商务英语阅读(上册)unit-5

商务英语阅读（上册）unit5商务英语阅读（上册）unit51TeachingObjectives了解贸易壁垒及其产生的原因了解关税壁垒及其征收形式了解非关税壁垒及其表现形式TeachingObjectives了解贸易壁垒及其产生的2TeachingEmphases

tradebarrierstariffbarriersadvaloremduty/specificduty/alternativeduty/compounddutynon-tariffbarriersquantitative/non-quantitativeTeachingEmphasestradebarrie3Content

TextFastReadingIFastReadingIIContentText4TEXTDon'tFenceMeOut!

Pre-readingquestions1.Whataretradebarriers?Whydothesetradebarriersexist?2.Whatarethetwomajorbarrierstofreetrade?UPPREV.NEXTTEXTDon'tFenceMeOut!

Pre-5

Theconceptofcomparativeadvantagemakesastrongcaseforfree,unrestrictedtradeamongnations.Meanwhileeconomistsbelievefreetradewillbemutuallybeneficial,yet,manybarrierstotradeexisttoday,namely,regulationsandmeasuresimposedbyauthoritiesthatundulyimpedetradeingoodsorservices,inexportorimport.Lossofbusinessopportunitiesisthemostseriousimpactofatradebarrier,buteventheirminoreffectsmayrequireextratimeandtroubleandcauseadditionalexpenses.Forexample,theUnitedStatesrestrictsthenumberofcarsthatmaybeimportedeachyearfromothercountriesandimposestaxesoncertainimportedgoods;Japanprovidessubsidiestosomecompaniessotheycanselltheirproductsatlowerpricestoothercountries;ataxof15%makesjewelryfromMexicomoreexpensivethanjewelrymakeintheUnitedStates.

Theconceptofcomparati6 Thebenefitsoffreetradearewellknown,butwhydosomepeoplesupporttheuseoftariffsorquotastorestrictorstoptheinternationalflowofgoodsandservices?Wemayfirstfocusonhowworldtradecameintobeing.Itisknownthatsomeregionsareabundantinresources;elsewhere,reservesarescarceornonexistent.Thus,anexchangeofgoodsandservicescametoplayanincreasinglyessentialroleinmeetingthedemandformoreaffluentlife.Thelocationoftheworld’snationalresources,alsocalledcommodities,determinesthepatternsofworldtrade.Worldresourcescanbemosteffectivelyutilizedthroughfullspecializationandworldtrade,whicharemerelypossiblewhenabsolutelyfreetradeispermitted.Unfortunately,everycountryintheworldhastrade

barrierstoprotectitseconomyagainstinternationalmarketforces,suchastoprotecthomelandindustriesornewindustries,toprotectjobs,andtogainincomeforthegovernment.

Thebenefitsoffreetra7 ThesebarrierstoworldtrademaybedividedintotariffbarriersandNon-TariffBarriers(NTBs). TariffBarriers Atariffisataxordutyleviedoncommoditieswhentheycrossnationalboundaries,normallyanimportduty,forthepurposeofraisingtheirsellingpriceintheimportingnation’smarkettoreducecompetitionagainstdomesticproducers.Itisthemostcommonmethodofrestrictingtrade.Tariffsmaybebarelyplacedonexports,becausetheywanttoencourageexports.Atariffmaybeoneofthefollowingfourkinds:advalorem,specific,alternative,orcompound. Thesebarrierstoworld8

