Thecollectionofbrainwaves.C.Theemotionalweightofmusic. D.Thereconstructionofinformation.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.UnlockingtheSecretsofMelodicMind B.BrainSymphony:SynthesizedHumanSpeechC.BCIBringsHopetoPeoplewithAphasia D.RemarkableJourney:DecodingBrainwithAI【答案】28.B29.A30.B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲科学家首次证明大脑电活动可解码并用于重构音乐，他们还期望该研究成果能助失语症患者恢复说话能力，未来需克服一些障碍才能将此技术应用于患者。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据原文“To

turn

brainactivitydataintomusicalsound,researcherstrainedanartificialintelligence(AI)modeltodecode

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capturedfromthousandsofelectrodesthatwereattachedtotheparticipantsastheylistenedtothesongwhileundergoingsurgery.”可知，解码大脑数据有助于重新创造音乐。故选B。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据原文“Theseelementscarrymeaningthatwecan'tcommunicatewithwordsalone.Hehopesthemodelwillimprovebrain-computerinterfaces(BCI),assistivedevicesthatrecordspeech-associatedbrainwavesandusealgorithmstoreconstructintendedmessages.”可知，是语音的韵律使得将模型扩展到语音成为可能。故选A。【30题详解】主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了科学家通过解码大脑的电活动来合成音乐，并且希望这项技术可以用于转化人类语言，帮助失语症患者，B选项能够很好地概括文章主旨。故选B。（三）（2024届.北京西城区.统考一模）EvanSelinger,professorinRIT’sDepartmentofPhilosophy,hastakenaninterestintheethics(伦理标准)ofAlandthepolicygapsthatneedtobefilledin.Throughahumanitiesviewpoint,Selingerasksthequestions,“HowcanAIcauseharm,andwhatcangovernmentsandcompaniescreatingAlprogramsdotoaddressandmanageit?”Answeringthem,heexplained,requiresaninterdisciplinaryapproach.“AIethicsgobeyondtechnicalfixes.Philosophersandotherhumanitiesexpertsareuniquelyskilledtoaddressthenuanced(微妙的)principles,valueconflicts,andpowerdynamics.Theseskillsaren’tjustcrucialforaddressingcurrentissues.Wedesperatelyneedthemtopromoteanticipatory(先行的)governance,”saidSelinger.Oneexamplethatillustrateshowphilosophyandhumanitiesexpertscanhelpguidethesenew,rapidlygrowingtechnologiesisSelinger’sworkcollaboratingwithaspecialAIproject.“OneoftheskillsIbringtothetableisidentifyingcoreethicalissuesinemergingtechnologiesthathaven’tbeenbuiltorusedbythepublic.Wecantakepreventativestepstolimitrisk,includingchanginghowthetechnologyisdesigned,”saidSelinger.TakingthesepreventativestepsandregularlyreassessingwhatrisksneedaddressingispartoftheongoingjourneyinpursuitofcreatingresponsibleAI.Selingerexplainsthatthereisn’tastep-by-stepapproachforgoodgovernance.“AIethicshavecorevaluesandprinciples,butthere’sendlessdisagreementaboutinterpretingandapplyingthemandcreatingmeaningfulaccountabilitymechanisms,”saidSelinger.“SomepeoplearerightlyworriedthatAIcanbecomeintegratedinto‘ethicswashing’-weakchecklists,flowerymissionstatements,andemptyrhetoricthatcoversoverabusesofpower.Fortunately,I’vehadgreatconversationsaboutthisissue,includingwithsomeexperts,onwhyitisimportanttoconsiderarangeofpositions.”SomeofSelinger’srecentresearchhasfocusedontheback-endissueswithdevelopingAIsuchasthehumanimpactthatcomeswithtestingAIchatbotsbeforethey’rereleasedtothepublic.Otherissuesfocusonpolicy,suchaswhattodoaboutthedangersposedbyfacialrecognitionandotherautomatedsurveillance(监视)approaches.SelingerismakingsurehisstudentsareinformedabouttheongoingindustryconversationsonAIethicsandresponsibleAI.