秒杀味蕾！甜甜圈的前世今生

名师精讲外刊秒杀味蕾！甜甜圈的前世今生Doughnuts:Thefriedtreatthatconqueredthemodernworld名师精讲外刊相比于在冷藏柜里正襟危坐的复杂甜点，甜甜圈显然更加平易近人。美国人无疑是甜甜圈的头号粉丝，他们拥有世界上最著名的两大甜甜圈连锁品牌DunkinDonuts和KrispyKreme。不过其实甜甜圈的发源地并非美国，而且它以前的样子和现在也不同。现代的甜甜圈是如何演变的呢？它的背后有什么故事呢？让我们跟着今天的外刊，开始今天的学习。课前问题1.“使某人望而却步”用英语怎么说？2.“NewYork”之前叫什么名字？导读名师精讲外刊Doughnuts:Thefriedtreatthatconqueredthemodernworld【基础解析】treatn.乐事；乐趣；款待【释】somethingverypleasantandenjoyable,especiallysththatyougivesbordoforthem【例】Wetookthekidstothezooasaspecialtreat.作为特别的消遣，我们带孩子们到动物园去。名师精讲外刊Doughnuts:Thefriedtreatthatconqueredthemodernworld【基础解析】conquerv.1)占领；攻克；征服【例】TheNormansconqueredEnglandin1066.诺曼人于1066年征服了英格兰。2)（尤指比赛、赛跑等中）击败，战胜【例】Theworldchampionconqueredyetanotherchallengerlastnight.昨晚，这位世界冠军又战胜了一名挑战者。3)（成功地）对付，克服，控制【例】Theonlywaytoconquerafearistofaceit.克服恐惧的唯一方法是正视恐惧。4)在（某地）很受欢迎；在（某地）成功【例】Thebandisnowsettingouttoconquertheworld.这支乐队现在要去征服世界。Thereisasoftplaceinmostheartsreservedfordoughnuts:thepillowytexture,thecrispjacketofglazing,thesweetnesssosweetitalmostcouldputyouoffdoughnuts,butneverdoes,oratleastnotforlong.Inbakeriesthewarmyellowglowoftrayupontrayofdoughnutshasgreetedmanyamorningcustomerandlightenedmanyaload.【基础解析】texturen.1)质地；手感【例】thesofttextureofvelvet天鹅绒柔软的质地2)口感【例】Thetwocheeseswereverydifferentinbothtasteandtexture.这两种奶酪的味道和口感大不相同。名师精讲外刊Thereisasoftplaceinmostheartsreservedfordoughnuts:thepillowytexture,thecrispjacketofglazing,thesweetnesssosweetitalmostcouldputyouoffdoughnuts,butneverdoes,oratleastnotforlong.Inbakeriesthewarmyellowglowoftrayupontrayofdoughnutshasgreetedmanyamorningcustomerandlightenedmanyaload.【基础解析】putoff1)使……等待；把……搪塞过去【例】Theoldpriesttriedtoputthemoff,sayingthatthehourwaslate.那位老牧师试图把他们搪塞过去，说时间太晚了。2)使反感；使对……失去兴趣【例】Thehighdivorcefiguresdon'tseemtobeputtingpeopleoffmarriage.高离婚率好像并没有使人们对婚姻望而却步。3)使分心【例】Sheaskedmetobeserious-saiditputheroffifIlaughed.她要我严肃一点——说如果我大笑会让她分心。名师精讲外刊Readinghistoriesofthedoughnut,youmightbesurprisedtofindthattheconfectionhaslongbeentingedwithnationalism.AtthesametimethatthenewnationoftheUnitedStateswastryingtofinditsfootingintheworld,itsdenizensweretryingtofigureoutwhatwasessentialaboutit-aboutitsliterature,aboutitsnationalcharacter,aboutitsfood.【基础解析】confectionn.甜食；甜品【释】Youcanrefertoasweetfoodthatsomeonehasmadeasaconfection【例】aconfectionmadewithhoneyandnuts一种蜂蜜和坚果制成的甜食精讲试听结束Readinghistoriesofthedoughnut,youmightbesurprisedtofindthattheconfectionhaslongbeentingedwithnationalism.AtthesametimethatthenewnationoftheUnitedStateswastryingtofinditsfootingintheworld,itsdenizensweretryingtofigureoutwhatwasessentialaboutit-aboutitsliterature,aboutitsnationalcharacter,aboutitsfood.