《社会保护100 年：通向全民社会保护制度和底线之路》-英

InternationalLabourOrganization100

yearsofsocial

protection:The

roadtouniversalsocialprotectionsystemsand

floorsVolume

2:52

countrycasesEditedbyValérie

SchmittQuynh

AnhNguyenSvenEngels100

years

of

social

protection:The

road

to

universal

socialprotection

systems

and

floorsXVolu

me

II:

52

country

studiesEdited

by:Valérie

SchmittQuynh

Anh

NguyenSven

EngelsInternational

Labour

Organization•

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52country

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managedin

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sustainable

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socially

responsible

manner.Code:

JMB-REPiiiTable

of

contentsX

About

the

authorsxiixvxvi1X

AcknowledgementsX

AbbreviationsX

IntroductionX

Chapter

1:

Building

national

social

protection

systems41. Cabo

Verde:

Extending

social

protection

by

anchoring

rights

in

law2. Portugal:

Translating

constitutional

rights

into

legislative

protections3. Cambodia:

Building

a

culture

ofsocial

security514274. Mozambique:

Advocacy

for

social

protection

through

the

annual

socialprotection

week34425. Russian

Federation:

Historical

development

ofsocial

protection6. Russian

Federation:

Ratification

ofILOʼs

Social

Security(Minimum

Standards)

Convention,

1952

(No.

102)49557. Tajikistan:

Assessment-based

national

dialogue

–

a

process

to

definea

national

social

protection

floor8. Philippines:

Assessment-based

national

dialogue

–

a

process

to

definea

national

social

protection

floor61669. Kenya:

Governance

ofthe

Kenyan

social

protection

system10. Kyrgyzstan:

Ratification

ofthe

Maternity

Protection

Convention,

2000(No.

183)78859711. Mozambique:

The

Mozambican

Statistical

Bulletin

–

a

best

practicein

monitoring

the

progress

ofthe

extension

ofsocial

protection

coverage12. Paraguay:

Ratification

ofthe

Social

Security

(Minimum

Standards)Convention,

1952

(No.

102)13. Bangladesh,

Cambodia,

Ethiopia,

Indonesia,

and

the

Lao

PeopleʼsDemocratic

Republic:

Applying

social

dialogue

principles

to

supportworkersʼ

incomes

during

the

COVID-19

pandemic10511612914. Thailand:

Extending

social

protection

by

anchoring

rights

in

law15. Mexico:

Social

rights

in

the

political

constitution

ofMexico

Cityiv100

years

of

social

protection:The

road

to

universal

social

protection

systems

and

floorsX

Chapter

2:

Security

during

childhood

and

working

age16. South

Africa:

Extending

social

protection

to

children13413517. Brazil:

Protecting

self-employed

workers

through

a

Monotaxmechanism

–

Simples14218. France:

RSA

–

providing

income

security

and

supporting

returnto

wor Brazil:

Guaranteeing

social

protection

for

domestic

workers20. Mexico:

Unemployment

protection

in

Mexico

City21. Lao

Peopleʼs

Democratic

Republic

and

Cambodia:

Childand

family

grants16617222. Indonesia:

ILO–Fast

Retailing

project

–

a

public–private

partnershipto

strengthen

social

security

systems

in

Indonesia

and

Asia23. Bangladesh,

Cambodia,

Ethiopia,

Indonesia

and

Lao

PeopleʼsDemocratic

Republic:

From

emergency

response

to

social

protectionsystem

development

–

ILO–BMZ

project

to

support

workers

duringthe

COVID-19

pandemic18219024. Argentina:

Emergency

family

income

support

during

the

COVID-19pandemic25. Mexico:

Mexican

Social

Security

Institute

pilot

programmefor

domestic

workers195X

Chapter

3:

Security

in

old

age

and

disability20026. Cambodia

and

Viet

Nam:

Improving

womenʼs

access

to

old-agepensions20127. Kenya:

Inua

Jamii

Senior

Citizensʼ

Scheme21028. Mexico:

Towards

universal

non-contributory

pensions

for

olderpersons

and

those

with

permanent

disability21722329. Lesotho:

Providing

universal

old-age

pensionsX

Chapter

4:

Towards

universal

health

coverage23030. Costa

Rica,

Indonesia,

Lao

Peopleʼs

Democratic

Republic,

Rwanda,and

Viet

Nam:

Integrating

social

health

protection

systems23124231. Costa

Rica:

Ensuring

universal

health

protection32. Lao

Peopleʼs

Democratic

Republic:

Moving

towards

universal

socialhealth

protection24825533. Thailand:

A

national

health

insurance

beneficiary

registry

basedonnational

identification

numbersvTable

of

Contents34. Indonesia:

Easing

access

to

the

national

health

insurance

schemethrough

a

mobile

application26035. West

and

Central

Africa:

Exploring

public

options

ofsocial

healthprotection

for

refugees26727236. Viet

Nam:

Social

Health

Protection

and

the

COVID-19

pandemicX

Chapter

5:Financing

and

creating

fiscal

space

for

social

protection28037. Brazil:

Creating

fiscal

space

for

social

protection

through

transitionto

formal

employment28138. Kenya:

Increasing

domestic

resources

for

social

protectionand

progressively

reducing

reliance

onexternal

partnersʼ

resources28829930539. Argentina:

Expanding

coverage

through

the

Monotributo

scheme40. Egypt:

Social

insurance

legal

framework

integrationX

Chapter

6:

Leaving

no

one

behind31441. Brazil:

Cadastro

Único

–

Operating

a

registry

through

a

nationalpublic

bank31542. China:

Extending

social

protection

in

Qingdao

through

Labourand

Social

Security

Inspection32132533333943. China:

Social

protection

and

climate

change44. El

Salvador:

Extension

ofsocial

security

to

Salvadoran

migrants45. Ecuador:

Farmersʼ

social

insurance46. India:

LabourNet

–

opening

doors

to

social

protection

and

the

formallabour

market34535047. Costa

Rica:

Extending

mandatory

contributory

coverageto

self-employed

workers48. Dominican

Republic:

Extending

social

security

to

workersin

the

informal

economy35736449. Mozambique:

The

social

protection

response

to

the

COVID-19

crisis50. Lao

Peopleʼs

Democratic

Republic:

Protecting

garment

workersaffected

by

the

COVID-19

pandemic

–

applying

social

security

standards37551. Mexico:

Extension

ofsocial

security

to

workers

and

producers

in

the

sugarcane

sector38552. El

Salvador:

Extending

social

security

coverage

to

migrant

workers390vi100

years

of

social

protection:The

road

to

universal

social

protection

systems

and

floorsX

List

of

figuresFigure

1.Overview

ofthe

Portuguese

Social

ProtectionLegal

Framework2436Figure

2.Figure

3.Expenditure

onsocial

protection

in

MozambiqueHistorical

development

ofsocial

protection

in

the

RussianFederation425052Figure

4.Figure

5.Figure

6.Beneficiaries

ofsocial

protection

cash

benefits

in

the

RussianFederation,

by

groups

ofpopulation,

2015

(SDG

1.3.1)Benefit

levels

in

the

Russian

Federation

in

comparisonwith

the

minimum

subsistence

level

(Russian

roubles),

2017Public

social

protection

and

health

expenditure

in

theRussian

Federation

as

a

percentage

ofGDP,

2016525863Figure

7.Figure

8.Figure

9.Figure

10.Figure

11.The

assessment

matrix

used

in

TajikistanThe

assessment

matrix

used

in

the

PhilippinesStructure

ofthe

Philippinesʼ

NEDA

SDC

and

its

subcommittees

64Kenyaʼs

current

institutional

arrangements727580838387Enhanced

single

registry

basic

information

technologyprocess:

