Artificial intelligence and its applications in various field 人工智能及其在各领域的应用

Artificialintelligenceanditsapplicationsinvariousfield

SINDHUJA.R

UGStudent-ComputerScience

SriKrishnaArtsandScienceCollege

Coimbatore-641008

sindhu6498@

ABSTRACT:

ComputingandprogramminghascreatedagreatevolutionespeciallyinthefieldofArtificialintelligenceanditisanemergingtechnologyintoday'sworld.NowandthenmostofthethingsintheworldmayuseAII.e.Inthefuture,intelligentmachineswillreplaceorenhancehumancapabilitiesinmanyareas.Thetermintelligenceisconsiderastheabilitytolearnandtogainknowledgesothatitcanbeusedtosolvethecomplexproblems.ApplicationareasofArtificialIntelligenceishavingahugeimpactonvariousfieldsoflifeasexpertsystemiswidelyusedthesedaystosolvethecomplexproblemsinvariousareasasscience,engineering,business,medicine,weatherforecasting.TheareasemployingthetechnologyofArtificialIntelligencehaveseenanincreaseinthequalityandefficiency.Thispapergivesanoverviewofthistechnologyandtheapplicationareasofthistechnology.ThispaperwillalsoexplorethecurrentuseofArtificialIntelligencetechnologiesinthevariousfieldlikegaming,inthemedicalareatoimprovehospitalinpatientcareandmakediagnosismuchsimpler,easierandaccurate,inthehomeautomationtomakeeasiertoaccessalltheservicessimplywiththevoice,andtheautonomouscar.ThusthispaperpresentsabriefonAIanditsvariousemergingapplicationsalongwithrealtimeexamples.

Keywords:Artificialintelligence,Healthcare,gaming,Autonomousvehicles,homeautomation.

INTRODUCTION

Artificialintelligenceisplayinganincreasingroleinalmostallthefieldsrangingfromoperationalresearchareastohealthcare.Thetermintelligenceisconsideredastheabilitytolearnandtogainknowledgesothatitcanbeusedtosolvethecomplexproblems.Thustheartificialentityofcreatingthisintelligenceiscalledasartificialintelligence.Inotherwordsthemachineorcomputerwiththeabilitytosolvetheproblemsthatusuallydonebythehumanwiththeirintelligenceisartificialintelligence.Theseprocessesincludelearning(theacquisitionofinformationandrulesforusingtheinformation),reasoning(usingtherulestoreachapproximateordefiniteconclusions)andself-Correctionandetc.

HISTORY

JohnMcCarthycoinedthetermartificialintelligence,in1956attheDartmouthConferencewherethedisciplinewasborn,todayitisanumbrellatermthatencompasseseverythingfromroboticprocessautomationtoactualrobotics.Howeverthetalksandtheresearchaboutthisartificialintelligencestartedin1940s.In1943,warrenMcCullochandWalterPittsPublishedthepaper‘ALogicalCalculusoftheideasimmanentinNervousActivity’aboutthefunctionofneuronsinbrainwhichisthebaseforalltheneuralnetworks.

TheTuringTestApproach:

TheTuringtestwasproposedbyAlanTuring(1950).Thistestwasdesignedtotestthatwhetheraparticularmachinehasintelligenceornot.Thetestinvolvesahumaninterrogatorwhointeractswithahumanandthecomputerandhastotellwhoishumanandwhichoneiscomputer.Theinterrogatorraisessomequestionstobothhumanandcomputerandthecomputerpassesthetestifaninterrogatorcannottellwhetherthewrittenresponseiscomingfromhumanorfromthecomputer.

THEORGINAL7ASPECTSOFAI:

Simulatinghigherfunctionstousegenerallanguage.

Programmingacomputertousegenerallanguage

Arranginghypotheticalneuronsinamannersothattheycanformconcepts.

Awaytodetermineandmeasureproblemcomplexity.

Self-improvement.

Abstractiondefinedasthequalityofdealingwithideasratherthanevents.

Randomnessandcreativity.

TYPESOFARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE

TherearedifferenttypesofAIintermsofapproachtheyare

WeakAI

StrongAI

WeakAI:

WeakAIalsoknownasnarrowAI,isanAisystemthatisdesignedandtrainedforaparticulartask,i.e.machineswhicharenottoointelligenttodotheirownworkcanbebuiltinsuchawaythattheyseemsmart.ThebestexampletoexpresstheWeakAIwillbethecardsgameinthecomputerinwhichpeopleplayagainstthecomputerandmostofthetimesthecomputerisabletobeatthehumanbeing.Butthisisbecausealltheinformationandstepshavebeenfedinthatmachinebyahumanitself,anditdoesnottakealltheactionsonitsown.