【基础解析】betingedwithsth强烈地感到【释】tofeelanemotionstrongly【例】Shewasstilltinglingwithexcitement.她仍然兴奋不已。精讲试听结束Readinghistoriesofthedoughnut,youmightbesurprisedtofindthattheconfectionhaslongbeentingedwithnationalism.AtthesametimethatthenewnationoftheUnitedStateswastryingtofinditsfootingintheworld,itsdenizensweretryingtofigureoutwhatwasessentialaboutit-aboutitsliterature,aboutitsnationalcharacter,aboutitsfood.【基础解析】denizenn.生活在特定地方的人（动物或植物）【释】Adenizenofaparticularplaceisaperson,animal,orplantthatlivesorgrowsinthisplace.【例】Gannetsaredenizensoftheopenocean.塘鹅是栖息于大海的动物。BeforeNewYorkwasNewYork,ofcourse,itwasNewAmsterdam,andwritersoftenreflectedontheDutchcustomsofearliereraswithtreaclyfondness.Oneofthesecustomswasthemakingoffrieddoughballs,knownasoliekoecken,oroilcakes.Arecipeforthesetreatsappearsina17th-CenturyDutchcookbook:theyareleavenedwithyeastandstuddedwithdriedfruit.【基础解析】NewYork纽约【知识拓展】纽约的历史可以追溯至1624年，荷兰殖民者在这时候在此地建立贸易站，名为新阿姆斯特丹。1664年，纽约及其周边地区为英国所占，并改名为纽约。美国建国后，在1785-1790年为首都，1790年，纽约取代费城成为美国第一大城市。BeforeNewYorkwasNewYork,ofcourse,itwasNewAmsterdam,andwritersoftenreflectedontheDutchcustomsofearliereraswithtreaclyfondness.Oneofthesecustomswasthemakingoffrieddoughballs,knownasoliekoecken,oroilcakes.Arecipeforthesetreatsappearsina17th-CenturyDutchcookbook:theyareleavenedwithyeastandstuddedwithdriedfruit.【基础解析】treaclyadj.1)像糖浆的；糖蜜似的【释】liketreacle【例】atreaclybrownliquid糖浆状的棕色液体2)虚情假意的；过分多情的【释】expressingfeelingsofloveinawaythatseemsfalseorexaggerated【例】treaclymusic甜腻腻的音乐BeforeNewYorkwasNewYork,ofcourse,itwasNewAmsterdam,andwritersoftenreflectedontheDutchcustomsofearliereraswithtreaclyfondness.Oneofthesecustomswasthemakingoffrieddoughballs,knownasoliekoecken,oroilcakes.Arecipeforthesetreatsappearsina17th-CenturyDutchcookbook:theyareleavenedwithyeastandstuddedwithdriedfruit.【基础解析】leavenv．（添加……）使较有趣，使更令人愉快【释】tomakesthmoreinterestingorcheerfulbyaddingsthtoit【例】Herspeechwasleavenedwithatouchofhumour.几分幽默使她的讲话更为有趣。BeforeNewYorkwasNewYork,ofcourse,itwasNewAmsterdam,andwritersoftenreflectedontheDutchcustomsofearliereraswithtreaclyfondness.Oneofthesecustomswasthemakingoffrieddoughballs,knownasoliekoecken,oroilcakes.Arecipeforthesetreatsappearsina17th-CenturyDutchcookbook:theyareleavenedwithyeastandstuddedwithdriedfruit.【基础解析】studdedadj.1)用饰钉装饰的【释】decoratedwithsmallraisedpiecesofmeta【例】astuddedleatherbelt饰钉装饰的皮带2)布满（或有很多）……的【释】(~withsth)havingalotofsthonorinit【例】Theskywasclearandstuddedwithstars.天空晴朗，繁星点点。OneoftheearliestmentionsofdoughnutsinAmericanwritingcamefromWashingtonIrving,hegoesonatlengthaboutquaintAmero-Dutchfolkways."Itwasalwayssuretoboastanenormousdishofballsofsweeteneddough,friedinhog'sfat,andcalleddoughnuts,orolykoeks-adeliciouskindofcake,atpresentscarcelyknowninthiscity,exceptingenuineDutchfamilies."