PMI培训资料：常减压蒸馏工艺与流程培训课件

2024/4/7常减压蒸馏装置CDU/VDU前言

恒逸文莱PMB石油化工项目拟建于文莱达鲁萨兰国大摩拉岛，一期投资42.92亿美元，主要包括800万吨/年常减压蒸馏装置，235万吨/年轻烃回收装置，330万吨/年连续重整装置，150万吨/年芳烃装置，130万吨/年煤油加氢装置，220万吨/年柴油加氢装置，220万吨/年加氢裂化装置，12万吨/年硫磺回收装置，100万吨/年灵活焦化装置等主体装置以及相应的公用工程、罐区、原油和成品油码头、变电所、海水淡化等配套工程，主要产品为液化气、汽油、化工轻油、航空煤油、对二甲苯、柴油。2024/4/7PMBinvestmentabout4.292billiondollarsWhichcomprisesamainunitsuchas8.0MMTAatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunit,2.35MMTAlightendsrecoveryunit,3.3MMTAcontinuouscatalyticreformingunit,1.5MMTAaromatichydrocarbonunit,1.3MMTAkerosenehydrotreatingunit,2.2MMTAdieselhydrotreatingunit,2.2MMTAhydrocrackingunitand0.12MMTAsulfurrecoveryunit,1.0MMTAflexicokingunitandthecorrespondingutilitiesunit,Crudeoilandrefinedoiljetty/wharf,substations,seawaterdesalinationandandothersupportingunits,themainproductsareliquefiedpetroleumgas,gasoline,chemicallightoil,aviationkerosene,p-xylene,diesel.2024/4/7石油的组成与性质简介石油又称原油，是从地下深处开采的棕黑色可燃粘稠液体，是古代海洋或湖泊中的生物经过漫长的演化形成的混合物。石油的性质因产地而异，密度一般为0.8～1.0克/厘米3，凝固点-60～30℃，沸点范围从常温至500℃以上，可溶于有机溶剂，不溶于水，但可与水形成乳状液。2024/4/7ABriefIntroductiontotheCompositionandPropertiesofPetroleumABriefIntroductiontotheCompositionandPropertiesofPetroleum.Oil,alsoknownascrudeoil,isextractedfromthedepthsofthedarkbrowncombustibleviscousliquid,istheancientoceanorlakecreaturesthroughthelongevolutionofthemixture.Thenatureoftheoilvariesfromplacetoplace,thedensityisgenerally0.8to1.0g/cm3,thefreezingpointis-60to30°C,andtheboilingpointrangesfromroomtemperaturetoabove500°C,solubleinorganicsolvents,insolubleinwater,butcanformEmulsionwithwater.2024/4/7石油的组成与性质简介

石油组成：C（83％～87％）、H（11％～14％）、S（0.06％～0.8％）、N（0.02％～1.7％）、O（0.08％～1.82％）、Ni、V、Fe。碳氢化合物（烃类）是石油的主要成分，约占95%～99%。

烃类中主要包括烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃，以及在分子中兼有这三类烃结构的混合烃，它们以气态、液态、固态化合物形式存在。

2024/4/7ABriefIntroductiontotheCompositionandPropertiesofPetroleumOilcomposition:C（83％～87％）、H（11％～14％）、S（0.06％～0.8％）、N（0.02％～1.7％）、O（0.08％～1.82％）、Ni、V、Fe。Hydrocarbonsarethemaincomponentsofoil,accountingforabout95%to99%.Hydrocarbonsmainlyincludealkanes,naphthenes,aromatichydrocarbons,andmixedhydrocarbonsinthemoleculethathavethesethreehydrocarbonstructures,whichexistintheformofgaseous,liquid,andsolidcompounds.2024/4/7石油的组成与性质简介原油分类按组成分类：以烷烃为主的石油---石蜡基石油；

