高中英语高考冲刺语法专题5谓语动词语态（教师版）

高中英语高考冲刺语法专题5：谓语动词语态【问题查找】单句语法填空“Thenight________(be)verydark.Someneighborswillealonglaterinthedarkandwillfallagainstthestone.”Atmyschool,“dressdown”tickets________(sell)onschooldays.3.Trulyelegantchopsticksmight________(make)ofgoldandsilverwithChinesecharacters.4.Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks,noagreement____________(reach)sofarbythetwosides.5.Katieisreadingthenotewhich____________(leave)inthedrawertheotherday.6.ChinatogetherwithsomeAsiancountries_______________(strike)byTyphoonHaiyanonNovember8th,causinggreatdamageanddeaths.7.Aboutonefourthofthefamiliesinthecityhaveprivatecarsandthisnumber_____________(expect)todoubleinfiveyears.Keys:1.willbe2.aresold3.bemade4.hasbeenreached5.wasleft6.wasstricken7.isexpected【要点精讲】学习目标：学生能全面掌握谓语动词被动语态的用法,2.学生能够灵活运用被动语态在语法填空与书面表达。目标分解：(1)掌握被动语态的基本时态变化；(2)掌握被动语态的特殊结构形式；(3)掌握不能用被动语态的几种情况；(4)掌握主动形式表示被动意义的情况。教学过程：激发动机、激发已有知识、解决问题、内化过程、总结优化一、用合适的活动激发学生动机。（需要老师进行个性化设计）外部动机：选择合适的方法激发学习动机内部动机：好激发激发已有知识教师提问：上次课我们讲了时态，你们还记得有哪些时态吗？被动语态是什么？你知道什么时候才需要用被动语态吗？被动语态用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义，英语中则由被动语态表示。解决学习问题：目标对应的活动（目标的问题化分解）：考点一被动语态的基本时态变化教师提问：被动语态在不同时态下的结构该如何表示？观察例句总结被动语态在不同时态下的被动语态结构。Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeenpleted,andwe'rereadytostart.Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere.IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeenpletedinBeijing.AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasitarrived.TheprojectwillhavebeenpletedbeforeJuly.Hetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadeverysoon.被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：时时体现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedone进行is/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendone教师提问：谓语动词的被动语态除了不同时态下的基本结构外，你还知道别的形式结构吗？先让学生观察例句再总结用法。考点二、被动语态的特殊结构形式

1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。

例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebabysitter.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

例Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改为Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。

例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改为Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.4）在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。

例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改为Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.教师提问：是不是所有动词都能够用被动语态？有没有什么情况是不能用被动语态结构的？通过观察例句，引导学生归纳总结不能用被动语态要点。考点三不能用被动语态的几种情况：【例1】1）He

went

home.

2）Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

The

teachers

and

the

students

listened

carefully.

*不及物动词(vi.)后面跟上介词时相当于及物动词(vt.)，就可以用于被动语态了。如：

Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

The

teachers

and

the

students

listened

to

him

carefully.

→Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

He

was

listened

to

carefully

by

the

teachers

and

the

students.

结论1：所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。【例2】The

bus

holds

fifty

people.

√

这个汽车能坐50人。→Fifty

people

were

held

by

the

bus.

×

结论2：表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold（容纳）、benefit、contain、equal、fit等。【例3】1）I

have

some

new

books.

√

→Some

books

are

had

by

me.

×

2）This

car

belongs

to

my

uncle.

√

→Thiscarwasbelongedtomyuncle.

×

结论3：表示归属的动词，如have、own、belongto等。【例4】Iwouldlikesomeapples.Iwishmyparentswillbuymeanapplephoneformybirthday.结论4：表示＂希望、意图＂的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。【例5】They

warned

themselves

to

be

careful.

