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REPUBLICOFYEMEN
CONNECTINGTHEYEMENIPRIVATESECTORTOTHEWORLD
©2023TheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank
1818HStreetNW
Washington,DC20433
USA
Allrightsreserved.
ThisanalyticalworkisaproductofthestaffoftheWorldBank.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheExecutiveDirectorsoftheWorldBankorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteethe
accuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andother
informationshownonanymapinthisworkdoesnotimplyanyjudgementonthepartofthe
WorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementofacceptanceofsuchboundaries.NothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconsideredtobelimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesoftheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved.
REPUBLICOFYEMEN
CONNECTINGTHEYEMENIPRIVATE
SECTORTOTHEWORLD
YEMENFUND
RESILENCE,RECOVERY
ANDRECONSTRUCTION
ukaid
fromtheBritishpeople
kingdomoftheNetherlands
Thisreportwasco-financedbytheYemenResilience,Recovery,andReconstructionTrustFund
(YemenFund),whichwasestablishedbytheWorldBankin2022asapooledfundingmechanismandapartnershipplatformtosupporttheRepublicofYemen’stransitionovera10-yearhorizon.
TheYemenFundissupportedbytheUnitedKingdom’sForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOfficeandtheKingdomofTheNetherlands.Theteamwouldliketoexpresstheirgratitudeforthisimportantandtimelycontribution.
TableofContents
Acknowledgments7
AbbreviationsandAcronyms8
Chapter1.ExecutiveSummary11
CountryContext13
TheConflict’sImpactonthePrivateSector(StructuralConstraints)20
TheImpactoftheConflictonSelectedEconomicSectors27
ThePrivateSector’sResiliencyDespitetheConflict29
Chapter2.PolicyandRegulatoryConstraintstoInclusivePrivateSectorDevelopment
intheRepublicofYemen35
Cross-BorderTrade,Investment,andFinance35
BusinessEntry,PrivateSectorInclusion,andCompetition36
AccesstoFinance36
RegisteringLandOwnershipandExercisingPropertyRights37
e-Commerce,Government-to-BusinessServices,ande-Payment37
EnforcingContractsbetweenPrivateSector–OwnedBusinesses37
Women’sParticipationintheEconomy38
BusinessExit,Insolvency,andRestructuring38
theEntrepreneurshipEcosystem38
Chapter3.ReformRecommendations41
ImmediateRecommendationsattheSubnationalLevel41
Mid-TermPrioritiestoPreparethePrivateSectorfortheReconstructionPhase42
PolicyRecommendationstoPreparethePrivateSectorfortheReconstruction
andRecoveryPhase42
AppendixA.OverviewoftheFinancialSectorandItsImpactonthePrivateSector49
TheCentralBankofYemen49
CommercialBanks52
MoneyExchangers56
Remittances59
TradeFinancing61
4
DonorCountryFunding62
·
Microfinance64
·
ThePostOfficeSystem66
··
Conclusion67
AppendixB.ListofKeyInternationalConventionsandModelLawsthatWillReintegrate
theYemeniPrivateSectorintotheInternationalTrade,InvestmentandFinancialSystem68
References70
FIGURESANDTABLES
Figure1.1TheRepublicofYemen’sCorruptionPerceptions14
Figure1.2LostOpportunityCostinRealGDP(US$billions)2015–1915
Figure1.3TheRepublicofYemen’sHumanDevelopmentIndex15
Figure1.4TheRepublicofYemen’sGlobalCompetitivenessRanking(140/141in2019)16
Figure1.5TheRepublicofYemenEconomyTracker18
Figure1.6TheRepublicofYemen’sExportsin2020byShareProductCategory19
Figure1.7TheRepublicofYemen’sImportsin2020byShareofProductCategories20
Figure1.8TheRepublicofYemen’sBalanceofTrade(US$millions)21
Figure1.9TheRepublicofYemen’sAnnualGDP(US$Millions)21
Figure1.10TheRepublicofYemen’sAnnualGDPGrowth22