“Studentsaregoingtobefuturetechleaders.Nowisthetimetohelpthemthinkaboutwhatgoalstheircompaniesshouldhaveandthecostsofminimizingethicalconcerns.Beyondsocialcosts,downplayingethicscannegativelyimpactcorporatecultureandhiring,”saidSelinger.“Toattracttoptalent,youneedtoconsiderwhetheryourcompanymatchestheirinterestsandhopesforthefuture.”28.Selingeradvocatesaninterdisciplinaryapproachbecause________.A.humanitiesexpertspossessskillsessentialforAIethicsB.itdemonstratesthepowerofanticipatorygovernanceC.AIethicsheavilydependsontechnologicalsolutionsD.itcanavoidsocialconflictsandpressingissues29.TopromoteresponsibleAI,Selingerbelievesweshould________.A.adoptasystematicapproach B.applyinnovativetechnologiesC.anticipateethicalrisksbeforehand D.establishaccountabilitymechanisms30.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.MorecompanieswilluseAItoattracttoptalent.B.UnderstandingAIethicswillhelpstudentsinthefuture.C.Selingerfavorscompaniesthatmatchhisstudents’values.D.Selingerislikelytofocusonback-endissuessuchaspolicy.【答案】28.A29.C30.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了RIT哲学系教授EvanSelinger对于对人工智能的伦理的一些看法和建议。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段““AIethicsgobeyondtechnicalfixes.Philosophersandotherhumanitiesexpertsareuniquelyskilledtoaddressthenuanced(微妙的)principles,valueconflicts,andpowerdynamics.Theseskillsaren’tjustcrucialforaddressingcurrentissues.Wedesperatelyneedthemtopromoteanticipatory(先行的)governance,”saidSelinger.(Selinger说：“人工智能伦理超越了技术修复。哲学家和其他人文专家在处理微妙的原则、价值冲突和权力动态方面具有独特的技能。这些技能不仅对解决当前问题至关重要。我们迫切需要他们来促进预见性治理。”)”可知，塞林格主张跨学科的方法，因为人文学科专家拥有人工智能伦理所必需的技能。故选A。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“TakingthesepreventativestepsandregularlyreassessingwhatrisksneedaddressingispartoftheongoingjourneyinpursuitofcreatingresponsibleAI.(采取这些预防措施并定期重新评估需要解决的风险，是追求创造负责任的人工智能的持续旅程的一部分)”可知，为了促进负责任的人工智能，塞林格认为我们应该事先预测道德风险。故选C。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段““Studentsaregoingtobefuturetechleaders.Nowisthetimetohelpthemthinkaboutwhatgoalstheircompaniesshouldhaveandthecostsofminimizingethicalconcerns.Beyondsocialcosts,downplayingethicscannegativelyimpactcorporatecultureandhiring,”saidSelinger.“Toattracttoptalent,youneedtoconsiderwhetheryourcompanymatchestheirinterestsandhopesforthefuture.”(“学生们将成为未来的科技领袖。现在是时候帮助他们思考他们的公司应该有什么样的目标，以及最小化道德问题的成本。除了社会成本之外，轻视道德还会对企业文化和招聘产生负面影响。”“为了吸引顶尖人才，你需要考虑你的公司是否符合他们的兴趣和对未来的希望。”)”可推知，理解人工智能伦理对学生未来有帮助。故选B。（四）（2024届.北京西城区.