Anadvalorem,mostcommonlyused,isfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoods–forexample,10,20or25percent.Theymaybebased,dependingonthecountry,eitheronthevalueofthegoodslandedattheportofdestination,orattheportinthecountryoforigin.Aspecificduty

relatestolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonweight,number,length,volume,orotherunitofmeasurement—forexample,$25perpoundorperyard.Analternativeduty

iswhereeitheranadvaloremdutyoraspecificonecanbeprescribedforaproduct,withtherequirementthatthemoreexertiveoneshallapply.Acompoundduty

isacombinationofanadvaloremdutyandaspecificone–forexample,10percentofvalueplus$1perkilogram. Tariffshavetheadvantagethattheycanbeselectivelyleviedintermsof

productsandwithdifferentialrates.Therefore,acountrymayattainratherpreciseobjectiveswithtariffswhileincreasinggovernmentrevenuesatthesametime.Thenegativerespectoftariffsisthattheyincreasethecostofimportstothecustomers. Anadvalorem,m9 Non-TariffBarriers(NTBs) Contrarytotariffdutieswhicharerelativelytransparent,non-tariffbarriersareoftenmorecomplexanddifficulttosniffandthereforeassessthantariffs,becausetheycanbe“hidden”inrulesandpracticesthathaveaperfectlylegitimateobjective.Furthermore,NTBscanhavemoretrade-restrictiveeffectsthantariffs,whichraisethecostofagivenproduct,andgoasfarasexcludingagoodfromamarketaltogether.Knownas“greentradebarriers”,newnon-tariffbarrierstotrade,suchastechnicaltradebarriersandenvironmentaltradebarriers,havetendedtotaketheplaceoftraditionaltradebarriers. TheNon-TariffBarriers(NTBs),includingallformsofdiscriminationagainstimportsotherthantariffbarriers,arenormallyintheformofeitherquantitativeornon-quantitativerestrictions. Non-TariffBarriers(NT10 Quantitative Quotas,onetypeofquantitativebarriers,arethemostcommonform.Importquotasarelimitationsonthequantityofgoodsthatcanbeimportedintothecountryduringaspecifiedperiodoftime,forexample,Koreamayexportonly15,000automobilesayeartotheUnitedStates.Therearetwobasictypesofquotas:absolutequotasandtariff-ratequotas.Absolutequotaslimitthequantityofimportstoaspecifiedlevelduringaspecifiedperiodoftime.Sometimesthesequotasaresetgloballyandthusaffectallimportswhilesometimestheyaresetonlyagainstspecifiedcountries.Absolutequotasaregenerallyadministeredonafirst-comefirst-servedbasis.Forthisreason,manyquotasarefilledshortlyaftertheopeningofthequotaperiod.Oncethequotafortheperiodhasbeenfilled,nomoreimportlicensesareissued.Tariff-ratequotasallowaspecifiedquantityofgoodstobeimportedatareducedtariffrateduringthespecifiedquotaperiod.Theymaybeimposedunilaterally,andcanalsobenegotiatedbilaterallyormultilaterallyonaso-calledvoluntarybasis.

Quantitative11 Therehasbeen,formanyyears,anagreementamongnationsagainstimposingunilateralquotasongoods.Accordingly,governmentshavenegotiatedvoluntaryexportrestraints(VERs)withothernations.Forexample,toavoidtheimportquotasonJapaneseautomobilesplacedbytheUnitedStates,JapanesecarmakerssetupaVERprogram,agreeingtolimitexportsofpassengercarstoitannually. OrderlymarketingarrangementsareVERsconstitutedbyofficialagreementsbetweenthegovernmentsofexportingandimportingcountriestolimitinternationalcompetitionand

safeguardsomeofthenationalmarketforlocalproducers,normallybystipulatingthesizeoftheexportorimportquotasthateachnationwillhaveforaparticulargood.

Therehasbeen,formany12

Non-quantitative ItisclaimedbymanyinternationaltradespecialistthatthemostsignificantNTBsarethenon-quantitativetype.Allthedistinctformsmaygenerallybeclassifiedunderthreeprincipalheadings:(a)directgovernmentparticipationintrade,(b)customsandotheradministrativeprocedures,and(c)variousstandards.