以环烷烃、芳香烃为主的石油---环烃基石油；

介于二者之间的称为中间基石油。按比重分类：

轻质原油＜852kg/m3（20℃）；

中质原油852～930kg/m3（20℃）；

重质原油931～998kg/m3（20℃）；

特稠原油＞998kg/m3（20℃）按硫含量分类：

低硫原油硫含量＜0.5%；含硫原油硫含量0.5%～2.0%；

高硫原油硫含量＞2.0%。2024/4/7ABriefIntroductiontotheCompositionandPropertiesofPetroleum

ClassificationofcrudeoilClassificationbycomposition:

Alkaline-basedpetroleum-paraffinic-basedpetroleum;petroleum-basedhydrocarbonsbasedonnaphthenesandaromatics-ring-basedpetroleum;Classificationbyweight:

Lightcrudeoil<852kg/m3(20℃);

Mediumcrudeoil852~930kg/m3(20℃);

Heavycrudeoil931~998kg/m3(20℃);

Specialcrudeoil>998kg/m3(20℃)Classificationbysulfurcontent:

Sulfurcontentoflowsulfurcrudeoil<0.5%;

Sulfurcontentofsulfurcrudeoil0.5%to2.0%;

Sulfurcontentofhighsulfurcrudeoil>2.0%.2024/4/7炼油厂的分类燃料油型炼厂：生产重整原料、汽油、煤油、轻重柴油和各类工业燃料油外，减压馏分油和减压渣油通过深加工转化为各种轻质燃料。燃料-润滑油型炼厂：除生产重整原料、汽油、煤油、轻重柴油和各类工业燃料油外，部分减压馏分油和减压渣油还被用于生产各种润滑油产品。燃料-化工型炼厂：以生产燃料油和化工产品为主。燃料-润滑油-化工型炼厂：综合型炼厂，既生产各种燃料、化工原料或产品同时又生产润滑油。2024/4/7RefineryclassificationFueloilrefinery:Productionofreformingrawmaterials,gasoline,kerosene,lightandheavydieseloilandvarioustypesofindustrialfueloil,theatmosphericdistillateandvacuumresiduethroughdeepprocessingintoavarietyoflightfuels.Fuel-LubricantRefinery:Inadditiontotheproductionofreformingrawmaterials,gasoline,kerosene,lightandheavydieseloilandvarioustypesofindustrialfueloil,partofthevacuumdistillateoilandvacuumresidueisalsousedtoproduceavarietyoflubricatingoilproducts.Fuel-ChemicalRefinery:Toproducefueloilandchemicalproducts.Fuel-Lubricants-ChemicalRefineries:Comprehensiverefinery,boththeproductionofvariousfuels,chemicalrawmaterialsorproductswhileproducinglubricants.2024/4/72024/4/7原油的一、二、三次加工一次加工指原油的常压蒸馏或常减压蒸馏过程，所得的轻、重产品称为直馏产品。一次加工原油装置的能力代表炼厂的生产规模。二次加工用直馏产品作为原料，以提高轻油收率或产品质量、增加油品品种为目的的加工过程，如催化重整、催化裂化、加氢裂化、焦化、煤柴油加氢、渣油加氢等。将二次加工得到的商品油制取基本有机化工原料的工艺叫三次加工。三次加工装置有：裂解制乙烯、芳烃分离等。2024/4/7First,second,thirdprocessingofcrudeoil

Aprocessingreferstoatmosphericdistillationoratmosphericdistillationprocessabilitytoobtainthelight,heavyproductsasstraight-runproducts.Theabilitytoprocessacrudeoilplantrepresentsthescaleoftherefinery.Secondaryprocessingstraight-runproductsasrawmaterialstoimprovetheyieldoflightoilorproductquality,increasethevarietyofoilforthepurposeoftheprocess,suchascatalyticreforming,catalyticcracking,hydrocracking,coking,coaldieselhydrogenation,slagOilandotherhydrogen.product

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secondary

processing

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oil

producing

technology

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basicorganic

chemicalindustrial

rawmaterialsundergoprocessingisknownas

tertiaryprocessing.Tertiaryprocessingdevicesare:crackingethylene,aromaticseparation,etc.2024/4/72024/4/7燃料油型炼油厂总流程示意图