modules/applications

in

KenyaFigure

12.Figure

13.Figure

14.Figure

15.Number

ofmaternity

protection

beneficiaries

in

Kyrgyzstan,2006–2020Average

benefit

amount

by

worker

type

in

Kyrgyzstan,in

Kyrgyzstani

som,

2020Average

benefit

amount

compared

to

average

salaryand

subsistence

minimum

in

Kyrgyzstan,

2016–2020Inter-institutional

social

protection

statistics

working

groupin

MozambiqueviiTable

of

ContentsFigure

16.Statistical

Bulletins

onSocial

Protection

publishedin

Mozambique89Figure

17.Figure

18.Preparation

stages

for

the

Statistical

Bulletin

in

Mozambique

90Spending

onINAS

social

programme

ofMozambique,share

ofGDPand

total

State

budget,

2011–202093Figure

19.Figure

20.Number

ofbeneficiary

households

in

Mozambiqueʼs

INAS,in

thousands,

2011–202093The

positive

feedback

process

generated

by

the

StatisticalBulletin

in

Mozambique95126136Figure

21.Figure

22.Figure

23.Figure

24.Overview

ofthe

Thai

social

protection

legal

frameworkGradual

increase

ofCSG

coverage

in

South

AfricaNumber

ofchild

support

beneficiaries

in

South

Africa,

2021

137Brazilʼs

Simples

Nacional

and

Super

Simples

registrationevolution

(2007–2021),

millions

ofenterprises143Figure

25.Figure

26.Schematic

overview

ofBrazilʼs

Simples

system145Monthly

income

simulation

for

a

single

earnerwith

no

dependant

benefitting

from

Franceʼs

RSAand

Activity

Allowance151176192212Figure

27.Figure

28.Figure

29.Figure

30.Figure

31.Graphical

representation

ofthe

main

ILO–Fast

Retailingproject

areasBeneficiaries

ofthe

Argentinian

IFE

scheme,by

group/employment

status

and

genderGrowth

in

number

ofrecipient

households

ofKenyaʼs

OlderPersonsʼ

Cash

Transfer,

from

2007/08

to

2015/16Mexican

government

budgets

for

old-age

pensions,2018–2022

(in

billions

ofMexican

pesos)220Institutional

set

up

ofLesothoʼs

old-age

pension226viii100

years

of

social

protection:The

road

to

universal

social

protection

systems

and

floorsFigure

32.Figure

33.Overview

ofthe

Costa

Rican

health

systemCharacteristics

ofthe

Thai

national

ID

numberSocial

health

protection

coverage

in

Thailand,

2002–20Coverage

ofIndonesiaʼs

JKN,

2014–2019243257258261Figure

34.Figure

35.Figure

36.JKN

membership

and

non-membership

amongthe

Indonesian

population,

2018262Figure

37.Figure

38.Usage

ofIndonesiaʼs

mobile

JKN,

2018264Evolution

ofmembership

in

Viet

Namʼs

health

insurancescheme276Figure

39.Number

ofmicro

and

small

enterprises

registeredwith

Brazilʼs

Simples

Nacional

scheme

and

total

taxrevenues,

2007–2021285286291293295302Figure

40.Figure

41.Figure

42.Figure

43.Figure

44.Figure

45.Trends

in

number

ofemployees

contributing

to

socialsecurity

in

Brazil,

1996–2012Current

social

protection

schemes

in

Kenya,

mapped

acrossthe

life

cycleBudget

allocation

for

social

protection

and

specificNational

Safety

Net

ProgrammesTrends

ofKenyaʼs

social

assistance

spending,

2007–2008to

2015–2016,

by

sourceNumber

ofcontributors

to

Argentinaʼs

SIPA

and

workersin

Monotributo

as

a

share

oftotal

contributors,

1998–2017Percentage

ofEgyptian

workers

with

social

insuranceby

institutional

sector

and

wage

status

(aged

18–59),

2018307308310311Figure

46.Figure

47.Figure

48.Income

and

expenditure

ofEgyptʼs

PSIF,

2004/05

to

2013/14Expected

contribution

rates

under

Egyptʼs

Law

No.

