WEE全球合作晴雨表2024年洞察报告

Incollaborationwith

McKinsey&Company

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer2024

INSIGHTREPORT

JANUARY2024

Images:GettyImages

Contents

Foreword

3

AbouttheGlobalCooperationBarometer

4

Executivesummary

6

Introduction:Thestateofglobalcooperation

7

Fivepillarsofglobalcooperation

9

Pillar1Tradeandcapital

9

Pillar2Innovationandtechnology

11

Pillar3Climateandnaturalcapital

13

Pillar4Healthandwellness

15

Pillar5Peaceandsecurity

17

Conclusion:Towardsamorecooperativefuture

19

Appendix:Sourcesandmethodology

20

Contributors

22

Endnotes

23

Disclaimer

Thisdocumentispublishedbythe

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Thefindings,interpretationsand

conclusionsexpressedhereinarearesult

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©2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrights

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TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20242

January2024

Leadersin

businessand

governmentwill

needtorecognizewherethecontoursofopposition

endandthoseofalignmentbegintonavigatethroughthegeopolitical

turbulenceand

alsotoshapeamorecooperativefuture.

TheGlobalCooperation

Barometer2024

Foreword

BørgeBrende

President,

WorldEconomicForum

ThelaunchoftheGlobalCooperationBarometer

comesatthestartofacrucialyear,amidaperiodofimmensegeopolitical,geo-economicandmarketuncertainty,whenthebedrockofwhatwasonceastableglobalsystemisshiftingunderfoot.Leadersinthepublicandprivatesectorswillneedtogain

fluencyinthedynamicsdrivingthechangestonotjuststabilizetheirposition,buttobeequippedtoshapeabeneficialfuture.

Itisnosecretthatthecurrentglobalcontextis

concerning,asheightenedcompetitionandconflictappeartobereplacingcooperation.Theresultis

thatnewpowerdynamics,changingdemographicrealitiesandbreakthroughfrontiertechnologiesareraisingthetemperatureonlong-simmeringdistrustratherthanfuelingopportunitiesforbenefit.Manybusinessesarerespondingtothesecomplicated–andoftenfraught–geopoliticaldevelopmentsbyshiftingoperationsandfacilitiesclosertohome.

Yet,althoughtheworldisheadingtowardsa

dangerousdividebysomemeasures,elsewhere

thereareprospectsforandprogressoncooperativearrangements.Forinstance,forthefirsttimesince

countriesbeganmeetingtoaddressglobalwarming,anagreementwasreachedattheCOP28climate

changeconferenceontransitioningawayfromfossilfuels.

Thatcooperationandconfrontationcancoexistshouldnotcomeasasurprise.Historyisrepletewithpartiesatoddswithoneanother,butstill

BobSternfels

GlobalManagingPartner,McKinsey&Company

seekingopportunitiesforcollaboration.Notably,attheheightoftheColdWar,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnioncoordinatedoneradicatingsmallpoxandaddressingtheozonelayerintheatmosphere.Andmanycompaniesthatcompetewithoneanotheralsofindwaystocooperateinareasofmutualbenefit.

Itiswithintoday’scomplexgeopoliticalcontextthatgaininganunderstandingoftheshapeofglobal

cooperation–andcompetition–isvital.Leadersinbusinessandgovernmentwillneedtorecognizewherethecontoursofoppositionendandthose

ofalignmentbegintonavigatethroughthe

geopoliticalturbulenceandalsotoshapeamorecooperativefuture.

ItisforthisreasonthattheWorldEconomic

ForumandMcKinsey&Companydevelopedthe

GlobalCooperationBarometer.Thepurposeof

thisanalysis,whichuses42indicatorstomeasurethestateofglobalcooperationbroadlyandalongfiveareas,istohelpstakeholdersinbusinessandgovernmentgainabetterunderstandingofthe

natureofcooperationthatis,orisnot,takingplace.

OurhopeisthattheGlobalCooperationBarometerwillofferstakeholdersatooltouseinshapinga

healthier,moreprosperousandmoresustainableworldintheyearaheadandbeyond.

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20243

AbouttheGlobal

CooperationBarometer

TheGlobalCooperationBarometerisstructured

alongfivedimensionsofglobalconnection:tradeandcapital,innovationandtechnology,climateandnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.