They

help

each

other

in

study.结论5：宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。教师提问：除去不能用被动语态结构的情况，我们是否存在本身主动语态即可表达被动意义的情况？具体有哪些？通过观察例句，归纳总结主动形式表被动意义的情况。考点四主动形式表被动意义的情况：【例1】①Thefishsmellsgood.②Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.③Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.④Mypenwritessmoothly.⑤Thedoorwon’tlock.结论：系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel，sound，taste，book，feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。当cut，sell，read，write，fill，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep等词带状语修饰语时常被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。★注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：ThebookHarryPottersellswell.（指HarryPotter这本书畅销的特征）

ThebookHarryPotterissoldineverybookstoreinUK.（强调书“被卖”的动作是人为原因）【例2】①Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.②Thelampsonthewallturnedoff.③Thebikeneedsrepairing.＝Thebikeneedstoberepaired.④Thepicturebookiswellworthreading.＝Thepicturebookisveryworthytoberead.⑤Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.⑥Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?结论：当breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等动词词组表示＂发生、关闭、制定＂等意思时；(4)want，require，need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。(5)beworthdoing用主动形式表示被动含义。(6)在＂be+形容词+todo＂中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。※注意：这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。另外：betoblame(受谴责)，betorent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。拓展补充：被动语态与系表结构的区别：此处的系表结构指“连系动词＋用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别：被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被动语态)Thebookiswellsold.(系表结构)【查漏补缺】单句语法填空1.1.She_________(divorce)herhusbandafteryearsofunhappinessandmarriedagainsoon.2.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,___________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.3.Whenfatandsalt(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifismissingsomething.4.Astimewenton,Einstein’stheory__________(prove)tobecorrect.5.Greatchanges_____________(take)placeinChinasincethePeople’sRepublicofChina_____________(found)in1949.6.Thepen_____________(notbelongto)me.Itishers.7.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,____________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.8.Aftergettinglostinastorm,amemberofthenavyteam________(rescue)fourdayslater.9.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea______________(serve)withmilkandsugar.Keys:1.divorced2.isregarded3.areremoved4.proved5.havetaken;wasfounded6.doesn’tbelongto7.isregarded8.wasrescued9.isserved【梳理优化】一、常考题型：1.语法填空题2.书面表达二、解题技巧◆谓语动词与语法填空被动语态是常考的内容，会涉及一般现在时或一般过去时的被动语态。应对策略1句中若缺少谓语，注意要考虑所给动词的时态和语态。判断时态首先要确定时间，然后根据动作发生的状态来判断应该运用哪种时态。有时也可以根据空格后和该句中已经存在的谓语动词的并列关系来确定时态。句中缺少谓语，且与主语存在被动关系，考虑根据时间和动作存在的方式，确定相应时态的被动语态。注意只有及物动词才有被动语态。在确定谓语动词的时态和语态时，我们可从四个方面来进行判断：看句子中的时间状语或时间状语从句。看上下文的谓语动词的形式。看是否是特殊的句型。如：①was/wereabouttodo...when...did...②Itis/hasbeen＋时间段＋since从句(一般过去时)③It/This/Thatisthefirsttimethat...have/hasdone...或It/This/Thatwasthefirsttimethat...haddone...④It’s(hightime)that...did/shoulddo...⑤Hardlyhad＋主语＋done...when...did...或Nosoonerhad＋主语＋done...than...did...这样的句型还有很多，平时要注意积累。看与主语存在主动关系还是被动关系。若是被动，还需看所给词是否为及物动词，是否考查主动表被动等。注意主谓是否一致。【强化巩固】语法填空ThenationalcollegeentranceexaminationinRussia,UnifiedStateExam,willincludeChineseas1._______________electiveforeignlanguagestartingfrom2019.ChinesewillbeethefifthelectivetestitemfortheUnifiedStateExam2.______________(follow)English,German,FrenchandSpanish.ThenumberofChineselearnersinRussia3.______________(grow)quicklyinthepasttenyears,accordingtoasurvey4._______________(make)byalinguisticresearchcenterinRussia.ApproachestolearningChinesechangefrompersontoperson,5.______________moreandmorepeoplechoosinguniversitycoursesinRussia.ThethreehourlongChinesetestwillquizstudents6._______________theirlistening,readingandwritingabilities,andafourthsectionwillexaminestudentsongrammar,vocabularyandChinese7.________________(character).SomepartsintheexamareevenalittlebitdifficultfornativeChinesespeakers.AccordingtotheOfficeofChineseLanguageCouncilInternational(Hanban),asof2017some100millionpeople,excludingnativespeakers,useChinese8.________________(global).TheUnitedNations(UN)in2010suggestedaChineseLanguageDay9._______________fallsonApril20eachyear10._______________(celebrate)culturaldiversity(多样性）aswellastopromotetheequaluseofallofficiallanguages.Keys:1.an2.following3.hasgrown4.made5.with6.on7.characters8.globally9.that/which10.tocelebrate【课后练习】一、单句语法填空1.Medicine

should___________(keep)indrawers

children

can't

reach,

and

allcleaningliquidsinhigh

cupboards.This

opening

led

to

a

cave,

so

the

historians

decided

to

have

a

look

around

it.