Subsidyisthemostcommonformofdirectgovernmentparticipation,mainlytoprotectagricultureaswellasindustries.Governmentprocurementpoliciesarealsotradebarriersbecauseoftheirfavorfordomesticproducersandsevererestrictiononpurchasesofimportedgoodsbygovernmentagencies.Thosepoliciesmayrequirethatproductspurchasedbygovernmentagencieshaveastipulatedminimumlocalcontent. Non-quantitative13

Customsandotheradministrativeprocedurescoveragreatvarietyofgovernmentpoliciesandproceduresthateitherdiscriminateagainstimportsorfavorexports.Meanwhile,governmentshavealsofoundwaystosetrestrictionsonservicesimport.Foreigncompaniesmayfindregistrationrequirements,licensingprocedures,qualificationrequirementsandproceduresmoreburdensomeforthemthanfordomesticserviceproviders. Bothgovernmentandprivatestandardstoprotectthehealthandsecurityofanation’scitizensarecertainlyreasonable,butforyearsexportingfirmsmayhavebeenconfrontedwithmanycomplexanddiscriminatorystandards,includingnewtechnicalstandards,labelingrequirements,burdensometesting,etc. Customsandotheradm14

Comparedwithtariffs,NTBshaveseveraladvantagesinthattheyaremoreflexibleandpertinent,moreefficientonlimitingimportingandmoreconcealable.Withthedevelopmentoftheworldeconomyandtechnology,NTBstendtobemorevariedandunpredictable. However,marketshavebeengoingglobalandeveryoneknowsit.Anumberofcommunitiessuchasfreetradeareasandeconomicunionshavecomeintobeing

fortheeliminationoftradebarriers.Theseendeavorscancontributetoamoreprosperousgrowthininternationaltrade,whichmayaccordinglyraiseaggregateeconomicefficiency. Comparedwithtariffs15Languagepoints

impose

----v.toplace(apenalty,tax,etc)officiallyonsb./sth.加(惩罚等)于某人;对某物征(税)e.g.imposeataxonimports征收进口税imposedutiesonwinesandspirits征收酒类税UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

impose

----v16Languagepoints

Tradebarriers

贸易壁垒，指妨碍商品和服务在国家之间自由交换的人为限制，常见的形式包括关税、补贴、配额和外汇管制等。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

Tradebarrie17Languagepoints

levy-----vt.tocollect(apayment,etc)byauthorityorforce征收,征集(款额等)e.g.levyafine[tax]onsb.向某人征收罚金[税款]levyaransomonsb.向某人索取赎金UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

levy-----vt18Languagepoints

Advaloremduty 从价税,是指按货值征收的关税。advalorem是拉丁语，意为inproportiontothevalue。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

Advaloremd19Languagepoints

specificduty从量税，即按商品的数量或重量征税。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

specificdut20Languagepoints

alternativeduty选择税,是指一种产品既可以征收从价税又可以征收从量税，要求按照税额更多的税种征收。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

alternative21Languagepoints

compoundduty复合关税，即对进口货物同时征收从量税和从价税。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

compounddut22Languagepoints

intermsof

-----concerning,withregardto谈及,关于,就…而言e.g.Itwasabadyearforfilms,intermsofbothquantityandquality.今年的电影无论从数量上还是质量上都说不上好。Stayinguplatemakeshimathisworstintermsofphysicalsituation.熬夜使得他的体力状况处于低潮。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

intermsof

23

Languagepoints

assess-----v.toestimatethequalityofsth.估定,评定e.g.It'sdifficulttoassesstheimpactofthePresident'sspeech.总统讲话的巨大影响很难估计.I'dassessyourchancesasextremelylow.我估计你成功的机会极微.UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

assess--24Languagepoints

absolutequota绝对配额，是指在一定时期内，对某些商品规定一个最高的进口数量或金额，一旦达到这个最高数额就不准进口。绝对配额又分为两种形式：其一，采取“全球配额”（globalquotas），它适用于来自任何国家或地区的商品。主管当局按进口商申请先后或按过去某一时期的进口实绩，批给一定的额度，直至总配额发放完毕为止；其二，采取“国别配额”（countryquotas），这是在总配额中按国别和地区分配配额。不同国家和地区如超过所规定的配额，就不准进口。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

