2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkAfB,C

orDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

HarlanCobenbelievesthatifyou,reawriter,you,llfindthetime;andthatifyoucan,tfindthetime,

thenwritingisn,tapriorityandyou,renotawriter.Forhim,writingis]job——ajoblikeanyother.

Hehas2itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumberdoesn,twakeupandsaythathecan,twork

withpipestoday.

3,likemostwritersthesedays,you,reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it,snot4to

findthetimetowrite.Butitisnotimpossible.Itrequiresdeteιτninationandsingle-mindedness.5

thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingotherthingstoearnaliving.And

today,evenwriterswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodootherworkto7theirwritingincome.

AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it,sa8ofpriorities.Tomakewritingapriority,you,llhave

to9someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Dependingonyour

10andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionorlisteningto

music,thoughsomepeoplecanwrite11theylistentomusic.Youmighthaveto12the

amountofexerciseorsportyoudo.You,11havetomakesocialmediaan13activityratherthana

daily,time-consuming14.There,11probablyhavetobelesssocializingwithyourfriendsandless

timewithyourfamily.It,sa15learningcurve,anditwon,talwaysmakeyoupopular.

There,sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting——and

that,sreading.Anywriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;it,stheone17support

er-somethingyoucan,tdowithout.

Timeisfinite,theolderyouget,the18itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefullyandas

19aswecan.Thatmeansprioritizingoutactivitiessothatwespendmosttimeonthethingswe

reallywanttodo.Ifyouareawriter,thatmeans_20writing.

1.[A]difficult[B]normal[C]steady[D]pleasant

2.[A]combined[B]compared[C]confused[Dlconfronted

3.[A]If[B]Through[C]Once[D]Unless

4.[A]enough[B]strange[C]wrong[D]easy

5.[A]Accept[B]Explain[C]Remember[D]Suppose

6.[A]well-known[B]well-advised[C]well-informed[D]well-chosen

7.[A]donate[B]generate[C]supplement[D]calculate

8.[A]cause[B]puψose[C]questionfD]condition

9.[A]highlight[B]sacrifice[C]continue[D]explore

10.[A]relations[B]interests[C]memories[D]skills

11.[A]until[B]because[C]while[D]before

12.[A]putupwith[B]makeupfor[C]hangonto[D]cutdownon

13.[A]intelligent[B]occasional[C]intensive[D]emotional

14.[A]habit[B]test[C]decision[D]plan

15.[A]tough[B]gentle[C]rapid[D]funny

16.[A]inplaceof[B]inchargeof[C]inresponseto[D]inadditionto

17.[A]indispensable[B]innovative[C]invisible[D]instant

18.[Alduller[B]harderfC]quieter[D]quicker

19.[A]peacefully[B]generously[C]productively[D]gratefully

20.[A]atmost[B]inturn[C]onaverage[D]aboveall

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D,MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLaITyBrown,s40windsweptacresinShiner,

Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisallseemsrandom,

butit,sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeitsnextbigthing:

climate-friendlyeggs.

Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchasS$8adozen,arestill

labeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey,realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusingregenerative

agriculture-specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.Sucheggscouldbe

marketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.

'Tmexcitedaboutourprogress/9saysBrown,whoharvestseggsforDenver-basedNestFreshEggs

andisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsforthechickenstoeat.Thebirds9waste

thenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhenstoforageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthat

willbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwesupplytoourcustomers.”

Theeggindustry,spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerativefarms

canbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswentfrombeing

dismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.Morerecentlytherewere

similardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexplodedintomajorsupermarket

categories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthefloodgatesforregenerativebeef,

broccoli,andbeyond.

Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,says

JulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity

Brandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(thoughsome

producerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).

Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchas

free-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthatyounger

generationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessofplant-basedmeatcan

bechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotecttheenvironment.Youngadults"really

careabouttheplanet/9saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEggInnovations."Theyareabsolutely

alteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventheyunderstandwhatthey,redoing.”

21.Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.

[A]ataconsiderablylowcostfB]atthedemandofregularshoppers

[C]asareplacementfororganiceggs[D]onspeciallydesignedfarms

22.LanyBrownisexcitedabouthisprogressin.

[A]reducingthedamageofworms[B]acceleratingthedisposalofuses

[C]creatingasustainablesystemfD]attractingcustomerstohisproducts

23.Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedintheparagraph4tosuggest.