统考一模）Whilesomeallergies(过敏症)disappearovertimeorwithtreatment,otherslastalifetime.Fordecades,scientistshavebeensearchingforthesourceoftheselifetimeallergies.Recently,researchersfoundthatmemoryBcellsmaybeinvolved.ThesecellsproduceadifferentclassofantibodiesknownasIgG,whichwardoffviralinfections.ButnoonehadidentifiedexactlywhichofthosecellswererecallingallergensorhowtheyswitchedtomakingtheIgEantibodiesresponsibleforallergies.Touncoverthemysteriouscells,tworesearchteamstookadeepdiveintotheimmune(免疫的)cellsofpeoplewithallergiesandsomewithout.ImmunologistJoshuaKoenigandcolleaguesexaminedmorethan90,000memoryBcellsfromsixpeoplewithbirchallergies,fourpeopleallergictodustmitesandfivepeoplewithnoallergies.UsingatechniquecalledRNAsequencing,theteamidentifiedspecificmemoryBcells,whichtheynamedMBC2sthatmakeantibodiesandproteinsassociatedwiththeimmuneresponsethatcausesallergies.Inanotherexperiment,KoenigandcolleaguesusedapeanutproteintogofishingformemoryBcellsfrompeoplewithpeanutallergies.Theteampulledoutthesametypeofcellsfoundinpeoplewithbirchanddustmiteallergies.Inpeoplewithpeanutallergies,thosecellsincreasedinnumberandproducedIgEantibodiesasthepeoplestartedtreatmenttodesensitizethemtopeanutallergens.AnothergroupledbyMariaCurottodeLafaille,animmunologistattheIcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinaiinNewYorkCity,alsofoundthatsimilarcellsweremoreplentifulin58childrenallergictopeanutsthanin13kidswithoutallergies.TheteamfoundthatthecellsarereadytoswitchfrommakingprotectiveIgGantibodiestoallergy-causingIgEantibodies.Evenbeforetheswitch,thecellsweremakingRNAforIgEbutdidn’tproducetheprotein.MakingthatRNAenablesthecellstoswitchthetypeofantibodiestheymakewhentheyencounterallergens.ThesignaltoswitchpartiallydependsonaproteincalledJAK,thegroupdiscovered.“StoppingJAKfromsendingthesignalcouldhelppreventthememorycellsfromswitchingtoIgEproduction,”Lafaillesays.Shealsopredictsthatallergistsmaybeabletoexamineaspectsofthesememorycellstoforecastwhetherapatient'sallergyislikelytolastordisappearwithtimeortreatment.“Knowingwhichpopulationofcellsstoreallergiesinlong-termmemorymayeventuallyhelpscientistsidentifyotherwaystokilltheallergycells,”saysCeciliaBerin,animmunologistatNorthwesternUniversityFeinbergSchoolofMedicine.“Youcouldpotentiallygetridofnotonlyyourpeanutallergybutalsoallofyourallergies.”31.Whydidscientistsinvestigatetheimmunecellsofindividualswithandwithoutallergies?A.ToexplorethedistinctionsbetweenIgGandIgE.B.TouncovernewantibodiesknownasIgGandIgE.C.Toidentifycellsresponsiblefordefendingagainstallergies.D.Torevealcellsassociatedwiththedevelopmentofallergies.32.Whatdoestheword“desensitize”underlinedinParagraph4mostprobablymean?AMake...lessdestructive. B.Make...lessresponsive.C.Make...lessprotective. D.Make...lesseffective.33.Whatcanwelearnfromthetworesearchteams’work?A.MBC2smakeantibodiesandproteinsthatpreventallergies.B.MemoryBcellsgeneratebothRNAforIgEandthecorrespondingprotein.C.JAKplaysaroleincontrollingantibodyproductionwhenexposedtoallergens.DAllergistsarecapableofpredictingwhetheranallergywilllastordisappear.34.Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.RNASequencingIsAppliedinImmunologyResearchB.SpecificCellsRelatedtoPeanutAllergiesAreIdentifiedC.UnmaskingCells’IdentitiesHelpsDiagnoseandTreatAllergiesD.NewfoundImmuneCellsAreResponsibleforLong-lastingAllergies【答案】31.D32.B33.C34.