absolutequo25Languagepoints

tariff-ratequota

关税配额,是指对同一种商品设定相对高低不同的税率,即在一定时期内对预先规定的配额以内的进口商品征收较低关税或者减免关税,对超过配额部分则征收较高进口关税。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

tariff-rate26

Languagepoints

voluntaryexportrestraints(VERs) 自动出口限制，又称自愿出口限制或自动出口配额制 (VoluntaryExportQuotas)，是指出口国家或地区在进口国的要求或压力下，自动规定某一时期内某些商品对该国出口的数量或金额的限制，在限定的配额内自行控制出口，超过配额即禁止出口，属于非关税壁垒的一种措施。“自动出口限制”在形式上表现为自愿性，但在实质上却具有强制的性质。进口国往往以商品大量进口使其有关工业受到严重损害，造成“市场混乱”为由，要求出口国实行有秩序的增长，自动限制商品出口。因此，“自动出口限制”往往是出口国在面临进口国采取报复性贸易措施的威胁时所作出的一种选择。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

voluntary27

Languagepoints

safeguard-----v.toprotectorguardsb./sth.保护或保卫某人或某事物e.g.Wehavefoundawayofsafeguardingourmoney.我们已有了保护钱财的办法.TheBillofRightssafeguardsourindividualliberties.权力法案保护我们的个人自由。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

safeguard28Languagepoints

stipulate-----v.tostate(sth.)clearlyandfirmlyasarequirement讲明,规定(某要求)e.g.Itwasstipulatedthatthegoodsshouldbedeliveredwithinthreedays.按规定货物须在三日内送交.TheConstitutionstipulatesthatwomenshallhaveequalrightswithmeninvotingandbeingelected.宪法规定妇女和男子一样，有同等的选举权和被选举权。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

stipulate---29Languagepoints

subsidy贸易补贴，是指国家政府或者公共机构采取直接或间接的方式向本国出口企业提供现金补贴、或者财政优惠政策，以降低企业出口的成本从而提高竞争力。贸易补贴可以是直接的,也可以是间接的。直接贸易补贴简单来说就是负税，其后果与税收正相反。间接贸易补贴则一般采取放宽信贷、廉价使用能源或免费使用基础设施等方式。补贴量可以与贸易量保持某一固定比例关系，称为从量补贴；也可以与贸易值保持某一固定比例关系，称为从价补贴。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

subsidy贸易30Languagepoints

comeintobeing------bebornorcomeintoexistence出现(存在,产生,形成,成立)e.g.Anewrulewillsooncomeintobeing.一个新规则很快就要出台了。Acarcomesintobeingthroughaseriesofcomplexoperations.汽车经过一连串的复杂作业程序而制成。

UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

comeintobe31Languagepoints

economicefficiency经济效率，也即资源配置效率，是指在经济资源稀缺的条件下，如何充分利用资源，使资源得到最有效合理的安排，以最少的资源投入取得最大的经济效益，因此也可一般地称为资源的利用效率。UPPREV.NEXTLanguagepoints

economiceff32I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.1. Whatisatariff?Andwhatcanitdo?Atariffisataxordutyleviedoncommoditieswhentheycrossnationalboundaries,normallyanimportduty,forthepurposeofraisingtheirsellingpriceintheimportingnation’smarkettoreducecompetitionagainstdomesticproducers.Itisthemostcommonmethodofrestrictingtrade.

ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti33I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.2. Whatarethewaysthatatariffcanbecalculated?Givebriefexplanationtoeachofthem.