The

walls

ofthecave___________(cover)

with

ancient

art.In

US

high

school,

everything___________(record)andgraded,including

your

grades

onquizzes,tests

and

final

examinations.Every

day

the

chef

makes

sure

that

fresh

vegetables

and

high

quality

oil

___________(use)for

cooking.The

door

can't___________(shut),so

take

all

your

valuable

things

with

you.Nowalltheemployeesexceptthemanager____________(encourage)toworkonlineathome.Itisreportedthataspacestation____________(build)onthemooninyearstoe.Ihadastrongdesiretoreachinandplaywiththetoy,but____________(hold)backthankfullybytheshopwindow.Moreexpressways____________(build)inSichuansoontopromotethelocaleconomy.Inmyhometown,thereisalwaysaharvestsupperforthefarmersafterallthewheat____________(be)cut.Tomydelight,I____________(choose)fromhundredsofapplicantstoattendtheopeningceremony.Keys:1.bekept2.werecovered3.isrecorded4.areused5.shut6.areencouraged7.willbebuilt8.washeld9.willbebuilt10.hasbeen11.waschosen二、语法填空ThePacificOceanThePacificOceanisthe__1__(large)oftheEarth'soceans,coveringabout46%oftheEarth'swatersurfaceand32%ofitstotalsurfacearea.Itextends__2__theArcticinthenorthtotheAntarcticainthesouth,__3__(surround)byAsiaandAustraliainthewestandtheAmericasintheeast.ThePacificOceancontainsabout25,000islands.The__4__(major)ofthemarefoundsouthoftheequator.__5__waterneartheequatorislesssaltythanthatfoundinthemid­latitudes(中纬度)for__6__(abundance)equatorialprecipitation(赤道降水)throughouttheyear.ThesurfacecirculationofPacificwatersis__7__(general)clockwiseintheNorthernHemisphereandcounter－clockwiseintheSouthernHemisphere.TheexploitationofthePacific'smineralwealthisvarious,__8__isinfluencedbytheocean'sgreatdepths.InshallowwatersoffthecoastsofAustraliaandNewZealand,naturalgasisproduced,andpearls__9__(harvest)alongthecoastsofAustralia,JapanandthePhilippines.Onemorethingworth__10__(mention)isthatthePacific'sgreatestwealthisitsfish.Keys:说明文，主要介绍了世界上最大的大洋——太平洋。1.largest2.from3.surrounded4.majority5.The6.abundant7.generally8.which9.areharvested10.mentioning三、阅读理解Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobviousyetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.4.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.5.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.6.WhatdoesCurtin’spanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.7.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.CGoshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.Keys:1.B2.B3.D4.A说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。1.推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。2.细节理解题。根据第三段“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。3.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。4.细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。四、七选五Theworldisacolorfullandscapeofdifferentlanguages,skincolors,anddifferentcultures.It’simportanttohaveagoodunderstandingofdifferentculturesinordertobeeawellroundedperson____1____Onewayistoreadhookswrittenbyauthorsfromaparticularculture.Readingworksbyauthorswhohaveacloserelationshipwithaparticularcultureallowspeopletogainanauthenticglimpseintothefood,music,language,religion,andwayofalifeofaparticulargroupofpeople.____2____Anotherwaytolearnaboutdifferentculturesistotrytolearnaforeignlanguage.____3____Apersoncanchoosealanguageshehasalwayswantedtolearnandlocatelearningprogramstohelphermasterthelanguage.Besides,onecanenrollinaforeignlanguageclassinordertolearninamoreformalsetting.Onecanalsotrytovisitareasofthecitytoestablishsocialconnectionwithnativespeakersofthelanguage.____4____Seekoutrestaurantsthatfeatureauthenticfoodfromavarietyofcountries.Foodisanimportantpartofdifferentculturesandallowspeopletogaindeepunderstandingintoaparticularculturalgroup’swayoflife.municatingwithpeoplefromothercountriesthroughemailorsnailmailisanotherusefulwaytobeefamiliarwithdifferentcultures.____5____Variouswebsitesofferpenpalservices,offeringtoconnectindividualswithpenfriendsaro