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文，本文主要讲述两个研究小组为了揭示与发生过敏有关的细胞进行研究，最终确定了特定的记忆B细胞。【31题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“ButnoonehadidentifiedexactlywhichofthosecellswererecallingallergensorhowtheyswitchedtomakingtheIgEantibodiesresponsibleforallergies.Touncoverthemysteriouscells,tworesearchteamstookadeepdiveintotheimmune(免疫的)cellsofpeoplewithallergiesandsomewithout.(但是没有人确切地确定哪些细胞会召回过敏原，或者它们是如何转变为产生导致过敏的IgE抗体的。为了揭开这些神秘的细胞，两个研究小组深入研究了过敏人群和非过敏人群的免疫细胞)”可知，科学家研究过敏和没有过敏的个体的免疫细胞是为了揭示与发生过敏有关的细胞，故选D。【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段中“UsingatechniquecalledRNAsequencing,theteamidentifiedspecificmemoryBcells,whichtheynamedMBC2sthatmakeantibodiesandproteinsassociatedwiththeimmuneresponsethatcausesallergies.(利用一种名为RNA测序的技术，研究小组确定了特定的记忆B细胞，他们将其命名为MBC2s，这些细胞产生与导致过敏的免疫反应相关的抗体和蛋白质)”可知，记忆B细胞会产生与导致过敏的免疫反应相关的抗体和蛋白质，结合划线词前“thosecellsincreasedinnumberandproducedIgEantibodies(这些细胞的数量增加并产生IgE抗体)”可知，记忆B细胞数量增加并产生抗体，说明不再过敏，desensitize意为“使……不再过敏”符合题意，故选B。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段中“TheteamfoundthatthecellsarereadytoswitchfrommakingprotectiveIgGantibodiestoallergy-causingIgEantibodies.Evenbeforetheswitch,thecellsweremakingRNAforIgEbutdidn’tproducetheprotein.MakingthatRNAenablesthecellstoswitchthetypeofantibodiestheymakewhentheyencounterallergens.ThesignaltoswitchpartiallydependsonaproteincalledJAK,thegroupdiscovered.(研究小组发现，这些细胞已经准备好从产生保护性的IgG抗体转变为引起过敏的IgE抗体。即使在转换之前，细胞也在为IgE制造RNA，但不产生蛋白质。小组发现，制造这种RNA可以使细胞在遇到过敏原时转换抗体的类型。转换信号部分取决于一种叫做JAK的蛋白质)”可知，当暴露于过敏原时，JAK在控制抗体产生中起作用，故选C。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Fordecades,scientistshavebeensearchingforthesourceoftheselifetimeallergies.(几十年来，科学家们一直在寻找这些终生过敏的来源)”以及第二段中“Recently,researchersfoundthatmemoryBcellsmaybeinvolved.(最近，研究人员发现记忆B细胞可能参与其中)”可知，本文主要讲述两个研究小组为了揭示与发生过敏有关的细胞进行研究，最终确定了特定的记忆B细胞，D项“新发现的免疫细胞是造成长期过敏的原因”为最佳标题，故选D。（五）（2024届.北京东城区等五区.统考一模）InThailand,human-elephantconflictisincreasing.Tolocalfarmers,elephantsthreatentheirsafetyandeconomiclivelihood.BringtheElephantHome(BTEH)isanon-profitorganisationwhosemissionistoincreasechancesofsurvivalforelephantsandworktowardsaworldinwhichpeopleandelephantscanliveinharmony,beneftingfromeachother’sexistence.BTEH’sprojectsrootinlocalcommunities.Theirworkischaracterisedbythreeprinciples:localinvolvement,ahealthyecology,andbenefitsforpeopleandelephantssimultaneously(同时地).Theyleadtoshareddecisionmaking,ownershipoflocalcommunities,sustainability,andapeacefulcoexistenceofpeopleandanimals.AgroupofBTEHresearchersandlocalfarmervolunteersareexperimentingwithhowtomaketheplantationslessappealingtoelephantsandpreventthemfromcomingintothefarms.AndtheTomYumProjectcomesintobeing.ThenameoftheTomYumProjectcomesfromtheThaisoup.Theingredients(原料)forthesouparechilli,garlic,lemongrass,andonion—noneofwhichareattractivetoelephants.Thisprojectgiveshopetoalternativecropsasasolutiontohuman-elephantconflictinThailand.Theprojectworksinthefollowingsteps.TheTomYumProjectisthefirstresearchandcommunity-basedalternativecropplantinginitiativetopromotehuman-elephantcoexistence.Now,somesimilarprojectswillbecarriedoutinSriLanka.21.Accordingtothepassage,BTEH’smissionistoA.developruralcommunities