Advalorem,specific,alternative,orcompound.Anadvalorem,isfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoods.Theymaybebased,dependingonthecountry,eitheronthevalueofthegoodslandedattheportofdestination,orattheportinthecountryoforigin.Aspecificdutyrelatestolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonweight,number,length,volume,orotherunitofmeasurement.Analternativedutyiswhereeitheranadvaloremdutyoraspecificonecanbeprescribedforaproduct,withtherequirementthatthemoreexertiveoneshallapply.Acompounddutyisacombinationofanadvaloremdutyandaspecificone.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti34I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.3. WhatarethedifferencesbetweentariffbarriersandNTBs?Contrarytotariffdutieswhicharerelativelytransparent,non-tariffbarriersareoftenmorecomplexanddifficulttosniffandthereforeassessthantariffs.Furthermore,NTBscanhavemoretrade-restrictiveeffectsthantariffs.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti35I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.4. Whatarethetypesmentionedinthepassageconcerningquantitativerestrictions?Quotasandvoluntaryexportrestraints(VERs).ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti36I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetext.5.Howmanytypesofnon-quantitativerestrictionsaregenerallyclassifiedinto?Whatarethey?Allthedistinctformsmaygenerallybeclassifiedunderthreeprincipalheadings:(a)directgovernmentparticipationintrade,(b)customsandotheradministrativeprocedures,and(c)variousstandards.ReferenceI.Answerthefollowingquesti37II.Readthefollowingtermsandmatcheachwithitsproperdefinition.1.tradebarrier2.comparativeadvantage3.subsidy4.quota5.NTB6.voluntaryexportrestraints7.advaloremduty8.specificduty9.tariff10.tariff-ratequotasa.agrantpaidbyagovernmenttoanenterprisethatbenefitsthepublicb.taxfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoodsc.artificialrestraintonthefreeexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries,usuallyintheformoftariffs,subsidies,quotasorexchangecontrolsd.dutyortaxleviedonaspecificcommoditywhenitcrossesnationalboundariese.aproportionalshare,asofgoods,assignedtoagrouportoeachmemberofagroup;alimitationonimportsf.situationthatexistswhenacountrycanproduceagoodorserviceatmuchlowercostthananyothercountryg.arestrictionsetbyagovernmentonthequantityofgoodsthatcanbeexportedoutofacountryduringaspecifiedperiodoftimeh.non-TariffBarrieri.quotaspermittingastipulatedamountofgoodstoenterthenationduty-freeoratalowrate,whilechargingamuchhigherdutyforsubsequentimportationswhentheamountisreachedj.taxrelatingtolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonphysicalmeasurementsII.Readthefollowingtermsa381.c2.f3.a4.e5.h

6.g7.b8.j9.d10.i1.c2.f3.a4.e39III.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseAtariffmaybeoneofthefollowingfourkinds:advalorem,specific,alternative,orcompound.Anadvalorem,mostcommonlyused,isfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoods–forexample,10,20or25percent.Theymaybebase,dependingonthecountry,eitheronthevalueofthegoodslandedattheportofdestination,orattheportinthecountryoforigin.Aspecificdutyrelatestolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonweight,number,length,volume,orotherunitofmeasurement—forexample,$25perpoundorperyard.Analternativedutyiswhereeitheranadvaloremdutyoraspecificonecanbeprescribedforaproduct,withtherequirementthatthemoreexertiveoneshallapply.Acompounddutyisacombinationofanadvaloremdutyandaspecificone–forexample,10percentofvalueplus$1perkilogram.III.Translatethefollowingp40

关税会以下列四种形式出现：从价税，从量税，选择税或复合关税。最常使用的一种是从价税，是以商品价格的百分比计算—例如10%，20%或25%。根据不同国家，它们不是以到达目的港的商品价格为依据，就是以原产国港口的货物价格为依据。从量税是根据商品的重量，数量，长度，体积或其他单位来征税—例如，每磅或每码25美元。选择税，是一种产品被规定既可以征收从价税又可以征收从量税，要求按照税额更多的税种征收。复合关税，即对进口货物同时征收从量税和从价税—例如，征收商品价格的10%外加每千克1美元。Reference关税会以下列四种形式出现：从价税，从量税，选择税或复41 IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.工会要求政府对外国小汽车施加贸易壁垒。Theunionhasaskedthegovernmenttoimposetradebarrieronforeigncars.Reference IV.Pleaseputthefollowing42IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.2. 贸易壁垒通常包括关税壁垒和非关税壁垒。