Fueloilrefinerytotalflowdiagram

2024/4/7PMB石油化工项目—燃料油化工型炼油厂常减压重整芳烃分离加氢裂化石脑油加氢煤油加氢原油轻烃回收液化气轻石脑油苯、甲苯对二甲苯航空煤油柴油尾油焦炭柴油加氢2024/4/7灵活焦化酸性水汽提溶剂再生硫磺回收酸性水富胺液硫磺净化水ADU/VDULERNaphthaHTKeroseneHTDieselHTFlexicokingHydrocrackingCCRAromaticsSeparationSourwaterstrippingSolventregenerationSulfurrecoverySourwaterRichamineLPGLightnaphthaBenzene,ToluenePXAviationkerosenedieselPurifiedwatersulfurTailoilcoke石油产品简介石油产品根据生产方法和最终用途可分为燃料、溶剂和化工原料、润滑剂和有关产品、蜡、沥青、石油焦等几大类。这里简要介绍石油产品中的燃料类。2024/4/7IntroductiontopetroleumproductsPetroleumproductsaccordingtotheproductionmethodsandendusagecanbedividedintofuel,solventsandchemicalrawmaterials,lubricantsandrelatedproducts,wax,asphalt,petroleumcokeandotherbroadcategories.Hereisabriefintroductiontothefuelproductsinpetroleumproducts2024/4/7液化石油气石油炼制过程中产生的石油气的统称，在常温下，加压就容易液化，主要成分为丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯、少量戊烷、戊烯和微量硫化物。炼油-化工型炼厂中生产的液化气不含丙烯、丁烯。液化气可作为石油化工原料，用于烃类裂解制乙烯或蒸汽转化制合成气，可作为工业、民用和内燃机燃料。2024/4/7LPGDuringtheoilrefiningprocess,intheproductionofLPG,atroomtemperature,andincreasepressure,LPGiseasytoliquefy,themaincomponentsarepropane,propylene,butane,butene,asmallamountofpentane,penteneandtracesofsulfide.Refining-ChemicalRefineryproducesliquefiedgaswithoutpropylene,butene.Liquefiedpetroleumgascanbeusedasapetrochemicalrawmaterialsforhydrocarbon-typescrackingofethyleneorsteamreformingsynthesisgas,canbeusedasindustrial,civilandinternalcombustionenginefuel.2024/4/7汽油汽油按研究法辛烷值分为90号、93号、95号和97号车用汽油四个牌号，日常生活中使用的汽油牌号就是按研究法辛烷值分类的。汽油通常用作汽油发动机的燃料。车用汽油根据发动机压缩比的高低选用不同牌号的汽油；压缩比较高的，可选用较高牌的汽油；反之，则选用较低牌号的汽油。2024/4/7GasolineGasolineisdividedintogrades90,93,95and97petrolaccordingtotheresearchoctanenumber.Thegasolinegradesusedindailylifeareclassifiedaccordingtotheresearchoctanenumber.Gasolineisusuallyusedasfuelforpetrolengines.Automotivegasolineaccordingtotheleveloftheenginecompressionratioofdifferentgradesofgasoline;compressionratioisrelativelyhigh,thechoiceofhighergradeofgasolinecanbechosen;ontheotherhand,thechoiceoflowergradesofgasoline.2024/4/7汽油常减压蒸馏装置提供重整装置石脑油，并根据重整的生产目的来确定石脑油的馏程切割范围，当生产高辛烷值汽油时，一般要求采用90～180℃馏分；生产苯、甲苯、二甲苯时，用60～145℃馏分；只生产苯时用60～85℃馏分；只生产二甲苯时，用110～145℃馏分。恒逸文莱项目的目标产品是对二甲苯，且设置有歧化，异构化装置，可以使C7～C9芳烃大部分转化为对二甲苯，故常减压装置石脑油馏程范围较宽，设计值为65～170℃。而汽油产品质量满足欧V排放标准对产品质量的要求，辛烷值按92#和95#两个牌号调和。2024/4/7GasolineTheatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunitprovidesnaphthatothereformerunitandfromthere,itdeterminestherangeofnaphthafractionsaccordingtothepurposeofthereformingproduction.Whenproducinghighoctanegasoline,itisgenerallyrequiredtouse90to180°Cfractions;Benzene,toluene,xylene,with60~145℃fractions;onlytheproductionofbenzenewith60~85℃fractions;onlytheproductionofxylene,with110~145℃fractions.HengyiBruneiproject’stargetproductisp-xylene,andhasdisproportionationunit,isomerizationunit,canuselargepartsofC7~C9aromaticstoconverttop-xylene,sooftenatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunit’snaphthadistillationrangeiswide,Thevalueis65~170℃.ThequalityofgasolineproductstomeettheEuropeanVemissionstandardsforproductqualityrequirements,octanenumberby92#and95#twobrandstoblend.2024/4/7煤油