148Egyptʼs

new

social

protection

legal

frameworkixTable

of

ContentsFigure

49.Process

to

register

in

Brazilʼs

Cadastro

Único

and

receivethe

Family

Grant317340342Figure

50.Figure

51.Figure

52.Operational

structure

ofEcuadorʼs

SSC

schemeFinancing

ofEcuadorʼs

SSC

schemeEvolution

ofpeople

covered

by

Ecuadorʼs

SSC

scheme,2008–2020343352354361367Figure

53.Figure

54.Figure

55.Figure

56.Scope

ofmandatory

social

security

coverage

for

independentworkers

in

Costa

RicaContributory

coverage

ofself-employed

workersby

Costa

Ricaʼs

CCSS,

2010–2018Membership

ofthe

Dominical

Social

Security

Systemthrough

AMUSSOL,

2016–2021Mozambiqueʼs

two-dimensional

strategy

for

the

extensionofbasic

social

protectionX

List

of

tablesTable

1.Overview

ofCabo

Verdeʼslegal

framework

for

socialprotection106982Table

2.Table

3.Table

4.Key

milestones

in

the

development

ofKenyaʼs

nationalsocial

protection

systemComparison

ofmaternity

benefits

in

Kyrgyzstan

by

areaofresidenceEffective

coverage

ofthe

Paraguayan

pension

system(in

relation

to

the

number

ofcontributors

and

beneficiaries)and

offamily,

maternity,

disability,

and

occupationalrisk

benefits102109150Table

5.Table

6.Overview

ofILO-BMZ

project

activitiesAmounts

ofFranceʼs

RSA

scheme

in

2022x100

years

of

social

protection:The

road

to

universal

social

protection

systems

and

floorsTable

7.Social

protection

available

for

domestic

workers

in

Brazil156Table

8.Advances

in

the

legislation

to

protect

domestic

workersin

Brazil157233Table

9.SHP

coverage

and

health

financing

indicatorsTable

10.Self-employed-work

contribution

rates

for

healthand

pension

insurances

according

to

income

level,Costa

Rica,

in

US$,

2021353368Table

11.Characteristics

ofsocial

benefit

transfers

by

beneficiarytype

in

the

framework

ofMozambiqueʼs

COVID-19

SocialProtection

Response

PlanX

List

of

boxesBox

1.Box

2.Box

3.ILO

Social

Security

Standards16Workersʼ

and

employersʼ

concerns

about

Cambodiaʼs

NSSF29Stories

from

a

photo

exhibition

–

Value

ofCambodiaʼs

NSSFin

peopleʼs

lives31107117Box

4.Box

5.Box

6.Social

dialogueILO

social

security

standardsCharacteristics

ofMonotax

regimes

accordingto

international

practice144146175177Box

7.Box

8.Box

9.Box

10.Monotax

experiences

in

Argentina,

Uruguay,

and

EcuadorUnemployment

protectionDetail

onILO–Fast

Retailing

project

outcomesIntegrating

social

health

protection

systems

–

the

exampleofCosta

Rica235Box

11.Integrating

social

health

protection

systems

–

the

exampleofLao

Peopleʼs

Democratic

Republic235xiTable

of

ContentsBox

12Box

13.Box

14.Integrating

social

health

protection

systems

–

the

exampleofRwanda236237Integrating

social

health

protection

systems

–

the

exampleofIndonesiaIntegrating

social

health

protection

systems

–

the

exampleofViet

Nam237307331353Box

15.Box

16.Box

17.Box

18.Egyptʼs

social

insurance

system

prior

to

the

reformsGuidelines

for

a

“just

transition”Group

social

security

membership

in

Costa

RicaCollection

ofcontributions

in

the

Dominican

RepublicʼsAMUSSOL

scheme360362378Box

19.Box

20.Box

21.Box

22.Promoting

gender

equality

through

the

Dominican

RepublicʼsAMUSSOL

schemeIncome

support

to

garment

sector

workers

in

the

Lao

PeopleʼsDemocratic

Republic

through

the

BMZ–ILO

projectThe

complaints

and

appeals

framework

in

the

Lao

Social

SecurityLaw

380Real-life

example

ofthe

implementation

ofthe

Ibero-Americanagreement392xiiAbout

the

authorsEditors

of

the

CompendiumValérie

Schmitt,

DeputyDirector,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Quynh

Anh

Nguyen,

formerPolicyOfficer,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Sven

Engels,

formerPolicyOfficer,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Authors

of

the

country

casesAidi

Hu,

formerseniorsocialprotectionspecialist,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Amina

Kurbanova,

formerNationalProgramme

Officer,ILO,

Kyrgyzstan.Ana

Carolina

De

Lima

Vieira,Social

Protection

Officer,

Social

Protection

Department,ILO.André

Costas

Santos,

Technical

Officer,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Anh

Tran,

Doctoral

Researcher,SocialProtectionandGender,UniversityofBremen.Artiom

Sici,

SocialProtectionConsultant,ILO.Bart

Verstraeten,

DirectorGeneral,

WSM.Betina

Ramírez

López,

formerSocialProtectionTechnical

Specialist,ILO,

Cambodia.Cecilia

Mbaka,

Head,

National

Social

Protection

Secretariat,

HelpAge

International,Kenya.Clara

van

Panhuys,

SocialProtectionOfficer,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Cristina

Lobo,

International

Relations

Division

of

the

Directorate

General

for

SocialSecurity,

Portugal.Denise

Monteiro,

Technical

Officer,ILO,

Angola.Dung

Thuy

Doan,

formerNationalProjectCoordinator,ILO,

VietNam.Fabio

Durán-Valverde,Social

Protection

and

Economic

Development

Specialist,

ILO,CostaRica.Fernando

Sousa

Junior,

SocialProtectionTechnical

Officer,ILO,

CaboVerde.Florencia

Calligaro,

Professor

of

Public

Finance

at

the

University

of

Buenos

Aires,Argentina.Gabrielle

Smith,

IndependentConsultant.Gijs

Justaert,former

Programme

Coordinator

for

Latin

America

and

the

Caribbean,WSM.Gustavo

Picado,

GerenteFinanciero,CajaCostarricensedeSeguroSocial,CostaRica.Hellen

Magutu,

NationalProjectCoordinator,ILO,

Kenya.xiiiAbout

the

authorsHelmut

Schwarzer,

Head,

Public

Finance,

Actuarial

and

Statistics

Unit,

Social

ProtectionDepartment,ILO.Henrik

Axelson,

Consultant,HealthFinancingandHealthPolicy.James

Canonge,

SocialProtectionOfficer,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Jasmina

