植物保护外文文献翻译

附录PlantProtectionAbstractThecardsontheuppersurfacewereblue,says[JohnHowell].Inmanycases,cardsonthelowerleaveswerenotcoveredaswell."Ifgrowerswanttocheckoutcoverageinanykindofcrop,theycangetthesecardsfrommachinerydealers,"saysHowell."Itisagreatwaytodeterminewhatkindofspraycoverageyouaregetting.Wetestedallthesesprayersat4milesanhourand2milesanhourandwediditwiththedifferenttypesofsprayers."[Headnote]Increaseyieldsbymakingsureyourpumpkinandsquashcropsareadequatelycoveredwithacropprotectant.OVERtheyears,diseasepressureonpumpkinsandwintersquash,especiallyintheNortheast,hasbecomemoresevere.Morethan30yearsago,thesecropswerenottypicallysprayedwithfungicidesorinsecticidesbecauseitsimplywasn'tnecessary.Diseaseandinsectpressurewasn'tthatsignificant-backthen.Fastforwardtoabout15yearsago,andthingswerebeginningtochange.AccordingtoJohnHowell,retiredextensionvegetablespecialistattheUniversityofMassachusetts,asdemandforthesecrops,especiallypumpkinsforHalloween,increased,sodidproductionandthespreadofplantdisease,particularlyblackrot.Theresultwasthatsprayingbecameanecessity."Growersdidn'twanttodrivethroughtheirfieldswithasprayerbecausetheywouldsquashafewsquash,andpumpkins,"saysHowell."Wehadtoconvincethemthatlosingafewplantsthiswaywasbetterthanlosingmuchmoretodisease."SprayerVs.SprayerAccordingtoHowell,mostgrowersusehigh-pressurevolumesprayerstoapplyinsecticidesandfungicidestorowcrops.Someuseairblastsprayersandlow-volumeunits.Frompastresearchsprayinginsecticidesandfungicidesonpumpkinsandsquash,Howelllearnedthatnoneofthesprayertypesworkedaswellastheywouldhavelikedthemto.Low-volumeandairblastsprayersfellshortinbeingabletosuccessfullypenetratethecanopyandachievegoodleafcoverage.Low-volumesprayers,saysHowell,aretypicallyusedtosprayherbicidesdirectlyonthesoil,soapplyingproducttoplantleavestopreventdiseaseisn'tthemaingoal.Theairblastunits,helearned,haddifficultygettingcoverageundertheplantcanopy.Ofthethreetypes,thehigh-pressurevolumesprayersprovidedthebestcoveragetoplantleaves."Theyalldidagoodjobontheuppersurfacesoftheupperleaves,"heexplains."However,youalsowanttobeabletogetthelowerleavesthatarelowerinthecanopyandtheundersidesofthoseleaves,aswell.Ithinkslowlymoregrowersarebecomingmoreawareofthisissuewithspraycoverage."Duringhisresearch,Howellemployedtheuseofwater-sensitivecards.Theseyellowcardswereclippedonthetopupperleavesofplantsandonleaveslowertotheground.Waterwassubstitutedforacropprotectantsoresearcherscouldwalkthroughthefieldsaftertheplantsweresprayed.Cardsthatgotwetturnedblue.Thecardsontheuppersurfacewereblue,saysHowell.Inmanycases,cardsonthelowerleaveswerenotcoveredaswell."Ifgrowerswanttocheckoutcoverageinanykindofcrop,theycangetthesecardsfrommachinerydealers,"saysHowell."Itisagreatwaytodeterminewhatkindofspraycoverageyouaregetting.Wetestedallthesesprayersat4milesanhourand2milesanhourandwediditwiththedifferenttypesofsprayers."Usingahigh-pressuresprayerfilledwithwater,theseyellowwatersensitivecardsturnedbluewherewaterdropletshitthem.Thetopcard?ineachcolumnisfromanupperleaf,topsurface.Thesecondcardisfromanupperleaf,underside;thethirdcardisalowerleaf,topsurface;andthefourth(lowest)cardisfromcloverleaf,underside.Itwasdifficulttoachievegoodcoverageontheundersidesofleaves.Howelladdsthatsprayingpumpkinsandsquashareparticularlychallenging,thankstotheamountoffoliagethatneedstobecovered.Researchersalsoareusingwater-sensitivecardstotestthecoverageoffungicidesandinsecticidesonothercrops,suchassweetcorn,hesays.[Sidebar]UseTheRightNozzleJOHNHowell,aretiredvegetableextensionspecialistattheUniversityofMassachusetts,saysgrowersshoulduseahigh-pressuresprayerontheirpumpkinandsquashplantsandtheyshoulduseasolid-conenozzle.Mostsprayers,hesays,comewithhollow-conenozzles."Asolidconehasanarrowerangleandtendstopushthespraymaterialfurtherintothefoliage,"heexplains.Healsotellsgrowerstonotexceedspeedsof2milesperhourwhensprayingbecauseittakestimetopushthespraymaterialdownintothecanopy."Ifyouaretravelingtoofast,youwon'tgetgoodpenetrationofthefoliage,"hesays."Youhavetogivethesolutiontimetogetdownintothefoliageasyoupassoverthecrop."Anglingthenozzlealsohelps.Onmostboomorhigh-pressuresprayers,growerscanloosentheclampsontheboom,andangleitabout15to20degreesforwardasopposedtofacingitstraightdown.Bysettingthenozzleonanangle,ittendstostiruptheleavesalittlebitandaidsinthepenetrationofthecanopy,saysHowell.植物保护摘要在上表面的卡是蓝色的，说[约翰豪厄尔]。在许多情况下，在下部叶卡也没有涉及。“如果种植者想看看在任何一种作物的覆盖面，他们可以从机械经销商那里得到卡片，“豪威尔说。“确定你正在用什么样方式来喷涂覆盖面这是伟大的。我们在4英里的时速和2英里的时速测试所有这些喷雾器，我们用不同类型的喷雾器来测试。通过确保你增加南瓜和西葫芦作物涵盖量，来增加作物保护剂的产量。多年来，尤其是在东北，疾病对南瓜、冬瓜的压力变得更加严重。30多年前，这些作物通常不喷洒杀菌剂或杀虫剂，因为它根本没有必要。病虫害压力并不显著。当时的情况。快速回到大约15年前，事情开始发生变化。据约翰豪威尔——一位退休的常识渊博的麻省理工大学的蔬菜专家，他认为，随着这些作物，尤其是万圣节南瓜的需求的增加而加速了植物疾病的传播，特别是黑腐病。其结果是，喷洒农药成为必然。“种植者不希望驾驶一个携带喷雾器的机械驶过自己的田地，因为他们会损失几个南瓜，”豪威尔说。“我们必须说服他们，通过这种方式失去几个南瓜，比被一些植物的疾病夺去更多的南瓜要好。”不同喷雾器的比较据豪威尔介绍，大部分种植者通过用高压喷雾器喷洒杀虫剂和杀菌剂来保护中耕作物。有的用鼓风喷雾机和低容量喷雾器。，豪威尔了解到，从过去的南瓜和西葫芦喷洒杀虫剂和杀菌剂的研究来看，喷雾器类型没有一次达到他们预期的效果。低容量喷雾器和鼓风喷雾机没有能够成功地渗透，实现良好的叶冠层覆盖。豪威尔说，低容量喷雾器通常用于在土壤上直接喷洒除草剂，使植物叶片应用产品，以防止疾病，但不是主要目标。他还了解到，鼓风喷雾机很难作用到树冠覆盖下的植物。在这三种类型中，高压容量喷雾器对植物的叶子起到了最好的覆盖效果。“所有喷雾器都对叶子上表面的效果不错，”他说。“不过，你也希望能够使较低的叶片，在树冠较低处，同样有很好的效果。我想慢慢地越来越多的种植者会意识到喷雾覆盖这个问题。”在他的研究中，豪威尔采用了水敏卡。这些黄色卡片被夹在植物的叶子的上表面和下表面。对保护者来说，水是