煤油旧称灯油，主要用于点灯照明、各种喷灯、汽灯、汽化炉和煤油炉等的燃料；也可用作机械零部件的洗涤剂、橡胶和制药工业溶剂、油墨稀释剂、有机化工裂解原料；玻璃陶瓷工业、铝板辗轧、金属表面化学热处理等工艺用油。航空煤油则主要用作喷气式发动机燃料，质量指标相对严格，常减压蒸馏装置需控制馏程，密度，闪点，冰点，结晶点等。恒逸文莱项目航煤产品质量要求按文莱航煤标准或执行中国国标GB6537-2006标准。2024/4/7KeroseneKerosene,formerlyknownaslightoil,mainlyusedforlighting,allkindsofburners,gaslamps,gasificationfurnaceandkerosenefurnacefuel;canalsobeusedasmechanicalpartsofthedetergent,rubberandpharmaceuticalindustrysolvent,inkthinner,organicchemicalcrackingrawmaterials;Glassceramicsindustry,aluminumrolling,metalsurfacechemicalheattreatmentandotheroil.Aviationkeroseneismainlyusedforjetenginefuel,thequalityindexisrelativelystrict,soinatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunitmustcontrolthedistillationrange,density,flashpoint,freezingpoint,crystallizationpointandsoon.HengyiBruneiPMBprojectaviationkeroseneproductqualityrequirementsaccordingtoBruneiaviationkerosenestandardortheimplementationofChinaGBGB3737-2006standard.2024/4/7柴油

轻柴油按质量分为优质品、一级品和合格品三个等级，按凝点分为10号、0号、-10号、-20号、-35号和-50号六个牌号，10号轻柴油表示其凝点不高于10℃，其余类推。常减压蒸馏装置能控制柴油的馏程，密度，闪点等性质。十六烷值是评定柴油点火性能的指标，十六烷值越高，燃烧性能和低温启动性越好。本项目柴油产品十六烷值按≮46，硫含量按≯10mg/kg考虑，其余指标满足欧V排放标准对产品质量的要求。2024/4/7DieselLightdieseloilbyqualityisdividedintothreegrades:high-qualitygrade,Agradeandqualifiedgrade,accordingtothecondensatepointsaredividedinto10,0,-10,-20,-35and-50sixgrades,#10Lightdieseloilthatitsfreezingpointisnothigherthan10℃,therestoftheanalogy.Atmosphericandvacuumdistillationunitcancontrolthedistillationofdiesel,density,flashpointandotherproperties.Cetanenumberisanindicatorofdieselignitionperformance,thehigherthecetanenumber,thebetterthecombustionperformanceandtheabilitytostartatlowtemperatureisbetter.Thecetanenumberofdieseloilproductsinthisprojectisnotlesserthan46,thesulfurcontentiscontrolledby≯10mg/kg,andtheremainingindexesmeettherequirementsofEuropeanVemissionstandardsforproductquality.2024/4/7减压蜡油