Thesefivepillarswerechosenbecauseoftheir

impactonglobaldevelopmentandtheirexplicit

dependenceoncooperativeeffortsamongnationsandeconomies.Asaguidingelementinthe

analysis,thebarometeridentifiedgoalsthatactorsareworkingtowardineachofthesethemes.In

doingso,thebarometerdrawsinspirationfromtheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentGoalsandtheeffortsofotherglobalinstitutions.

Toquantifychangeinthesepillars,42indicators

wereidentifiedthatresearchsuggestsareeither

cooperativeactionsthatadvanceprogresson

thegoalsofthepillarsordemonstrateabroad

outcomefromthoseactions.Cooperativeaction

metricsmeasureactionsthatprovideevidenceof

cooperation;theseindicators(suchasflowsofgoodsandexchangeofintellectualproperty)areevidenceof

real,manifestedcooperationanddonotinclude“onpaper”commitments.Outcomemetrics(suchaslifeexpectancy)measuretheprogressofcooperation,buttypicallyareinfluencedbyadditionalfactors

beyondjustcooperation.Themetricsspancountriesinallgeographiesandalllevelsofdevelopment.

Thebarometerlooksbackatthelast11years,

from2012through2022toestablishatrendline

ofcooperation.Itindexesdatato2020forthe

followingreason:astheCOVID-19pandemictookhold,itacceleratedmanytrendsexistinginbusinessandsocietyandsetinmotionmanynewones.

Indexingthetimeseriesto2020allowsustosee

whattrendswereinplacebeforethepandemic,andthetrendsthatemergedfromit(withoutinfluencingordistortingthetrendsthemselves).Notethatsomemetricshavebeeninvertedsuchthatanyincreaserepresentsapositivedevelopment.

ThemethodologyusedfortheGlobalCooperationBarometerisoutlinedbelow.DetailsonsourcingofindividualmetricsareintheAppendix.

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer’s5pillarsofglobalcooperation

Tradeandcapital

Promoteglobaldevelopmentandresilience

Focusofanalysisisoni)developmentandresilientoutcomes;throughii)presenceofglobaleconomicflowsthatpromotelikelyopportunitiesfortheseoutcomes

Innovationandtechnology

Accelerateinnovationandbeneficialtechnologicalprogress

Focusofanalysisisoni)globalprogressininnovationandtechnology;throughii)presenceoftheglobalsharingofunderlyingknowledgethatcontributestotheseoutcomesbyfosteringcollaborationacrossglobaltalent

Climateandnaturalcapital

Supporttheresolutionofclimateandnaturalcapitalchallenges

Focusofanalysisisoni)loweringofemissions,preservationofnaturalcapital,andpreparednessforlikelyimpactofclimatechange;throughii)sharedglobalgoals/commitmentsthatincreasehumanity’sabilitytolimitandadapttothedynamicsofachangingclimate

Healthandwellness

Enableglobalpopulationtoleadlongerandbetterlives

Focusofanalysisisoni)impactoftheburdenofdiseaseondurationandqualityoflife;throughii)commitmenttoglobalpublichealthstandardsandcollaborationthroughflowsofgoods,R&D/IPandhealthfinancing

Peaceandsecurity

Preventandresolveconflicts

Focusofanalysisisoni)preventionofdeathandlong-termnegativeimplicationsofconflict;throughii)commitmenttomultilateralpeacekeepingoperationsandinternationalstabilizationefforts

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20244

Datacoverage

1.Geography

Acrossallmetrics,thebarometeraimsto

collectglobaldata.Inmostcases,anaggregateglobalweightedaverageisavailable.Whena

globalweightedaverageisnotavailable,themostcomprehensivedataisused(e.g.OECDcountries,orasamplesetofcountrieswheredataisavailableforallyears).

2.Years

Whilethebarometermeasurescooperationfrom2012through2022,afewmetricsdonothavedataforallyears.Allmetricshave2020datatoensuretheindexedtrendlinecanbecalculated.