【基础解析】WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文【文化拓展】华盛顿·欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家，号称美国文学之父。1783年4月3日出生在纽约一个富商家庭。从欧文少年时代起就喜爱阅读英国作家司各特、拜伦和彭斯等人的作品。欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。1819年，欧文的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。OneoftheearliestmentionsofdoughnutsinAmericanwritingcamefromWashingtonIrving,hegoesonatlengthaboutquaintAmero-Dutchfolkways."Itwasalwayssuretoboastanenormousdishofballsofsweeteneddough,friedinhog'sfat,andcalleddoughnuts,orolykoeks-adeliciouskindofcake,atpresentscarcelyknowninthiscity,exceptingenuineDutchfamilies."【基础解析】quaintadj.新奇有趣的；古色古香的【释】attractiveinanunusualorold-fashionedway【例1】quaintoldcustoms稀奇的古老习俗【例2】aquaintseasidevillage古朴典雅的海滨村庄Thefantasiesofhomespungoodnesssurroundingdoughnutscontinued.Morethan50yearsafterIrvingwroteaboutthem,doughnutshadachievedtheirmoderncircularshape-butthetruehow-and-whyofthistransformationhavebeenlosttotime,buriedbyajust-so-storyinvolvingaNewEnglandsailorandhismother.OneversionofthislegendholdsthatHansonGregory'smothermadedoughnutstotakeonhistripsandhejammeditoverahandleontheship'ssteeringwheeltoeatduringastorm,buttherearenearlyinfinitevariations.【基础解析】homespunadj.（观点或想法）简单的；朴实的【释】Youusehomespuntodescribeopinionsorideasthataresimpleandnotbasedonspecialknowledge.【例】Thebookissimplehomespunphilosophy.该书阐述的是简单而朴实的哲学。n.（衣服）用家织土布制作的【释】Homespunclothesaremadefromcloththathasbeenmadeathome,ratherthaninafactory.Thefantasiesofhomespungoodnesssurroundingdoughnutscontinued.Morethan50yearsafterIrvingwroteaboutthem,doughnutshadachievedtheirmoderncircularshape-butthetruehow-and-whyofthistransformationhavebeenlosttotime,buriedbyajust-so-storyinvolvingaNewEnglandsailorandhismother.OneversionofthislegendholdsthatHansonGregory'smothermadedoughnutstotakeonhistripsandhejammeditoverahandleontheship'ssteeringwheeltoeatduringastorm,buttherearenearlyinfinitevariations.【基础解析】jamv.1)使劲（往某处）挤（或压、塞）【释】topushsthsomewherewithalotofforce【例】Hejammedhisfingersinhisears.他用手指使劲堵住耳朵。2)塞入；塞进；挤进【释】toputsb/sthintoasmallspacewherethereisverylittleroomtomove【例】Sixofuswerejammedintoonesmallcar.我们六个人被塞进一辆小汽车里。ThecultureofNewEnglandwhalingvesselsalsoinvolvedwhatarelikelytohavebeenslightlyfishydoughnuts.Withvastquantitiesofwhalefatonboardafteracaptureandrenderingvatsonhand,fryingwasthelogicalthingtodo.Doughnuts'folksycredmayhavereacheditsapexwiththedoughnutgirlsofWorldWarOne,SalvationArmyvolunteerswhofrieddoughnutsforAmericatroops.Hundredsofthousandsofthemwerehandedoutnearthetrenches,andpostersandtributestothesewomen'sdevotioninbringingatasteofhometosoldiersabound.TheSalvationArmy'sprofilewaslikewiseelevated.Bythetimethewarended,"theirchosentotem,thedonut,wasaningrainedsymbolofhome."