本项目减压蜡油作加氢裂化原料，加氢裂化装置对减压蜡油要求控制残炭、重金属含量、含水等指标，同时要观察颜色和密度，一般残炭控制在0.2%以下。馏分过重密度大，金属含量随之增加，易造成催化剂中毒失去活性。含水量大也易造成催化剂失活，降低催化剂强度。2024/4/7VacuumwaxoilInthisproject,vacuumwaxoilisusedashydrocrackingrawmaterialandhydrocrackingunittocontroltheresidualcarboncontent,watercontentandsoon.Atthesametime,thecoloranddensityareobserved,andtheresidualcarboniscontrolledbelow0.2%.Fractionsthataretooheavywouldresultinhigherdensity,metalcontentincreases,easytocausecatalystpoisoningactivity.Highwatercontentisalsoeasytocausecatalystdeactivation,reducethecatalyststrength.2024/4/7减压渣油

减压渣油的质量没有统一的控制指标，根据原油性质和全厂总流程方案的要求，视其不同用途，而有不同要求。根据其结构组成、重金属含量、残炭等可确定是否能作催化裂化原料，如作焦化原料则没有特殊要求，如作为商品燃料油一般粘度达不到要求，需经减粘裂化或用其他轻油调和，才符合产品规格要求。随着原油劣质化，目前大多数国内炼厂都设有渣油加氢脱硫装置，加氢后渣油送去催化裂化装置生产汽油、柴油等产品，节约成本的同时，又能多产出汽油柴油产品，提高经济效益。恒逸文莱PMB项目增设灵活焦化装置来处理减压渣油，产出灵活气、液化气、汽油、柴油、蜡油和焦炭产品。2024/4/7VacuumresidueThereisnouniformcontrolindexforthequalityofthevacuumresidue.Accordingtothenatureofthecrudeoilandtherequirementsofthewholeprocessofthewholeplant,dependingonitsuse,therearedifferentrequirements.Accordingtoitsstructure,heavymetalcontent,carbonresidue,thesecandeterminewhetheritcanbeusedforcatalyticcrackingofrawmaterials,suchasforcokingrawmaterials,therearenospecialrequirements,suchasthegeneralviscosityofcommercialfueloilcannotmeettherequirements,subjecttovisbreakingorotherlightOilreconcile,onlymeettheproductspecifications.Withthepoorqualityofcrudeoil,mostdomesticrefineriesareequippedwithresiduehydro-desulfurizationunit,hydrogenatedresidueissenttothecatalyticcrackingunittoproducegasoline,dieselandotherproducts,whilesavingcosts,butalsomoreproductionofgasolineDieselproducts,improveeconomicefficiency.HengyiBruneiPMBprojecttoaddaflexiblecokingdevicetodealwithvacuumresidue,theoutputofliquefiedpetroleumgas,gasoline,diesel,waxoilandcokeproducts.2024/4/7PMB炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置介绍

常减压蒸馏是炼油厂加工原油的第一道工序，即原油的一次加工，在炼油厂加工总流程中有重要作用，常被称之为“龙头”装置。本装置是根据原油中各组份的沸点（挥发度）不同用加热的方法从原油中分离出各种石油馏份。

其中常压蒸馏分离出低沸点的汽油、煤油、柴油等组份，而沸点较高的蜡油、渣油等组份留在未被分出的液相中。减压蒸馏是将常压渣油经过加热，送入减压蒸馏系统，使常压渣油在避免裂解的较低温度下进行分馏，分离出减压馏份油和减压渣油。

2024/4/7PMBRefineryAtmosphericandVacuumDistillationUnitIntroductionAtmosphericandvacuumdistillationisthefirstprocessofrefineryprocessingcrudeoil,thatis,asingleprocessingofcrudeoil,oilrefineryintheoverallprocesshasanimportantrole,oftenreferredtoas"leading"device.Thedeviceisbasedontheboilingpointofthevariouscomponentsofthecrudeoil(volatile)differentheatingmethodfromthecrudeoilseparationofvariouspetroleumfractions.Whichatmosphericdistillationoflowboilinggasoline,kerosene,dieselandothercomponents,andhigherboilingpointofwaxoil,residueandothercomponentsremainintheliquidphaseisnotseparated.Decompressiondistillationistheatmosphericresiduebyheating,intothevacuumdistillationsystem,sothattheatmosphericresidueinthepyrolysisofthelowertemperatureofthefractionation,separationofthedistillatedistillateoilandvacuumresidue.2024/4/7装置概况