B.createhealthyenvironmentsC.improvelocaleconomiclivelihood D.promotehuman-elephantcoexistence22.IntheTomYumProject,researchersandlocalfarmers_______.A.formsomeguardingteams B.volunteertocollectingredientsC.experimentwithalternativecrops D.provideelephantswiththeThaisoup23.Inwhichstepdofarmersturntheharvestedcropsintoorganichoneyorteas?A.Step2. B.Step3. C.Step4. D.Step5.【答案】21D22.C23.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍泰国一个非盈利组织BTEH为了促进人像和谐共存开发了TomYumProject，鼓励农民种植对大象吸引力小的替代作物，同时也让农民可以生产有机产品。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“BringtheElephantHome(BTEH)isanon-profitorganisationwhosemissionistoincreasechancesofsurvivalforelephantsandworktowardsaworldinwhichpeopleandelephantscanliveinharmony,beneftingfromeachother’sexistence.(“把大象带回家”(BTEH)是一个非营利性组织，其使命是增加大象的生存机会，并努力建立一个人与大象和谐相处，相互受益的世界)”可知，BTEH的任务是促进人和大象的和谐共处。故选D。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Thisprojectgiveshopetoalternativecropsasasolutiontohuman-elephantconflictinThailand.(这个项目为泰国解决人象冲突的替代作物带来了希望)”和第五段中“TheTomYumProjectisthefirstresearchandcommunity-basedalternativecropplantinginitiativetopromotehuman-elephantcoexistence.(TomYum项目是第一个以研究和社区为基础的替代作物种植倡议，以促进人象共存)”可知，在TomYumProject项目中研究人员和当地农民实验替代作物。故选C。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据第四张图片中的叙述“Farmersharvestcropsandcreateorganicproductsineco-friendlypackaging.(农民收割农作物，生产环保包装的有机产品)”可知，在这一步农民把收获的作物变成有机蜂蜜或茶叶。故选C。（六）（2024届.北京东城区等五区.统考一模）Timeisoneofhumanity’sgreatestblindspots.Weexperienceitasdays,monthsoryears.Butnaturefunctionsonmuchgranderscales,measuredincenturies,andevenlongerphasesoftengroupedas“deeptime.”Humanity’sshortsightednessaroundtimecreatesmajorlimitsonmodernconservation.Astheclimateandbiodiversitycrisesaccelerate,weareurgentlyworkingtoprotectandregenerateecosystemswithoutunderstandinghowtheyfunctionedwhentheyweretrulydoingwell.Adeeptimeperspectivecanhelpchangethat.Takeforestmanagement.Fordecades,ourpracticescalledforall-outpreventionofeventhemildestforestfires,believingthatfirewasbadforbothpeopleandnonhumannature.Untilrecentlyweignoredtheforestmanagementstrategiesindigenous(土著的)communitieshadsuccessfullyusedforcenturies,inparticulartheapplicationofsmall-scalecontrolledburns.Fire,itturnsout,hasalwaysbeenanintegralingredientinhealthyforestecosystems,promotingnewgrowthbythinningtheunderstory.Today,we’rebeginningtoseewidespreadapplicationofindigenousknowledgetoforestmanagement,tappingintothisancientwisdom.Buthowcanweknowwhatanecosystemlookedlikecenturiesago?Onepathwayisthroughmodernmathematicalmodeling.Wehavemarrieditwithstreamsoflong-termdataanddiscoveredapossiblewaytopreservetheecosystemofCalifornia’skelpforest.ByexamininghowNorthPacifickelpforestsexistedlongbeforethe19thcentury,wefoundthatwe’veignoredthepresenceofakeystonespecies—theSteller’sseacow,anditsroleinmaintainingtheharmonyofthisecosystem.Ourmodeldescribedtheinteractionsbetweengiantkelpandunderstoryalgaecompetingforlightandspaceontheseafloor.Thenweranthemodelagain,butthistimewiththeSteller’sseacowaddedin.Thesemammalsfedontheleavesfromtheupperkelplayers.Thisallowedlighttoreachtheseabottom,whichinturnstimulatedthegrowthofnotonlythekelpbutotherkindsoforganisms.Inre-creatingthatvanishedhistoricalsystemthatincludedtheSteller’sseacow,wecouldseeamorediverseforestwheretheunderstorycompetedbetterwithkelpInshort,whatweassumeweknowaboutanecosystembasedontherecentpastmayimpedeourabilitytofullyunderstandandprotectit.Toensurethatourboldestconservationeffortsaresuccessful,wemustbeginlookingattimeasanessentialtool.28.Accordingtothepassage,whatgetsinthewayofhuman’sconservationefforts?A.Lackofinsightsintodeeptime B.TheworseningofbiodiversitycrisesC.Theblindnesstomanagementstrategies. D.Resistancetotakingadeeptimeperspective.29.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.IgnoringtheSteller’sseacowledtoecologicalimbalance.B.Peoplenowprioritizefirepreventionovercontrolledburns.C.MathematicalmodelingmattersmorethanindigenousknowledgeD.Harvestingupperkelpleavesencouragesfreshgrowthintheunderstory.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“impede”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Bringforth. B.Boostup. C.Shutdown. D.Holdback.【答案】28.A29.D30.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人类应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Humanity’sshortsightednessaroundtimecreatesmajorlimitsonmodernconservation.(人类对时间短视造成了现代保护的重大限制。)”可知，缺乏对深层时间的洞察阻碍了人类的保护努力。故选A。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Thesemammalsfedontheleavesfromtheupperkelplayers.Thisallowedlighttoreachtheseabottom,whichinturnstimulatedthegrowthofnotonlythekelpbutotherkindsoforganisms.(这些哺乳动物以上层海藻层的叶子为食。这使得光线能够到达海底，这反过来不仅刺激了海带的生长，还刺激了其他生物的生长。)”可知，食用上层的叶子，可以使光线到达海底，这能刺激海带和其他物种的生长。由此推知，收获上部海带的叶子可以促进林下植被的生长。故选D。【30题详解】词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Adeeptimeperspectivecanhelpchangethat.(深入的时间视角可以帮助改变这一点。)”和最后一段中“Toensurethatourboldestconservationeffortsaresuccessful,wemustbeginlookingattimeasanessentialtool.(为了确保我们最大胆的保护努力取得成功，我们必须开始把时间视为一个必不可少的工具。)”可知，人类基于最近生态系统的假设可能阻碍我们理解和保护它的能力，因此我们应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。由此猜测impede意为“阻碍”，与holdback同义。故选D。（七）（2024届.北京东城区等五区.统考一模）SeveraldozengraduatestudentsinLondonwererecentlytaskedwithoutwittingalargelanguagemodel(LLM),atypeofAIdesignedtoholdusefulconversations.LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailsdesignedtostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,say,ortheconfidentstatementof“facts”thatarenotactuallytrue.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Forexample,oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitles,publicationdatesandhostjournalsofnon-existentacademicarticles.AIhasthepotentialtobeabigbenefittoscience.Optimiststalkofmachinesproducingreadablesummariesofcomplicatedareasofresearch;tirelesslyanalysingoceansofdatatosuggestnewdrugsandeven,oneday,comingupwithhypothesesof