Indexcalculation

Toevaluateglobalcooperationfairlyandcomparetrendlinesoftheactionandoutcomemetricsacrossthefivepillars,theglobalcooperationbarometer

appliesthefollowingmethodology:

1.Indexedtrendlines

Datafrom2020servesasthebaseyeartodevelopcomparabletrendlines,withallvaluesin2020equalto1(2020=1).Thisbase-yearstandardizationisthebasisofthescorecalculation,enablingauniform

referencepointforallmetricsandcomparability,despitedifferentunitsanddatasets.

2.Datanormalization

Wherepossible,metricsarenormalizedtoensure

thattrendlinescanbeassessedindependentlyoftheeffectsofeconomicgrowthorpopulationchanges.Forexample,trade,capital,andotherfinancial

flowsarenormalizedtoglobalGDP,whilemigrationmetricsarenormalizedtoglobalpopulationlevels.

3.Weighting

Eachpillarcomprisestwoindices:anactionindexandanoutcomeindex.Toarriveateach,the

metricswithinareweightedequally(i.e.theactionindexisasimpleaverageofmetricsmeasuring

cooperativeactions).Theoverallindexforapillariscalculatedasanaverageoftheactionandoutcomemetrics.Aggregateindicesacrosspillarsarealso

calculatedasasimpleaverageofpillarindices(i.e.equalweightingacrosspillars).

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20245

Executivesummary

Cooperationismultifacetedandcan

coexistwithcompetition.

Theworldisfacingcomplexchallenges.Addressingthemdemandscooperationatthegloballevel.

Today’seconomyisinafragilestate,withgrowth

expectedtobewellbelowthehistoricalaverage,

accordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF).1Revitalizingtradewillbecrucialtostrengtheningtheeconomicoutlookaheadandboostinglivelihoods.However,theIMFhasraisedalarmsaboutthe

possibilityofglobalfragmentation,whichcouldshaveoff7%ofglobalGDP.2

Similarly,technologicalinnovationiskeyto

boostingcurrentlysluggishproductivitygrowth,

withgenerativeartificialintelligence(AI)holding

extraordinarypotential–$2.6trillionto$4.4trillion

inadditionalannualvalueacrossindustries,as

estimatedbytheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute.3Theonlywaytounlockthisbenefitandmanageundesirableconsequencesisthroughglobalcoordination.

Climatechangerequiresgovernmentsand

businessestoworktogethertoreachnetzero,

adapttoshiftsinclimatealreadylockedinby

previousemissions,anddoallofthisinawaythat

supportseconomicdevelopmentacrosstheglobe.Justlikethehealthoftheplanet,thehealthofpeoplerequirescooperationgloballybetweengovernmentsandbusinesses.Long-termadvancementsin

healthandimmediateresponsestoacutecrises

likepandemicsrequirepartiesaroundtheworldtoworktogether.Yet,intermsofaddressingthehealthandwell-beingofpeopleandtheplanet,theworldappearsoffcourse,withjust15%oftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsontrack.4

Yet,ascooperationisbecominganimperative,theworldorderappearstobefragmenting.Indeed,

theglobalsecuritylandscape–oncealargely

cooperativedomaininthepost-ColdWarera–isdeteriorating,withtheUnitedNationsnotingatthestartof2023thattheworldwaswitnessingthe

highestnumberofviolentconflictssinceWorldWarII.5

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer2024presentsanapproachtomeasurethecurrentstateofglobalcooperation.Indoingso,thereportismeantto

serveasatoolforleaderstobetterunderstand

thecontoursofcooperationbroadlyandalongfivepillars–tradeandcapitalflows,innovationand

technology,climateandnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.

Aftertrendingpositivelyformuchofthepastdecade,globalcooperationrisksmovingintoreverse.Thestoryvariesbypillar:

–Tradeandcapital:tradeandcapitalcooperationgrewthroughthepandemicdisruption,but

slowedin2023;geopoliticaltensionsandnewrestrictionsmakethefuturepathunclear.

–Innovationandtechnology:flowsofdata,IPandinternationalstudentspoweredanincreaseincooperationuntil2020,butnewquestions

havearisenabouthowtoworktogethertoharnessopportunities.

–Climateandnaturalcapital:thelevelof

cooperationforclimateandnaturalcapitalhasbeenrisingsteadily,dueinlargemeasuretoanincreaseincommitments,butemissionsalsocontinuetorise.