StrongAI:

StrongArtificialIntelligencecanbedefinedasaphenomenonunderwhichsuchmachinescanbebuiltwhichcanactuallyusehumanintelligenceintheirfunctions,sothatitcanbeabletorepresentthehumanmindintheactivitiestheyperform.Themainaimofthistechnologyistodevelopmachinessomuchthattheystopdependingonhumanbeingstoperformdifferenttasksandcantakedecisionsonthespot.

VARIOUSDISCLIPINESOFAI

AIcontainsmanysubdisciplinesorbrancheswhichdealinspecificaboutthesubject.Theyare:

A)NaturalLanguageProcessing(NLP).

B)KnowledgeRepresentationandReasoning(KRR).

C)PatternRecognition(PR).

D)MachineLearning(ML).

E)ArtificialNeuralNetworks(ANN).

NaturalLanguageProcessing(NLP):

NLPistheprocessofunderstandinghumanlanguageandconvertingtomachineunderstandableform.Forexample,SpeechRecognitioninsmartphonescanunderstandhumanlanguageandprocesstheinformationasperourrequirement.

KnowledgeRepresentationandReasoning(KRR):

KRRisusedforrepresentinginformationincomputerunderstandableforminordertocompleteaspecifiedtask.Intelligencemeansknowledgethatisacquiredandstoredinaknowledgebasethatisusedformakingdecisionsonitsown.

PatternRecognition(PR):

PRisthephenomenonofclassifyingparticulardataintodifferentclassesbasedontheirspecificattributes.

MachineLearning(ML):

MLdealswithstudy,analysisandconstructionofalgorithmstomakeamachinetolearnformakingdecisionsonitsown.Forexample,Autonomouscarthatcantakedirectionsonitsownusingpastdata.

ArtificialNeuralNetworks(ANN):

ANNisdevelopedwiththeinspirationofbiologicalneuronthatishowahumanbrainworks.ItmainlycontainsInputlayer,Hiddenlayerandoutputlayer.Whereasalltheselayershelpsinthinkingprocess.Inputlayertakestrainingdata,thenANNistrainedwithitandnowpredictioncanbedonefromthebuiltmodel.

APPLICATIONSOFAI:

GAMING:

Artificialintelligence(AI)

ingamingisn’tarecentinnovation.Asearlyas1949,mathematicianandcryptographerClaudeShannonpondereda

one-playerchessgame

,inwhichhumanswouldcompeteagainstacomputer.In1997,IBM’ssupercomputerDeepBluedefeatedreigningworldchesschampionmarkingthefirsttimeachessAIhaddefeatedthetophumanplayer.ButAIdevelopersarenowtryingtocreateAIsthatcanactuallythink,learnanddeveloptheirownpersonalitiesTheGoogleDeepMindteampavedthewayforcomputerdominanceinGointhepasttwoyearswiththedevelopmentofAlphaGo,anAIthatusesdeepneuralnetworkstolearnfromitsowngamesaswellasgamesplayedbytophumanplayers.Thisreinforcementlearninghighlightstheuniquestrengthofbothhumanandmachinelearningagents.Inthisrespect,artificialintelligenceandmachinelearningarecreatingthenextgenerationofthewholeleisureindustry.WiththeuseofAIingameswewillbeabletodesignanddevelopnewworldstotestideasandconcepts,designsandactivitieswithinasafeenvironment.

MEDICALFIELD:

Machinelearning,themostbasicformofartificialintelligence,isalreadyinfiltratingthemedicalfield,anditturnsoutthatmachinescanplayanimportantroleinimprovingthehealthincludingmakingdiagnosesmoreaccuratelyandquicklyandfindingbettertreatments.SomebenefitsofAIinthefieldofmedicalfieldincludes

Fast&Accuratediagnostics:

InthecaseofAI,theneuralnetworkofthebrainislookalike,hastheabilitytolearnfrompreviouscases.Aftersomestudiesorresearchonartificialneuralnetworks,researcherssaysthatitisscientificallyproventhatthesenetworkscandiagnosefast&accuratesomeotherdiseasesincludeseyeproblems,malignantmelanomaetc.

ReduceHumanerrors:

AIasasuperhumanspellcheckerwillassistdoctorsbyeliminatinghumanerror&relievethemofmonotonous&time-consumingtasks.