[A]thedoubtstoovernaturalfeeds[B]thesetbacksintheeggsindustry

[C]thepotentialofregenerativeproducts[D]thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarkets

24.Itcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.

[A]arereluctanttochangetheirdiet[B]arelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs

[C]arecuriousaboutnewfoodfD]areamazedatagriculturaladvances

25.JohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts9.

[A]marketsprospectsfB]standarddefinition

[C]marketprospect[D]moralimplication

Text2

MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintotheretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatenstoupend

theoldworkforcemodel.

OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtopreparefora

longerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollforTDAmeritrade.Evenmoresuɪprisingis

thatmorethanhalfofunretirees-thosewhoplantoworkinretirementorwentbacktoworkafter

retiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearseveniftheyhadenoughmoneytosettledown,

thesurveyshowed.

Financialneedsaren,ttheonlyculpritforthe44unretiremenf,trend.Otherreasons,accordingtothe

study,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomoravoiding

depression.About72%of“unretire"respondentssaidthattheywouldreturntoworkonceretiredto

keepmentallyfitwhile59%saiditwouldbetiedtomakingendsmeet.CanCongresssavetheeconomy?

Fedchairsays“USdebtis'onunsustainablepath"”.Autoindustryisstillaboys,clubatthetopdespite

GMCEOMaryBarrassuccess.

ςςTheconceptofretirementisevolving,,,saidChristineRussellseniormanagerofretirementatTD

Ameritrade.6lt,snotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinueworking

pastretirement.^^

Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthe

population65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.Census

Bureau.That,salsoup30.2%since2010.OlderAmericansarealsothefastest-growingsegmentofthe

U.Sworkforce,andboomersareexpectedtolivelongerthanpreviousgenerations.Thepercentageof

retirement-agepeopleinthelaborforcehasdoubledoverthepastthreedecades.About20%ofpeople

65andolderwereintheworkforceinFebruary,upfromanall-timelowof10%inJanuary1985,

accordingtomoneymanagerUnitedIncome.

Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnesteggs,

theTDAmeritradestudyshowedwhichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10"unretires”

areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.Amongthemost

popularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverallexpenses,securinglife

insuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.Seniorsarelivinglonger,but

planningfortheextendedyearsiskey.

Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodosobecause

theyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,aco-fbunderat

Baltimore-basedfinancial-planningfiιτnFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretireeshouldspeakwitha

financialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.

ςςThemostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmaπied,startingafamilyandultimately

retiring/9WeissSaid."It'snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelievethey

can,tretire

26.ThesurveyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.

[A]overhalfoftheretireesarephysicallyfitforwork

[B]theoldworkforceisasactiveastheyoungerone

[C]oneinthreeAmericansenjoyearlierretirement

[D]moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement

27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.

[A]retirementmaycauseproblemsforthem

[B]boredomcanberelievedafterretirement

[C]thementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked

[D]ςςunretiremenf,contributestotheeconomy

28.Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto.

[A]laborshortage[B]populationgrowth

[C]longerlifeexpectancyfD]risinglivingcosts

29.Manyretireesareincreasingtheirsavingsby.

[A]investingmoreinstocks[B]takingupoddjobs

[C]gettingwell-paidwork[D]spendingless

30.Withregardtoretirement,BrentWeissthinksthatmanypeopleare.

[A]unprepared[B]unafraid

[C]disappointedfD]enthusiastic

Text3

Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthetimes

youfelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssign-upprocessbut

waslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbecomplicated,

intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseareexamplesofdark

patterns.

Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,ςςdarkpattems^^isacatch-allterm

forpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.Brignull

identifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrommisdirectionandhiddencoststouroach

moteΓ,whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitiveatthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheuser

triestogetout.

Ina2019studyof53,000productpagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein

10employsthesedesignpractices.Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwell

understood.Businessandnonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegray

areastheyengender.

Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?Businessesshouldengage

inconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacy,andincludeinthe

discussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsibleforthecompany,suser

interface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,checkoutbasketspricing,

andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingoravoidingςςdigitaldeception.^^

Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,most

recentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapprovalof

additionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that"ensurethatconsumers

willnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights^^Theregulationsaimto

bandarkpatterns一thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing""confusinglanguageorunnecessary

stepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistentoreasonswhytheyshouldn,topt

out.”

Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreater

accountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedona

self-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegal

requirementsbutalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.

31.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns.

[A]improveuserexperiencesfB]leakuserinformationforprofit

[C]undermineusers9decision-making[D]remindusersofhiddencosts

32.The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow.