Figure1.11TheRepublicofYemen’sPopulationGrowth22
Figure1.12TheRepublicofYemen’sAnnualGDPPerCapita(US$)23
Figure1.13TheImpactofConflictandWaronKeyCommercialExports:Cumulative
Changein2020Comparedto201424
Figure1.14TheImpactofConflictonKeyCommercialImports:CumulativeChangein2020
Comparedto201424
Figure1.15CurrentAccountDeficits(US$millions)25
Figure1.16TheRepublicofYemen’sWorldBankDoingBusinesscountryranking26
Figure1.17TheRoleofthePrivateSectorinLimitingEconomicContractionduringtheWar
andConflict30
5
6
Table1.1FarmingProduceSelf-SufficiencyRate(AgriculturalandLivestock)in201830
Figure1.18GDPPublicandPrivateSharebySectorsin201833
FigureA.1ExpansionofCentralBankofYemen’sBalanceSheet
(2013throughNovember2022)50
FigureA.2ExpansionoftheCentralBankofYemen’sLoansandAdvancesPortfolio
(2013throughNovember2022)51
FigureA.3GrowthofBroadMoneySupply(M2)(2013throughNovember2022)51
FigureA.4CorrelationsofExchangeRatesandFoodStaplePricesinAden
(July2016–December2020)52
TableA.1BanksCurrentlyOperatingintheRepublicofYemen53
FigureA.5GrowthofCBY’sBankDeposits(2013throughNovember2022)54
FigureA.6GrowthofCBY’sForeignandDomesticReserves(2013throughSeptember2022)55
FigureA.7BeneficiariesofBankLoansandAdvances(2012throughSeptember2022)56
TableA.2TheProsandConsoftheFormalBankingSystemandtheHawalaNetworks57
TableA.3MajorMoneyExchangeCompaniesintheRepublicofYemen58
FigureA.8RemittancesandFuelExports(2014–23)60
FigureA.9SourceofRemittancestotheRepublicofYemenbyCountry61
FigureA.10TotalReportedFundingtotheRepublicofYemen(US$millions)62
FigureA.11TotalReportedFundingtotheRepublicofYemenbyDonorCountry
(2021US$millions)63
FigureA.12TotalReportedFundingtotheRepublicofYemenbySector(2021US$billions)63
TableA.4MicrofinanceInstitutionsintheRepublicofYemen64
FigureA.13OverviewofMicrofinanceBanksandInstitutionsintheRepublicofYemen65
FigureA.14OverviewofMicrofinanceBanksandInstitutions66
TableB.1UNConventionsandUNCITRALModelLaws68
7
Acknowledgments
ThisreportwaspreparedbyaWorldBankteamledbyDobromirChristow(SeniorEconomist,EMNF1),
withVladAntikarov(SeniorValueChainandFinancialSectorConsultant),StevenDimitriyev(SeniorPrivateSectorConsultant),MikeDennis(SeniorBusinessEnvironmentConsultant),MohamedBaider(Senior
PrivateSectorSpecialist,EMNF2),andMohamedAlabsi(Consultant),asleadwritersundertheleadershipandguidanceofDjibrillaAdamouIssa(PracticeManager,EMNF1).Thereportreceivedsignificant
contributionsfromOmarAl-Aqel(PrivateSectorSpecialist),BenjaminHerzberg(SeniorPrivateSector
Specialist),GianlucaMele(LeadCountryEconomist),SafaAlMoayad(PovertyConsultant),CarolineCerutti(SeniorFinancialSectorSpecialist),GhadaIsmail(FinancialSectorSpecialist),JeanMichelMarchat(Lead
Economist),EllenOlafsen(SeniorPrivateSectorSpecialist),MoneefSultan(IFCCountryOfficerRepublicofYemen),andJohnSpeakman(SeniorPrivateSectorConsultant).
Thereportbenefittedfromthematerialsandinputsprovidedbyprivatesectordevelopmentpractitioners
frominsideandoutsidetheWorldBankGroup,theYemeniprivatesector,academia,andbusiness
diasporaaroundtheworld.TheregulatoryreviewoftheRepublicofYemenprivatesectorpoliciesintrade,investment,andfinancewasconductedjointlywiththeUnitedNationsCommissionforInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL),theUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment,theInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw(UNIDROIT),andtheWorldTradeOrganization,withspecialthankstoMonicaCanafoglia(UNCITRALSecretariat)andProfessorMaria-ChiaraMalaguti(PresidentofUNIDROIT).