Tradebarriersusuallyconsistoftariffbarriersandnon-tariffbarriers.ReferenceIV.Pleaseputthefollowings43IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.3. 关税下滑遍及全球，已由1940年的平均40%降至1990年的7%。

Tariffshavedeclinedworldwidefromanaverageof40%in1940to7%in1990.ReferenceIV.Pleaseputthefollowings44IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.4. 世贸组织一直致力于消除贸易壁垒。

TheWTOhascontinuedtopushfortheeliminationoftradebarriers.ReferenceIV.Pleaseputthefollowings45IV.PleaseputthefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.5.我们应该减少贸易壁垒，把双方的经贸合作提高到一个新的水平。

Weshouldreducetradebarriersandenhanceeconomicandtradecooperationtoanewlevel.ReferenceIV.Pleaseputthefollowings46FastReadingI

BushAdministrationSeekstoLowerTradeBarriersWithLatinAmericaUPPREV.NEXTFastReadingIUPPREV.NEXT47

WASHINGTON-TheBushadministration'sdrivetoremovetradebarrierstoU.S.exportsisworkingandneedstobeexpandedwithanewfreetradeagreementwithsixLatinAmericancountries,CommerceSecretaryCarlosGutierrezsaidTuesday. OutliningPresidentBush'stradegoalsforhissecondterm,GutierrezsaidtheadministrationplannedtoturnitsattentiontowinningcongressionalapprovalfortheCentralAmericanFreeTradeAgreement.ItcoverstheCentralAmericannationsofCostaRica,ElSalvador,Guatemala,HondurasandNicaraguaaswellastheCaribbeannationoftheDominicanRepublic. "CAFTAwouldcreatethesecond-largestU.S.exportmarketinLatinAmerica,behindonlyMexico,andthe13thlargestU.S.exportmarketintheworld,"GutierreztoldtheWashingtonInternationalTradeAssociation.HesaidthemarketwouldbelargerthanAmerica'ssalestoRussia,IndiaandIndonesiacombined. WASHINGTON-TheBushad48 Gutierrezsaidthatwhile80percentofproductsfromthefiveCentralAmericannationsalreadycomeintotheUnitedStatesduty-freebecauseofvarioustradepreferenceprograms,U.S.exportersinmanycasesfacehightariffsontheirproducts. "Thisagreementlevelstherelationshipoutandgivesourcompaniesmuchbroaderaccesstothisvaluablemarket,"Gutierrezsaid,citingprivatestudiesthatestimatedthedealhasthepotentialofboostingU.S.manufacturedexportsby$3billionannuallyandincreasingU.S.farmexportsby$1.5billionperyear. HesaidafreetradeagreementwithChilehadboostedU.S.exportsby32percentinthefirstsixmonthsitwasineffectlastyear.Despitethosegains,theUnitedStatesranuparecordtradedeficitof$617billionlastyear,agapingimbalancethathasfueledprotectionistsentimentsinCongress. Gutierrezsaidthatwhil49 Askedaboutthesoaringtradedeficit,GutierrezsaidthattheproblemwassluggishgrowthinmajorU.S.tradingpartnerssuchasEuropeandJapan,whichdampensdemandforU.S.exports.Gutierrezsaidtheadministrationoverthenextfewmonthswould“payconsiderableattention”topromotingtheCAFTAdeal,whichhasbeencompletedsinceearlylastyearbuthasyettobebroughtupforavoteinCongress. DemocratsareunhappywiththedealbecausetheyclaimitdoesnotprovideenoughprotectionforAmericanworkersagainstcompetitionfromlow-wagecountrieswithlaxlaborandenvironmentalprotections. TheBushadministrationalsofacesoppositionfromDemocratsandRepublicanswhorepresenttextilemanufacturersandsugargrowers,whocontendthedealwouldseriouslyhurttheirsales. Askedaboutthesoaring50 Gutierrezsaidtheadministrationalsoplannedtopushaheadwithglobalnegotiationsbeingconductedbythe148-nationWorldTradeOrganizationtowrapuptheDohaRoundoftradetalks.Inthosediscussions,developingnationsarepressuringtheUnitedStatesandotherwealthycountriestoreducefarmsubsidiessothatfarmersinpoornationscanbettercompete. Gutierrezsaidtheadmin51I.DeterminewhetherthefollowingstatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothetext.Write“T”fortrueand“F”forfalseinthebrackets.1.()NowtheBushadministrationisremovingtradebarrierstoUSexports.2.()PresidentBushhaslongfocusedonwinningcongressionalapprovalfortheCAFTAinhisfirstterm.3.()AllthesalestoRussia,IndiaandIndonesiamaynotexceedthoseofthemarketCAFTAwouldcreate.4.()NeitheroftheexportersfromtheUSandthefivecentralAmericannationsischargedbyanyduty.5.()TheagreementwouldparticularlyboosttheUSexports.I.Determinewhetherthefollo521.T2.F3.T4.F5.T1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T53II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.1.Thepassagemaybea