恒逸文莱PMB项目常减压蒸馏装置处理能力为800万吨/年，设计原油品种为文莱轻油，卡塔尔原油，凝析油1，凝析油2，比例为3:3.3:0.7:1。装置主要由原油电脱盐系统、加热炉及换热网络系统、常压蒸馏系统和减压蒸馏系统四部分组成。原油在装置内经脱盐脱水及常减压蒸馏后被分为粗石脑油、航煤、柴油、减压蜡油、减压渣油等满足后续加工装置要求的物料。2024/4/7DeviceprofileHengyiBruneiPMBprojectatmosphericandvacuumdistillationunithandlingcapacityof8milliontons/year,thedesignofcrudeoilvarietiesofBruneilightoil,Qatarcrudeoil,Irancondensateoil,Qatarcondensate,theratioof3:2:2:1TheThedeviceismainlycomposedoffourparts:crudeoildesalinationsystem,heatingfurnaceandheatexchangenetworksystem,atmosphericdistillationsystemandvacuumdistillationsystem.Crudeoilinthedevicebydesalinationdehydrationandatmosphericdistillationisdividedintocrudenaphtha,heavynaphtha,aviationcoal,diesel,vacuumwaxoil,vacuumresiduetomeettherequirementsofsubsequentprocessingequipmentmaterials.2024/4/72024/4/7工艺流程简图原油换热网络电脱盐电脱盐换热网络初馏塔常压炉常压塔减压炉换热网络减压塔初顶油常顶油减顶油常一线常二线常三线常四线常渣减一线减三线减二线减渣2024/4/7工艺流程简述

首先将原油换热至127℃左右，注水和注破乳剂，经混合后进入电脱盐罐，在高压交流电场作用下使混悬在原油中的微小液滴逐步扩大成较大液滴，借助重力合并成水层，将水及溶解在水中的盐、杂质等脱除。经脱盐脱水后的原油换热至226℃左右，进入初馏塔，塔顶拔出轻汽油，塔底原油经换热和常压炉加热到359℃进入常压塔，分出石脑油、煤油、轻柴油、重柴油馏分，石脑油送到连续重整装置，煤油送至煤油加氢装置，柴油送至柴油加氢或加氢裂化装置，进行二次加工。常压塔底重油经减压炉加热至412℃左右进入减压塔，在残压为2～8kPa下，分馏出各种减压馏分，作加氢裂化原料。减压渣油经换热冷却后作燃料油或经换热后作焦化原料。2024/4/7BriefdescriptionoftheprocessFirst,thecrudeoilheatexchangetoabout127℃,waterinjectionandinjection,aftermixingintotheelectricdesalinationtank,undertheactionofhigh-pressureACelectricfieldinthesuspendedoilinthesmalldropletsgraduallyexpandedintolargerdroplets,withgravityCombinedintothewaterlayer,thewateranddissolvedinwatersalts,impurities,etc.removed.Afterdesaltingdehydrationofcrudeoilheattransfertoabout226℃,intotheinitialdistillationtower,thetowerpulloutthelightgasoline,thebottomofthecrudeoilbyheatexchangeandatmosphericheatingfurnaceto359℃intotheatmospherictower,dividedintonaphtha,kerosene,Lightdieseloil,heavydieseloilfraction,naphthasenttothecontinuousreformingdevice,kerosenesenttothekerosenehydrogenationunit,dieseloilsenttothehydrogenationorhydrocrackingunit,thesecondprocessing.Atmosphericpressureattheendofthetowerbythevacuumfurnaceheatedtoabout412℃intothevacuumtower,theresidualpressureof2~8kPa,thedistillationofavarietyofvacuumdistillation,forhydrocrackingrawmaterials.Vacuumresidueafterheatexchangeforfueloilorheattransferaftercokingrawmaterials.2024/4/7工艺技术介绍——电脱盐