TheteamisalsogratefulforthecontributionsofWaelMakki(OperationsOfficer,IFC),AnnaPecot
(Consultant,IFC),CarolineBahnson(SeniorOperationsOfficer,GTFS2),CarolineSergeant(Consultant,GTFS2),andTatianaLioneleWeber(SeniorOperationsOfficer,MNC03).
TheteamisespeciallythankfultotheUKForeign,CommonwealthandDevelopmentOffice—Yemen:LailaAnaam(EconomyandPrivateSectorDevelopmentAdvisor),VictoriaJames(Economist),andAlexanderPytka(HeadofEconomyandRecoveryTeam).
Thereports’authorswishtothanklocalinstitutionalpartnerswhohaveprovidedinputs,includingtheSocialDevelopmentFund,SmallandMicroEnterprisesPromotionServicesProgram,CentralBank
ofYemen,FederationofYemenChambersofCommerceandIndustry,YemenPrivateSectorCluster,EconomicReformTeam,YemenBusinessClub,YemenBankAssociation,PrivateHospitalUnion,
BusinesswomenCouncil,ContractorsUnion,YemenSeafoodExporterAssociation,YemenFoodBank,
YemenExchangersAssociation–Aden,AgricultureCooperativeUnion,GlobalEntrepreneurshipCouncil,Yemeni-AmericanBusinessDiasporaofNewYork,Michigan,andIllinois,UnitedStates,aswellasthe
individualfirmsandfinancialinstitutionsthatsharedtheirinsightsforthisreport.Datasourcesarereferencedthroughoutthereport.
Finally,theteamwishestothankNadirMohammed(RegionalDirector,EMNDR),MarinaWes(Country
Director,MNC03),TaniaMeyer(CountryManager,MNCYE),MarkEugeneAhern(LeadCountryEconomist,EMNDR),andtheentireMNC03WorldBankCountryManagementUnitfortheirsupportandguidancetotheauthorsofthereport,andallWorldBankteamswhocontributetotheprivatesectordevelopmentintheRepublicofYemen.
Acronym
Description
8
CBY
CentralBankofYemen
CISG
ConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods
DFA
defactoauthority
EU
EuropeanUnion
FDI
foreigndirectinvestment
GDP
grossdomesticproduct
ICT
informationandcommunicationtechnology
IEC
integratedeconomiccommunity
IFC
InternationalFinanceCorporation
IMF
InternationalMonetaryFund
INSOL
InternationalFederationofInsolvencyProfessionals
IRG
InternationallyRecognizedGovernmentoftheRepublicofYemen
LDC
least-developedcountry
LGA
localgovernmentauthority
MENA
MiddleEastandNorthAfrica
MFB
microfinancebank
MFI
microfinanceinstitution
MLETR
ModelLawonElectronicTransferrableRecords
MSME
micro,small,andmediumenterprise
NGO
nongovernmentalorganization
OECD
OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
SFD
SocialFundforDevelopment
SMEPS
SmallandMicroEnterprisePromotionService
UNCITRAL
UnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw
9
UNDP
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram
UNIDROIT
InternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw
WTO
WorldTradeOrganization
10
11
Chapter1.
ExecutiveSummary
INTRODUCTION
ThisPrivateSectorAssessmentReportontheRepublicofYemenisdeliveredaspartof
thePrivateSectorTechnicalAssistanceproject.1Thegoaloftheprojectistounderstandthedynamicsofthecountry’sprivatesectorduringconflict;identifyconstraintstotrade,investment,andfinance;andproposerecommendationsforinclusiveprivatesectorentry,survival,andgrowth.
Thereportalsoincludesanoverviewofthefinancialsector’simpactontheprivatesector,especiallyonthelatter’sresilienceduringconflict.Finally,thereportprovidesstructural
andpolicyrecommendationsthat,onceimplementedbytheauthoritiesonbothnationalandsubnationallevels,wouldpreparetheYemeniprivatesectortoparticipateinthe
country’spost-conflictrecoveryandreconstruction.Mostoftherecommendationsfocusonsubnationalactivities,hencetheirimplementationcouldstartimmediately,whilethe
conflictisstillongoing.Therefore,thisreportadvocatesthatinthecaseoftheRepublicofYemen,theclassicreformsequencingfromconflict-affectedcountries—peacetorecoverytodevelopment—couldbetriggeredinparallel,wherebysubnationalreformswould
contributetothepeacegoal(NoumbaUm2023).