–Healthandwellness:cooperationinhealthandwellnessroseswiftlyinresponsetothepandemic,butappearstobesettlingbacktohistoricalpatterns.

–Peaceandsecurity:cooperationinpeaceandsecurityhasdeclinedsince2016andplummetedrecently.

Becauseitisunlikelythatthecurrentgeopoliticalclimatewillchangeandcompetitionand

confrontationwillsooncool,thebarometer

suggeststhatleadersinbusinessandgovernmentshouldreimaginecooperation.

Thebarometershowsthatcooperationis

multifaceted,andelementsofcooperationcan

coexistwithelementsofrivalry.Leaderscan

practice“coopetition”–balancingcooperation

andcompetition–toadvancesharedinterestsin

specificareas,despitelackofalignmentelsewhere.

Further,leaderscanusetheseinstancesof

cooperationtobuildmutualtrust,whichinturncouldstrengthencooperationinotherareas.

Fundamentally,companiesandcountriesshould

rememberthatcooperationbreedsstrengthand

resilience.Thosethatthoughtfullyandconstructivelymanagerelationshipsbouncebackbetterfrom

challengesandachieveobjectives.6

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20246

Overall,the

barometer

indicatesthat

aftertrending

positivelyformuchofthepastdecade,globalcooperationhasbeenmildly

reversing(down2%)since2020.

Introduction

Thestateofglobal

cooperation

Measuringcooperationisacriticalstepinidentifyingwaystostrengtheningit.

Theworldisfacingaplethoraofchallenges

thatrequireglobalcooperationtosolve.Global

temperaturesshatteredprevioushighsandlastyearwasthehottestonrecord.7And,over114million

peoplehavebeenforciblydisplacedworldwide–

thehighestlevelever.8Atthesametime,ongoingthreatsofapandemicandtherisksofnew,

unregulatedtechnologieswarrantconcern.

Cooperationisnotonlynecessaryasareactivemechanismtoaddressthreateningglobal

developments,butitisalsoneededtounlock

newopportunities.Indeed,generativeAIhas

thepotentialtocontributeasmuchas$2.6

trillionto$4.4trilliontotheglobaleconomy,but

requiressubstantialcoordinationacrosstheglobalecosystemtomitigaterisksandensurebenefitsaresharedwidely.9

Recenthistoryhasshownthatglobalcooperationcandeliverprofoundbenefits.Duringthefirst

quarter-centuryaftertheendoftheColdWar–

aperiodlargelyseenasahighpointforglobal

cooperation–expandedtradeliftedglobalincomesandasaresult,thenumberofpeoplelivingin

extremepovertywascutinhalf.10InstancesoftheinternationalcommunityreflexivelycomingtogetherduringthisperiodaremostevidentthroughsecuritycoordinationintheaftermathoftheSeptember11,2001attacks,financialcoordinationinthewakeoftheglobalfinancialcrisisin2008,whichincluded

upgradingtheG20,andglobalcommitmentstoaddressthegrowingdangerofclimatechangethroughthe2015signingoftheParisClimateAgreement.

Bymanyaccounts,thegeopoliticaldialturnedfromcooperationtocompetitioninthemid-2010s,as

nationalistforcesincreasedinmanycountriesandprotectionistpoliciesrose.11Thedialthenturnedfurtherawayfromcooperationasconflictbroke

outinEurope,AfricaandtheMiddleEastinrecentyears,withtheUNwarninginearly2023thattheworldwaswitnessingthehighestlevelofviolent

conflictsinceWorldWarII.12

Despitethechallengingcontext,thestoryaboutglobalcooperationisnotblackandwhite.

Countriesandcompaniescancompetewhilealsocooperating.Competition,andevenconfrontation,canspikeinoneareawhilecooperationcandeepeninothers.Inanotableexample,in2022,amid

heightenedtensionsbetweentheUnitedStates

andChina,asclimatenegotiationsbetweenbothcountriesweresuspendedandtalkofdecouplingdominatedairwaves,bilateraltradereachedrecordlevels.13

Tohelpdevelopabetterunderstandingofthe

currentstateofglobalcooperation,thisreport

presentstheGlobalCooperationBarometer–a

toolthatexaminescooperationinfivepillars:tradeandcapital,innovationandtechnology,climate

andnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.Thefivepillarswerechosenbecause,giventheinterconnectednatureoftheworld,

cooperationatthegloballevelisnecessarytoseeadvancementsineachoftheseareas.