[A]theirmajorflaws[B]theircomplexdesigns

[C]theirseveredamagefD]theirstrongpresence

33.Tbhandledigitaldeception,businessesshould.

[A]listentocustomerfeedback[B]talkwithrelevantteams

[C]turntoindependentagencies[D]relyonprofessionaltraining

34.TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.

[A]guideusersthroughopt-outprocesses[B]protectconsumersfrombeingtricked

[C]grantcompaniesdataprivacyrightsfD]restrictaccesstoproblematiccontent

35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis.

[A]newlegalrequirementsfB]businesses9self-discipline

[C]strictregulatorystandards[D]consumerssafetyawareness

Text4

Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessonscan

actuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsor

sometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleastone

real-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.

Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession,simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethisparticular

behaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,aphilosopheratthe

UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students9attitudesonthetopicarevariableandunstable,behavioris

easilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatinglessmeatisgoodbecauseitreduces

environmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsinfourlargephilosophyclassesreadan

articleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionallywatchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicand

joineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalffocusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unknownto

thestudents,theresearchersstudiedtheiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester-nearly

14,000receiptsforalmost500students.

Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthatethics

Professorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvotingrates,blood

donationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeatethics,meal

purchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent-andthiseffectheldsteadyforthestudy,s

durationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52percent.

“That'sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,,,Schwitzgebelsays.

PsychologistNinaStrohmingerattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,

saysshewantstheeffecttoberealbutcannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,

shenotes,itmightbereversiblebyanothernudge:ςςEasycome,easygo.”

Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence-classmatesorteaching

assistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitasachievableor

morecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,hethinks,was

rationalargument,althoughhisco-authorssayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowtheresearchersare

probingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,teachingassistants9eatinghabitsandstudents9video

exposure.Meanwhile,Schwitzgebel-whohadpredictednoeffect-willbeeatinghiswords.

36.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare.

[A]hardtodetermine[B]narrowlyinterpreted

[C]difficulttoignore[D]poorlysummarized

37.Whichofthefollowingisareasonfortheresearcherstostudymeateating?

[A]Itiscommonamongstudents.fB]Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.

[C]Itisimportanttostudents9health.[D]Itisahottopicinethicsclasses.

38.EricSchwitzgebeΓspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicsprofessors.

[A]areseldomcriticaloftheirstudents[B]arelesssociablethanotherprofessors

[C]arenotsensitivetopoliticalissues[D]arenotnecessarilyethicallybetter

39.NinaStrohmingerthinksthattheeffectoftheinterventionis.

[A]permanentfB]predictable

[C]uncertain[D]unrepeatable

40.EricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents9changeinbehavior.

[A]canbringpsychologicalbenefits[B]canbeanalyzedstatistically

[C]isaresultofmultiplefactorsfD]isasignofself-development

PartB

Directions:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheading

fromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings

whichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Makeitahabit

fB]Don,tgoitalone

[C]Startlow,goslow

[D]Talkwithyourdoctor

[E]Listentoyourbody

[F]Gothroughthemotions

[G]Roundoutyourroutine

Howtogetactiveagain?

Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-person

exerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedays,itcanbetrickytoknowwheretostart.Andit,s

importanttogettherightdoseofactivity.ςςToomuchtoosooneitherresultsininjuι*yorburnout,,,says

MaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiologydepartmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.

Thefollowingsimplestrategieswillhelpyoureturntoexercisesafelyafterabreak.

41._____________

Don,ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3milesaday,

playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof10reps,

reduceactivityto%mileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshortwalksonother

days,oruse5-pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,andintensitygradually.

ςςThisisn,tsomethingyoucandoovernight,“sayKeriL.Denay,MD,leadauthorofarecentAmerican

CollegeofSportsMedicineadvisorythatencouragesAmericantonotoverlookthebenefitsofactivity

duringthepandemic.Butyou,llreapbenefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.

42._____________

Ifyou,rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goalittle

longerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalerttoserious

symptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,orfaintness,andseek

medicalattentionimmediately.

43._____________

Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutesof

activityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistattheUniversityof

MiamiHospital.AlltheexpertsWespokewithhighlyrecommendwalkingbecauseit,stheeasiest,most

accessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,ifyourgoalistogetbackto

Zumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoagreatfirststep.

44._____________

Evenifyoucan,tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithoutaclubor

racket,swinglikeyou,rehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou,reinakayakorcanoe.Mimicy