Thisreportgrowsfrompublic-privatedialogue,regulatoryreview,andpolicydialogue
withactiveprivate-sectorinputs.ItpresentsaframeworkthroughwhichtheYemeni
authoritiesandtheinternationalcommunityshouldconsiderfinancial,structural,andpolicyinterventionstosupporttheRepublicofYemen’sprivatesectorreintegrationintothe
globaltrade,investment,andfinancialsystem.Itwillalsoaddresslong-standingbarrierstoinclusiveprivatesectorgrowth,especiallyforsmallandmediumenterprises,aswellaswomen-andyouth-ledbusinesses.
Inadditiontorecommendingdirectfinancialsupporttosuchkeysectorsassocial
protection,foodsecurity,energy,agriculture,andtransport,thereportidentifiespolicy
andregulatoryreformsthatwillimmediatelyelevatethestatusoftheYemeniprivateandfinancialsectorplayersasthebackboneoftheYemenieconomy.Ittherebyprepares
themforopportunitiesduringtherebuildingphase.Italsoidentifiesmeasurestoaddressstructuralandregulatoryproblems.Thisknowledgewillhelppreparethethreedistinct
segmentsoftheRepublicofYemen’sprivatesectorforinclusioninthereconstruction
phase:thelargeformalcompanies;the95percentinformalmicro,small,andmedium
enterprises(MSMEs);andthesizeableYemeniprivatesectordiasporaaroundtheworld.
1TheprojectnumberisP177361.
12
Thereportalsoproposesmeasurestoaddresslong-delayedreformsthat,beforetheconflict,
historicallyhinderedtheRepublicofYemen’sprivatesectordevelopmentandcontributedtothe
country’sdevelopmentasacasheconomywithsignificanteconomicandfinancialinclusiongaps.
Theexclusion,marginalization,andinformalitywithinhugepartsoftheprivatesectorareparticularlysevereintheRepublicofYemen,whereonly5percentofthepopulationandfirmsarebankedandregistered,andonly1percentofwomenhavebankaccounts.
Furthermore,thisreportexploresindepththeimpactoftheconflictontheentireYemenieconomy,withaparticularfocusontheprivateandfinancialsectors.Theconflict’simpactonimportsand
exports,markets,investmentclimate,businessenvironment,andfirmcapabilitiesamongkeysectorsisexploredinchapter2.Chapter3proposesreformrecommendationstoaddressstructuraland
policyconstraints.Onthepolicyrecommendationside,theemphasisisonreformsthatwillpreparelargefirmsfromtheYemeniprivatesectortofullyintegrateintotheinternationaltrade,investment,andfinancialsystemsandallowfortheirfullparticipationintherecoveryandreconstruction
phase.Atthesametime,thereformrecommendationsadvocateforgreatereconomicand
financialinclusionofthevastmajorityofinformal,unbanked,andexcludedsmallerprivatesector
players—MSMEsandwomen-andyouth-led(micro)firms.Consideringthefinancialcostofpolicy
andregulatoryreforms,thereportemphasizescost-freepolicyreforms—ratifyingandadopting
internationalagreements,conventions,andmodellawsthatdonotrequireanyfundingfromthe
internationallyrecognizedgovernment(IRG)oftheRepublicofYemenordonorsbutwouldprovidetremendousopportunitiesfortheYemeniprivatesector.These,inturn,wouldtriggermoretechnicalassistanceandcapacitybuildingfromtheUnitedNations,theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),theWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),theWorldBankandotherdevelopmentfinancialinstitutions.
ConsideringthedirectimpactofthefinancialsectorontheprivatesectoroftheRepublicofYemen,appendixAofthereportprovidesthefirstcomprehensivefinancialsectoroverviewoftheRepublicofYemensincetheconflictandproposesspecificreformactions.Thisfoundationalfinancial
sectorworkwillbeusedasabasisandanalyticalunderpinningforafollow-onfullfinancialsectorassessmentoftheRepublicofYemenduringtheconflict,whichwillbedeliveredundertheYemenCentralBanktechnicalassistanceeffortledbytheWorldBank.
Asanoutputofathoroughregulatoryreview,appendixBofthereportproposesacomprehensivelistofkeyprivate-sectorUNCITRALinstrumentsforadoptionbytheYemeniauthorities.These
internationalconventions,agreements,andmodellawswillimmediatelyallowthereintegration
oftheYemeniprivatesectorintotheglobaltrade,investment,andfinancialsystem.Thisisaveryhighpriorityconsideringthat90percentofthefoodandessentialcommoditiesareimported.Thelackofbasiclegalframeworkspreventsquickandreliablefoodimports,payments,andmovementofgoodsandcapitalasitincreasesthetimeandcostofdelivery,whichiseventuallybornebytheYemenipopulation.
13
Consideringthefragmentationofreliablegovernmentdata,thelackofWorldBankpresenceontheground,andtheoveralldifficultiesofdatagatheringinhighlyinformaleconomiesliketheRepublicofYemen,theteamhasinvokedandenlistedinnovativedata-gatheringsources,includingfromprivatesectorassociationsontheground,semigovernmentYemeniauthorities,andtheYemenidiaspora.Ithasalsoengagedwithabroadrangeofdevelopingpartners,includingtheYemeninationalsworkingfortheWorldBank,IMF,andtheInternationalFinanceCorporation.Ontheregulatoryreviewside,
theprojecthasconducteddata-gatheringexerciseswithkeyinternationalplayersinprivatesector
regulations,suchastheUNCommissionforInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL),theUNConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD),theInternationalInstitutefortheUnificationofPrivateLaw
(UNIDROIT),andtheWTO.
Thereport’sstorylineiscenteredaroundthefollowingkeysections:
lTheuniquenessoftheYemeniprivatesectorcontextbeforeandduringtheconflict
lAssessmentoftheconflict’simpactontheprivatesectorbycomparativelyanalyzingkey
indicatorsbeforeandaftertheconflict—economywideandforspecifickeysectors
lIdentificationofkeystructuralandpolicyconstraintsforinclusiveprivatesectorgrowthandreformstosupporttheresilienceoftheprivatesector
lListofimmediatereformactionstopreparetheYemeniprivatesectorforthereconstruction
phasebyaddressingmajorregulatorybarriersintrade,finance,andinvestmentthatimpedethewholeprivatesectorintheRepublicofYemen—fromthebiggesttothesmallestplayers.
COUNTRYCONTEXT
TheRepublicofYemenisatthesouthernendoftheArabianPeninsula.ItshareslandborderswithSaudiArabiatotheNorthandOmantothenortheast,andmaritimeborderswithEritrea,Djibouti,andSomalia.Thecountry’spopulationofmorethan30millioncoversanareaof555,000squarekilometers(214,000squaremiles)withacoastlinestretchingabout2,000kilometers(1,200miles).
Today,theRepublicofYemenisoneoftheworld’spoorestandmostfragilecountries.Itranked
highestonthe2020FragileStateIndex,thesecondlowestontheGlobalHungerIndex,and
thelowestontheHumanDevelopmentIndex(UNDP2022).Inaddition,overseveralyears,the
countryhasrecordedadireperformanceindevelopmentindicatorssuchascorruption(figure1.1),economiccompetitiveness,inclusion(particularlyalonggenderlines),andthequalityofitsbusinessenvironmentandinvestmentclimate(TransparencyInternationaln.d.).
14
Figure1.1
TheRepublicofYemen’sCorruptionPerceptions
177
178
175
176
174
167
170
161
156
154
201220142016201820202022
Source:
T
,TransparencyInternational.
180
175
170
165
160
155
150
Followingthe1990unificationofNorthandSouthYemen,thecountryhasfunctionedasa
complex,multilayeredsocietywithpredominantlyinformaleconomicbehaviorsandhierarchies.Thiscontextfavorstraditional,tribalallegiancesandinstitutionsofgovernance,especiallyinthevastruralareas.Inparallel,urbanelitesandpocketsofcivilstructurescarrytherestofthesocietytogreatermodernizationintermsofaccesstoformaleducation,betterinfrastructure,andmorecosmopolitaninfluences.
Since2011,theRepublicofYemenhasbeeninastateofpoliticalcrisis,whichculminatedinaconflictthatstartedin2014.Theconflict’skeyplayersmirrorthecountry’sgeopoliticalcontrast.First,the
northernhighlands-basedsocio
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