Overall,thebarometerindicatesthataftertrendingpositivelyformuchofthepastdecade,global

cooperationhasbeenmildlyreversing(down

2%)since2020(Figure1).Theperiodfrom

2012tothepandemicwasmarkedbyincreasedcooperationacrossfourofthefivepillars(peaceandsecuritywastheexception),ledbyinnovationandtechnology’smorethan30%increasein

cooperation(Figure2).However,inmorerecentyearsnewquestionshavearisenabouthowtoworktogethertoharnessopportunitiesthatarisefrominnovation.

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer20247

Source:McKinsey&Company

20122013201420152016201720182019202020212022

Source:McKinsey&Company

Averageindexofcooperationmetrics[2020=1]

1.1

1.0

Overallglobalcooperation

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

20122013201420152016201720182019202020212022

Averageindexofcooperationmetrics[2020=1]

1.1

Tradeandcapital

Climateandnature

Innovationandtechnology

Healthandwellness

0.9

Peaceandsecurity

0.8

0.7

0.6

1.0

FIGURE1Overallglobalcooperation

risingsteadily,dueinlargemeasuretocooperativeeffortssince2020aroundcommitments.Inthe

tradeandcapitalpillar,cooperationshowedsignsofgrowingthroughthepandemicdisruption(butsignsareofmoderationin2023).

Thefollowingchapterexaminesthechangesin

globalcooperationineachofthefivepillarsandisfollowedbyaseriesofrecommendationsforhelpingleadersreimagineglobalcooperationinanewera.

Themaindragsonoverallcooperationsince2020

havebeendeclinesincooperationinthehealthand

wellnesspillarandthepeaceandsecuritypillar.For

thelatterpillar,thetrendwasbroadlynegativefrom

2016untilthepandemicanddeterioratedrapidly

after2020duetosignificantincreasesinforcibly

displacedpeopleanddeathsfromconflict.

Despitethisconcerningtrend,therehavebeen

signsofgrowingcooperation.Thelevelof

cooperationforclimateandnaturalcapitalhasbeen

FIGURE2Cooperationtrendsbypillar

0.6

20121314151617181920212022

Fivepillarsof

globalcooperation

Measuringalongfivepillarspresentsa

dynamic,complexpictureofcooperation.

TheGlobalCooperationBarometermeasuresglobalcooperationacrossfiveareas,orpillars:tradeandcapitalflows,innovationandtechnology,climate

andnaturalcapital,healthandwellness,andpeaceandsecurity.

Eachpillarexaminesevidenceofcooperative

actionsandoutcomesofcooperativeactionto

determineanoveralllevelofglobalcooperationinthatarea.

Pillar1

Tradeandcapital

butexperiencedsignificantvolatilityduringthe

pandemicandyearsimmediatelyafter,particularlyincapitalflowsandlabourmigrationpatterns

whichdeclinedrelativeto2020.However,most

metrics(e.g.goodstrade,developmentassistanceanddevelopingcountries’shareofFDIand

manufacturingexports)returnedtostronggrowthinthepost-pandemicperiod,drivinguptheoveralltrend(Figure3).

Thetradeandcapitalpillarlooksatcooperation

inpromotingglobalgrowth,developmentand

resiliencethroughglobaleconomicintegration.It

reflectstheinterconnectednatureofthemodern

globaleconomythroughdynamicsintrade,capital

andpeopleflows,allofwhichareanessentialdriver

ofglobalgrowth.

From2012-2020,cooperationintheformof

globaltradeandcapitalflowsrosemoderately,

FIGURE3Pillar1:Tradeandcapital

Index[2020=1]

-6-5-4-3-2-1012345678910

Compoundannual

growthrate(CAGR)%

1.1

Tradeandcapitalindex

1.0

Dev.countries’shareofFDI

Goodstrade

ODA

0.9

Servicestrade

0.8

Dev.countries’shareofmfg.exports*

Tradeconcentration*,1

Remittances

0.7

Labourmigration

FDIstock

Foreignportfolioinvestment(FPI)

2012-20202020-2022

*Outcomemetrics

Notes:1.Metricswerereflectedgivennegativeconnotation.Note:Duetomissingdatain

somemetrics,datafromtheclosestyearsareusedtocalculatethetrend.Thesemetrics

includelabourmigration,internationalstudents,cross-borderIPR&D,tradeinITservices,

terrestrialprotectedareas,cross-borderflowsofpharmaR&D,developmentassistancefor

health,childmortality,maternalmortality.