【基础解析】folksyadj.1)淳朴友好自然的；朴实热情随意的【释】(especiallyNAmE)simple,friendlyandinformal【例】Theywantedthestoretohaveafolksysmall-townimage.他们希望这家商店具有小城镇那种朴实热情的形象。2)有民间传统的；有民间风味的【释】(sometimesdisapproving)doneormadeinatraditionalstylethatistypicalofsimplecustomsinthepast【例】afolksyballad有民间风味的歌谣Doughnuts'folksycredmayhavereacheditsapexwiththedoughnutgirlsofWorldWarOne,SalvationArmyvolunteerswhofrieddoughnutsforAmericatroops.Hundredsofthousandsofthemwerehandedoutnearthetrenches,andpostersandtributestothesewomen'sdevotioninbringingatasteofhometosoldiersabound.TheSalvationArmy'sprofilewaslikewiseelevated.Bythetimethewarended,"theirchosentotem,thedonut,wasaningrainedsymbolofhome."【基础解析】apexn.1)（机构、体系的）最上层【释】Theapexofanorganizationorsystemisthehighestandmostimportantpositioninit.【例】Attheapexofthepartywasitscentralcommittee.该党的最高机构是其中央委员会。2)尖端；顶点【释】Theapexofsomethingisitspointedtoporend.【例】Thehangaris103feethighattheapexofitsroof.飞机库顶最高点高103英尺。Doughnuts'folksycredmayhavereacheditsapexwiththedoughnutgirlsofWorldWarOne,SalvationArmyvolunteerswhofrieddoughnutsforAmericatroops.Hundredsofthousandsofthemwerehandedoutnearthetrenches,andpostersandtributestothesewomen'sdevotioninbringingatasteofhometosoldiersabound.TheSalvationArmy'sprofilewaslikewiseelevated.Bythetimethewarended,"theirchosentotem,thedonut,wasaningrainedsymbolofhome."【基础解析】trenchn.1)沟渠【释】Atrenchisalongnarrowchannelthatiscutintotheground,forexample,inordertolaypipesorgetridofwater.2)战壕【释】Atrenchisalongnarrowchannelinthegroundusedbysoldiersinordertoprotectthemselvesfromtheenemy.PeopleoftenrefertothebattlegroundsoftheFirstWorldWarinNorthernFranceandBelgiumasthetrenches【例】Wefoughtwiththeminthetrenches.我们在战壕里与他们作战。Doughnuts'folksycredmayhavereacheditsapexwiththedoughnutgirlsofWorldWarOne,SalvationArmyvolunteerswhofrieddoughnutsforAmericatroops.Hundredsofthousandsofthemwerehandedoutnearthetrenches,andpostersandtributestothesewomen'sdevotioninbringingatasteofhometosoldiersabound.TheSalvationArmy'sprofilewaslikewiseelevated.Bythetimethewarended,"theirchosentotem,thedonut,wasaningrainedsymbolofhome."【基础解析】aboundv.充满【释】Ifthingsabound,orifaplaceaboundswiththings,thereareverylargenumbersofthem.【例】Storiesaboundaboutwhenhewasincharge.他负责时传闻很多。Doughnuts'folksycredmayhavereacheditsapexwiththedoughnutgirlsofWorldWarOne,SalvationArmyvolunteers