CostReduction:

Withtheemergingtechnologiesincludingartificialintelligence,thepatientcangetdoctorassistancewithoutvisitinghospitals/clinicswhichresultsincostcutting.AIassistantsprovideonlinecare&assistpatientstoaddtheirdatamorefrequentlyviaonlinemedicalrecordsetc.

VirtualPresence:

Thistechnologyalsoknownas

Telemedicine

whichallowsspecialiststoassisttheirpatientswholiveatremotelocations.Usingaremotepresencerobot,doctorscanengagewiththeirstaff&patientsinhospitals/clinics&assistorcleartheirqueries.

Identifysymptomsofcancerandheartdisease:

IBM’sWatsonsoftwareisdevelopedtoidentifysymptomsofcancerandheartdisease.Inthisdevelopment,IBMisacquiringMergeHealthcare—acompanythathascollectedbillionsofmedicalscansandimagesfrom8,000hospitals—touseforWatson’straininginaccuratelyandefficientlyidentifyingsymptomsofcancerandheartillnesses.

Theideabehind

artificialintelligence

inmedicineisnotsomuchtoreplacethedoctorbuttoenhancethedoctor’smedicalexpertise.

Itmaybetimetorealizethatit’snotmanagainstmachinebutman

andmachinetogetherthatcanfinallycreatethebiggestimprovementsinhumanhealth.

AUTOMOBILES:

Vehicleshavebecomeincreasinglysophisticatedunderthoseplushseatsandhigh-performanceengines.Newplatformsliketelemetric,whichgivesfleetvehiclesinformationaboutvehicleanddriverperformance,becamethenextstage,followedbyautonomouscars.

TheKeytoDriverlessCars:

ThemostcommonautomotiveapplicationforAIisautonomousvehicles.Here,AIisbeingputtoworktohelplearnhumanbehaviorandunderstandhowtoreacttodrivingconditionslikeapersonwould.Thisincludessensinghowthoseinothercarswillbehaveandhowtogaugeweatherconditions,roadissues,andotherfactorsthatmustbeunderstoodbeforedriverlessvehiclestakeovertheroadsandalsoitenablesthecartoautomaticallymaintainanappropriatedistancefromvehiclesaheadataspeedofupto210km/h.ThecarautomaticallyrecognizesspeedlimitsothatDriversnolongerneedtooperatethebrakeorgaspedals,andtheyreceivesteeringsupport.TheDaimlerE-Classistheworld’sfirstproductioncartobeissuedatestlicenseforautonomousdriving.Mercedes-BenzisalsosettingstandardsforautonomousdrivingwiththenewE-Class.

AssistedFeatures:

AIcanalsohelppeopleavoidthosehumanerrorsthatleadtoaccidentswiththesafetyfeatureslinkedtoautomaticbraking,alertsystems,andcollisionavoidancesystems.

Connectivity:

AIisalsocreatingalevelofconnectivityintheautomotiveindustrythatpromisestobringmajorbenefitstomanufacturersandconsumer’salike.IfAIlearnsthataparticularpartorfeaturetendstofailafteracertainduration,themanufacturercouldproactivelytakestepstooptimizeitsproductandensureconsumersremainsafe.Thisapproachiscommonlyknownascognitivepredictivemaintenance,andcompaniessuchas

DataRPM

haveemergedtocreateAI-drivenplatformsthatmakeitpossible."Cognitivepredictivemaintenanceprovidesexactlywhatmanufacturersarelookingfor:actionableinsights,”Forconsumers,connectivitycanprovidelocalizedinformationrelatedtoeverythingfromgasstationstorestaurantstoshopping.

OtherCoolApplications:

AI-enabledfeaturesonvehiclestiedtobiometricscanalsohelpwithsecurity,intermsofcomponentsthatenableacartodriveonlywhenitrecognizesacertainvoice.EyetrackingisanotherpossibilityforAItohelpwithmonitordrivingandsensewhetheradrivermightbetiredordistracted,enhancingthesafetyofdrivingforthosebehindthewheelandthosearoundthem.Noonelikestrafficorunexpectedroaddelays,sohavingacarthatcaninstantlyprovidenewroutestoavoidthisirritationmakesAIevenmoreattractivetoeventhemostskeptical.WhileGPSplatformsalreadydothistosomedegree,theyarelimitedinwhattheycanoffer,andtheydon’thavethecapacitytothinkbeyondthoselimitationslikeanAI-enabledplatformcoulddo.ThusAIhasmovedIOTforwardinmanywayswiththeseautomotiveapplicationstomaketheworldsmarterandsafer,offeringwaystomakebetterdecisionsandencouragingwideradoptionandacceptanceofamorecloselyconnectedworld.