1.原油含盐含水的危害原油含盐含水对原油储运、加工、产品质量及设备等均造成很大危害，主要为：（1）影响常减压蒸馏的正常操作。原油中的水随着原油加热而汽化，增加塔的气相负荷，容易造成常减压装置操作波动，严重时会引起冲塔事故。（2）增加设备的负荷，增加动力、热能和冷却水等的消耗。原油中的水蒸发需要消耗能量，同时塔顶冷凝需多耗循环水。

2024/4/7ProcessTechnology-ElectricDesalinationCrudeoilcontainswaterandwaterhazards

Crudeoilcontainingwateroncrudeoilstorageandtransportation,processing,productqualityandequipment,etc.arecausinggreatharm,mainly:(1)thenormaloperationofatmosphericandvacuumdistillation.

Crudeoilinthewaterwiththeheatingandevaporationofcrudeoiltoincreasethetower'sgasload,likelytocausefrequentdecompressiondeviceoperationfluctuations,seriouscaseswillcausethetoweraccident.(2)increasetheloadofequipment,increasepower,heatandcoolingwaterconsumption.

Theevaporationofwaterincrudeoilrequiresenergyconsumption,whilethetopofthetowercondensationneedtoconsumemorewater.2024/4/7（3）腐蚀设备，影响装置运行。原油含水，水中又溶解有NaCl、CaCl2、MgCl2等盐类，它们能水解生成具有腐蚀性的HCl，特别是在低温设备部分存在水分时，形成盐酸，腐蚀更为严重。

CaCl2+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2O→Mg(OH)2+2HClNaCl

+H2O→NaOH+HCl

加工含硫原油时，还会产生H2S腐蚀。（4）盐类中的金属能导致下游装置催化剂中毒失活。（5）原油经过换热器、加热炉等设备，随着温度升高水分蒸发，盐类容易沉积在管壁上形成盐垢，影响传热效率。2024/4/7(3)corrosionequipment,affectingthedeviceoperation.

Crudeoilandwater,dissolvedinwaterandNaCl,CaCl2,MgCl2andothersalts,theycanbehydrolyzedtoproducecorrosiveHCl,especiallyinthelowtemperatureequipmentpartofthepresenceofwater,theformationofhydrochloricacid,corrosionismoreserious.

CaCl2+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+2HCl

MgCl2+2H2O→Mg(OH)2+2HCl

NaCl+H2O→NaOH+HCl

Processingofsulfur-containingcrudeoil,butalsoproduceH2Scorrosion.(4)metalinthesaltcancausethedownstreamdevicecatalystpoisoninginactivation.(5)Crudeoilthroughtheheatexchanger,heatingfurnaceandotherequipment,withthetemperatureriseofwaterevaporation,salteasilydepositedinthepipewalltoformsalt,affectingheattransferefficiency.2024/4/72.电脱盐工作原理

原油中含有水，也含有胶质、沥青质等天然乳化剂，水以微滴状态分散在原油中，乳化剂吸附在油水界面，形成乳化液。原油电脱盐，就是加入破乳剂，破坏乳化状态，在高压电场的作用下，使微小水滴聚结成大水滴，达到油水分离的目的。而盐类大部分溶解在水中，所以脱水与脱盐是同时进行的。2024/4/72.Electricdesalinationprinciple

Crudeoilcontainswater,alsocontainsglial,asphalteneandothernaturalemulsifier,waterdropletsdispersedinthecrudeoil,emulsifieradsorptionintheoilandwaterinterface,theformationofemulsion.Crudeoildesalination,istojointhedemulsifier,destructionoftheemulsionstate,undertheactionofhigh-voltageelectricfield,sothatsmalldropletstogetherintolargedroplets,toachievethepurposeofoilandwaterseparation.Andmostofthesaltdissolvedinwater,sodehydrationanddesalinationiscarriedoutatthesametime.2024/4/73.电脱盐单元设备

3.Electricdesalinationunitequipment

原油电脱盐单元主要包括：电脱盐罐，高压配电系统，原油注水，切水系统，破乳剂注入系统，含盐污水预处理系统以及自控系统。

Crudeoilelectricdesaltingunitmainlyincludes:electricdesalinationtank,highpressuredistributionsystem,crudeoilwaterinjection,watercutsystem,demulsifierinjectionsystem,saltsewagepretreatmentsystemandautomaticcontrolsystem.2024/4/7工艺技术介绍——常减压蒸馏