Source:McKinsey&CompanyTheGlobalCooperationBarometer20249

2012-2022:Moderategrowthincooperation,followedbypandemic-relatedshake-ups

Globalcooperationinthetradeandcapitalpillar

increasedatanaverageannualrateof0.9%

between2012-2020,drivenbygrowthinthestockofforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)positionsacrossmanycountries.Globally,FDIstockrosefrom30%in2012to49%in2020,asashareofGDP.

Tradepresentsamoremixedstoryinthisperiod.

Servicesflows(asapercentageofGDP)rose

steadilybetween2012-2019,whenacollapsein

traveltriggeredafallinservicesfrom13.7%ofGDPin2019to11.8%in2020.Goodsflowsdeclined

from49.3%ofGDPin2012to41.9%in2020.

TheCOVID-19pandemicandtheyearsthat

followedshookuptradeandcapitalflows.Despitethis,therehasbeenacontinuednetincrease,

thoughithasbeenmoderate.Tradeflowsfell

intheimmediatewakeofquarantinesandthen

reboundedstrongly.Attheonsetofthepandemic,consumerdemanddecreasedsharplyandsome

productionandshippinggroundtoahalt.Yet,tradesoonreboundedashomeboundconsumersstartedspendingmoreongoods.Countriesremained

interconnectedandcooperativeoutofnecessityastheworldnavigatedaonce-in-a-centuryeventandthispatternpersistedthrough2022.Forexample,from2021to2022,theflowofgoodsasashareofGDPincreasedby10%,reachingahistoricalpeakat51%ofGDP(upfrom46.7%in2021).

Asforcapitalflows,theynormalizedafteraninitialspikein2020(forFDI)and2021(forforeignportfolioinvestment).14AsCOVID-19surged,flowsofcapitalincreasedasbanksreallocatedliquidityaroundthe

worldandmoremultinationalsreliedonfinancing

tonavigatethedisruption.Afterthisinitialsurge,

however,capitalflowsnormalized.FDIstocks

retreatedto44%ofGDPin2022relativeto49%

and47%in2020and2021,respectively.

Inclusivepotentialand

unansweredquestions

Inasignofwhatmaycomenext,tradein2023

grewmoreslowlythanGDP,atanestimated0.8%(nearly2percentagepointslowerthan2022)as

comparedtoGDPgrowthof2.6%.15Ifbarriers

totradecontinuetogrow,somecountriescouldsufferfromslowereconomicgrowthandadeclineinthediffusionofproductivityandinnovation.16

Nonetheless,arecentexamination17indicates

thatadvancedeconomieshavebeenboosting

tradewithemergingmarketeconomies,andalso

increasinggreenfieldFDIperhapsinadvanceof

largerincreasestocome.Forexample,theUnitedStateshasbeentradingmorewithMexicoand

VietNam,andChinahasincreasedtradeand

investmentacrossSouth-EastAsia.

Thesetrendscouldimproveopportunitiesforglobalparticipationintradeandcapitalflows.Today,

thereisgreatdisparityinglobalintegration–somesmallerEuropeanandAsiancity-stateeconomiesareamongthemostintegrated,whilemany

emergingnationsshowlowlevelsoftraderelativetotheirsize.Closingthisgapbetweenmoreand

lessintegratedcountriescouldleadtosignificant

economicbenefits.Thequestioniswhetherleaderswillworktorebuildtheeconomicconnections

neededtopromotegrowth,fosterdiversity,provideresilience,improvedomesticeconomiesandensurethatvulnerablepeoplearenotleftbehind.

TheGlobalCooperationBarometer202410

Pillar2

Innovationandtechnology

incross-borderdataflowsandITservicestrade).

Since2020,cooperationhasleveledoff,with

criticalaspectsstartingtodecline(e.g.cross-

borderpatentapplicationsandinternationalstudentflows