HOMEAUTOMATION

Adecadeago,theideaofcontrolling

home'sthermostat,lightsandsecuritysystemsremotelyviaSmartphonewouldhaveseemedlikefuturisticsciencefiction.Butnowit’stotallychangedwiththeArtificialintelligencethatmakesasmuchassimplerandeasier.“Theideaistomakehomeautomationaseasyasaskingafriendtoturnonalight,”insteadofunlockingthephone,opentheappthentoturnonthespecificlight.Thisismorenatural.Insteadofusingamobileoraremotecontrol,itispossibletouseexistingskillsandnaturallanguage.ThedeviceslikeGoogleHome,AlexaandAmazonEchobecomemorecommonplaceandartificialintelligencebecomesmoresophisticated.

AIsmartspeakers:

TheAIspeakerslikeGOOGLEHOME,AMAZONECHOenableuserstointeractwithservicesusingtheirvoiceinsteadofadditionaldevicesthroughvirtualpersonalassistantslikeGoogleassistantforGooglehomeandAlexaforAmazonechoanditalsohasanabilitytodifferentiatedifferentvoices.Thesespeakersusesanaturalvoicerecognitiontechniquesandenablestheuserstointeractwiththeserviceslike

Playingmusicandreceivingnewsupdate.

Abilitytoaddremaindersandcalendarappointments.

Smartservicesinhomecontroli.e.lightetc.

ProvidesTrafficreports,weatherconditions.

Abilitytoanswerthequestionsraisedbytheuser.

Smartlocks:

Withsmartlocksandsmartgaragedoorcontrolscancheckthestatusofyourhome’sdoorsorlockandunlockthemfromanywherelettingfamilyandguestsinoroutwhenneeded.

Smartcameras:

SmartcamerasareoneofthemostusefulAI-powereddevices.Thesecamerascannotonlyactasdeterrents,theycanrecordin1080p,whichisimportantifthepoliceneedtoidentifysomeonefromarecording.Thesedevicescanalsoautomaticallyuploadvideofootagetothecloudforeasystorageandplayback.Itisalsopossibleeventotapintothelivefeedfromanylocation,withtheconnectedSmartphoneapps.Possiblythemostinterestingthingaboutthesecameras,though,ishowtheyleverageAItodeterminewhensomethingoutoftheordinaryisgoingonandsendyouanalert.The

NestCam

,forexample,candetectahumanfigurethatappearsintheframeinspecificzonesofyourhouse.

ThuswiththehelpoftheAIitispossibletoControlallofthehomedevicesfromanywhereatanytime.

SMARTPHONES:

ThemostcommonapplicationofAIcanbeseeninourmobilephonesintheformofVirtualPersonalAssistants.

Siri,andGoogleNow

aresomeverycommonlyuseddigitalassistantsthatarefoundinIOS,AndroidandWindowsphones.Thesecananswerwhateveryouaskthemlike“WhatmovieisgoingtobereleasedthisFriday?”or“WhoisStephenHawking?”

Virtualpersonalassistant:

Theassistantusesvoicequeriesanda

\o"Natural-languageuserinterface"

natural-languageuserinterface

toanswerquestions,makerecommendations,andperformactionsbydelegatingrequeststoasetofInternetservices.Itsupportsawiderangeofusercommands,includingperformingphoneactions,checkingbasicinformation,schedulingeventsandreminders,handlingdevicesettings,searchingtheInternet,navigatingareas,findinginformationonentertainment.Theseapplicationscollectinformationinordertointerpretwhatisbeingaskedbytheuserandthentherequireddataisfetchedtosuittheuser’spreferences.Thereisahugeamountoflearninginvolvedonthepartoftheseassistantsandalotofinformationistrackedtoensureefficiency.

WEATHERFORECASTING:

Neuralnetworksarenowadaysbeingusedforpredictingweatherconditions.Pastdataisprovidedtotheneuralnetwork,whichthenanalysesthedataforpatternsandpredictsthefutureweatherconditions.

DATAMINING:

Dataminingisafast-growingarea.DataminingisapartofaprocesscalledKDDknowledgediscoveryindatabases.Thisprocessconsistsbasicallyofstepsthatareperformed