1.蒸馏原理蒸馏是利用原油混合物中各个物质沸点的不同，将其分离的方法。由于原油中物质的种类很多，而且很多物质的沸点相差不大，这样就使得原油中各个组分的完全分离十分困难。然而对原油加工来说，并不需要进行精确的分离，因此可以按一定的沸点范围，把原油分离成不同的馏分，再送往二次加工装置进行加工。2024/4/7ProcessTechnologyIntroduction-Atmosphericandvacuumdistillation1.Distillationprinciple

Distillationisamethodofseparatingtheboilingpointofeachsubstanceinthecrudeoilmixture.Duetothelargenumberofsubstancesinthecrudeoil,andtheboilingpointofmanysubstancesisnotmuchdifference,sothatthecompleteseparationofthevariouscomponentsofcrudeoilisverydifficult.However,forcrudeoilprocessing,thereisnoneedforaccurateseparation,soyoucanaccordingtoacertainboilingpointrange,thecrudeoilintodifferentfractions,andthensenttothesecondaryprocessingdeviceforprocessing.2024/4/72.馏分：是指用分馏方法把原油分成的不同沸点范围的组分。石油是一个多组分的复杂混合物，每个组分有其各自不同的沸点，用分馏的方法，可以把石油馏分分成不同温度段，如<200℃、200～350℃等，称为石油的一个馏分。馏分不等同于石油产品，馏分必须经过进一步加工，达到油品的质量标准，才能称为合格的石油产品。2024/4/73.直馏馏分从原油直接分馏得到的馏分。它基本保留了石油化学组成的本来面目，如：不含不饱和烃，在化学组成中含有烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃等。2.Fraction:referstothefractionationmethodofcrudeoilintodifferentboilingrangeofthecomponents.

Oilisamulti-componentcomplexmixture,eachcomponenthasitsowndifferentboilingpoint,withthefractionaldistillationmethod,theoilfractioncanbedividedintodifferenttemperaturesections,suchas<200℃,200~350℃,etc.,calledoilAfraction.Fractionisnotthesameaspetroleumproducts,fractionsmustbefurtherprocessedtomeetthequalitystandardsofoil,canbecalledqualifiedpetroleumproducts.3.Straightfraction

Fractionobtainedfromfractionaldistillationofcrudeoil.Itbasicallyretainsthetruecompositionofthepetrochemicalcomposition,suchas:doesnotcontainunsaturatedhydrocarbons,inthechemicalcompositioncontainsalkanes,naphthenes,aromatichydrocarbons.2024/4/74.石油馏分组成从常压蒸馏开始馏出的温度（初馏点）到小于200℃的馏分为汽油馏分（也称轻油或石脑油馏分）常压蒸馏200～350℃的馏分为煤、柴油馏分（也称常压瓦斯油，AGO）由于原油从350℃开始有明显的分解现象，所以对于沸点高于350℃的馏分，需在减压下进行分馏，在减压下蒸出馏分的沸点再换算成常压沸点。沸点相当于常压下350～500℃的馏分为减压馏分（也称减压瓦斯油,VGO）沸点相当于常压下大于500℃的馏分为减渣馏分(VR)2024/4/74.CompositionDistillationfromatmosphericdistillation(initialboilingpoint)tolessthan200°Cisagasolinefraction(alsoknownaslightoilornaphthafraction)Atmosphericdistillationof200~350℃distillateforcoal,dieselfractions(alsoknownasatmosphericgasoil,AGO)

Asthecrudeoilfrom350℃begantohaveasignificantdecompositionphenomenon,sotheboilingpointofmorethan350℃fractions,undertheneedfordistillationunderreducedpressure,distilledunderreducedpressureboilingpointconversionandthenconvertedintoatmosphericboilingpoint.Theboilingpointisequivalenttoatmosphericpressure350~500℃fractionsforthevacuumdistillation(alsoknown