Papa,

SocialProtectionSpecialist,ILO,

RussianFederation.Joana

Borges

Henriques,

SocialProtectionSpecialist,ILO,

TrinidadandTobago.José

Francisco

Ortiz-Vindas,

SocialProtectionOfficer,ILO,

CostaRica.Juan

José

Zermeño

Córdova,

former

Chief

of

Communication,

Centro

InteramericanodeEstudiosdeSeguridadSocial.Júlio

Tango,

formerIntern,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Katrien

Liebaut,

Fundraising

Officer,WSM.Katharina

Bollig,

SocialPolicyConsultant.Kirthi

Vardhana,

HeadofConsulting,LabourNet.Kroum

Markov,

SocialProtectionPolicySpecialist,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Laura

Kreft,

PhDCandidate,RuhrUniversityBochum.Lou

Tessier,

HealthProtectionSpecialist,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Loveleen

De,

SocialProtectionSpecialist,ILO,

LaoPDR.Luana

Goveia,

SocialProtectionConsultant,ILO.Luis

Cotinguiba,

SocialProtectionTechnical

Officer,ILO,

Mozambique.Luisa

Fernanda

Carmona,

LegalOfficer,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Marcela

Aguilar,

PhDCandidate,RiceUniversity.Maria

Conceição

Sousa,

International

Relations

Division

of

the

Directorate

GeneralforSocialSecurity,

Portugal.Maria

Giulia

Gaede

Senesi,

formerIntern,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Marielle

Phe

Goursat,

Chief

Technical

Advisor

on

Social

Health

Protection,

ILO,

Thailand.Marta

Cebollada

Gay,

Coordinator,

Social

Policy

Department,

Instituto

TecnológicoAutónomo

deMéxico.Martín

Gómez,

SocialProtectionConsultant.Mathilde

Mailfert,

Health

Financing

and

Social

Health

Protection

Technical

Officer,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Maya

Stern

Plaza,

Social

Protection

Legal

and

Standards

Officer,

Social

ProtectionDepartment,ILO.Mélisande

Masson,

formerIntern,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Milkah

Chebii,

Social

Protection

Payments

Specialist,

Financial

Sector

Deepening

Kenya.Mónica

Recalde,

Director

of

the

General

Directorate

of

Social

Security,

Labor

Ministry,Paraguay.xiv100

years

of

social

protection:The

road

to

universal

social

protection

systems

and

floorsNard

Huijbregts,

LeadSocialPolicyAdvisor,

EconomicPolicyResearchInstitute.Natália

Sátyro,

AssociateProfessor,Federal

UniversityofMinasGerais,

Brazil.Netnapis

Suchonwanich,

Senior

Advisor,

Health

Intervention

and

TechnologyAssessmentProgram,

Thailand.Nuno

Martins,

formerSocialProtectionOfficer,SocialProtectionDepartment,ILO.Olivier

Louis

dit

Guérin,

SocialProtectionConsultant.Oscar

Cetrángolo,

Professor

of

Public

Finance

at

the

University

of

Buenos

Aires,Argentina.Phomelelo

Makondo,

NationalProjectCoordinator,ILO,

SouthAfrica.Quynh

Anh

Nguyen,

SocialProtectionTechnical

Officer,ILO,

Cambodia.Ricardo

Irra,

SocialProtectionTechnical

Specialist,ILO,

Egypt.Richard

Chirchir,

PrincipalDigitalTechnology

Specialist,DevelopmentPathways.Rolando

Lobo

Marroquín,former

Executive

Deputy

Director,

Secretaría

de

la

Mujer,GobiernodeSanSalvador,ElSalvador.Rosa

Cheng

Lo,

SocialProtectionConsultant.Rubén

Vicente

Andrés,

SocialProtectionTechnical

Specialist,ILO,

Mozambique.Samuel

Arellano,

SocialProtectionConsultant.Shashank

Ayyar,

Marketing

forSocialImpactConsultant.Santiago

Fischer,

Fundraising

officer,WSM.Silky

Sehdev,

SocialDevelopmentConsultant.Simeon

Bond,

Communication

and

Outreach

Officer,

Social

Protection

Department,

ILO.Sinta

Satriana,

SeniorAssociat