.

A.governmentbillB.presscoverageC.speechD.thesisII.Choosethebestanswerto54II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.2.

isthelargestUSexportmarketinLatinAmerica.A.CostaRicaB.GuatemalaC.NicaraguaD.MexicoII.Choosethebestanswerto55II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.3.WhatcanweinferabouttheprotectionistsinCongressfromthesentenceunderlinedinthepassage?A.Theyarefilledwithpleasure.B.Theyarefilledwithdepression.C.Theyarefilledwithanxiety.D.Theyarefilledwithanger.II.Choosethebestanswerto56II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisthemaincauseforthehightradedeficitoftheUS?

A.MajorUStradingpartnersdemandlessforUSproductsduetotheireconomicdepression.B.USexportsfacehightariffsontheirproducts.C.TheUShasn’tcreatedthelargestexportmarketinLatinAmerica.D.TheUSmanufacturerssufferfromahighlaborcost.II.Choosethebestanswerto57II.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthesentences.5.TheBushadministrationmayfaceoppositionforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT

.A.notenoughprotectionforAmericanworkersB.notenoughenvironmentalprotectionsC.seriouslyhurtingthetextileandsugarsalesD.reducingfarmsubsidiesforfarmersinpoornationstobettercompeteII.Choosethebestanswerto58FastReadingIIEUProposesProtectionForPlasticBottleIndustryUPPREV.NEXTFastReadingIIUPPREV.NEXT59 BRUSSELS--TheEuropeanUnionwantstoimposenewtradebarriersonimportedplasticfromIran,PakistanandtheUnitedArabEmirates,sayingthecountriesillegallygiveaidtoexporterswhosupplyplasticforEurope'srapidlygrowingsoft-drinksmarket.TheEuropeanCommission-theEU'sexecutive-wantstoimposedutiesworthabout€140,€44and€42pertononimportsofplasticforbottlesandfoodpackagingfromIran,PakistanandtheUAErespectively,accordingtodocumentsseenbyReutersonMonday.TheproposalfollowsaninvestigationintoallegationsofillegalsubsidiesinthethreecountriesthatwasbroughtlastyearbyEuropeanplasticsmakerswhosayillegaltradepracticesaresqueezingthemoutofEurope'smarket."Inviewofthedefinitiveconclusionsreached...itisconsideredthatadefinitivecountervailingdutyshouldbeimposedonimportsoftheproductconcernedoriginatinginIran,PakistanandtheUnitedArabEmirates,"theCommissionsaidinconclusions. BRUSSELS--TheEuropean60 Europeangovernmentsarewidelyexpectedtobacktheplannextweek.Theblochastraditionallybeenunitedinitsoppositiontoillegalforeignstateaid,diplomatssay. Europeisamajormarketforplasticsexporters.Europeancitizensbuyoneinfiveofthehalftrillionplasticbottlessoldgloballyeachyear,aswellasasignificantportionoftheworld'sfoodwrapping,accordingtoindustryestimates. European