高考语法复习句子结构和句子成分学案

2024届高考语法复习——句子结构和成分相关概念词性的英文缩写缩写原词代表词性n.noun名词v.verb动词vt.transitiveverb及物动词ransitiveverb不及物动词modalv.modalverb情态动词aux.v.auxiliaryverb助动词adj.adjective形容词adv.adverb副词num.numeral数词erjection感叹词noun代词prep.preposition介词art.article冠词conj.conjunction连词及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面可以跟宾语的，这个动词是及物动词；实义动词后面不可以跟宾语的，这个动词是不及物动词。e.g.Thedooropened.Heopenedthedoor.注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中后面是否跟宾语。Think,insist,agree,reply等词后面可直接跟宾语从句，但跟名词、代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词要跟介词。e.g.Ithinkitisinteresting.Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?IrepliedthatIwasunabletohelpthem.Hehasnotyetrepliedtomyquestions.HeinsistedthatIshouldapologizetoher.Heinsistedonpayingforthemeal.实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词指意思能完全独立作谓语的动词。e.g.Helivesquitenear.助动词是用来帮助时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。e.g.Theboyiscrying.Hehasarrived.DoeshelikeEnglish?Treesareplantedinspring.Ifhehadeyesterday,Iwouldn’thavemadesuchasmistake.Somuchdidhelovehismotherthatheboughthermanypresentsonherbirthday.Hedideyesterday.Didhedohishomeworkyesterday?情态动词动词和助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。情态动词有自己的意义。e.g.Hecanswimacrosstheriver.Youmuststayathome.Exercise指出下面句中斜体动词的词性。Thechildrenareflyingkitesinthepark.Mostbirdscanfly.Ithappenedyesterday.Mywatchstopped.Thebabystoppedcryingwhenhesawhismother.改错。Heneverdreamedofthatonedayhewouldbeepresidents.Whatdoyouthinktheplan?Heneverrepliedanyofmyletters.Heinsistedstayinguptonursethepatient.Heenteredintotheclassroomquietly.Hewillmarrywithhernextmonth.指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。Doeshelikeswimming?Hedoeslikeswimming.Hehashadsupperalready.Thebridgehasbeenbuiltnow.Hewasstruckbyastone.简单句的五种句型简单句的五种基本结构主语+谓语vi.vt.宾语间接宾语+直接宾语宾语+宾语补足语link.v表语用符号表示为：SV(主语+谓语）e.g.Thebusstopped.SVO（主语+谓语+宾语）e.g.ShelikesEnglish.SVoO（主语+谓语+间宾+直宾）e.g.Hepassedmeabook.SVOC（主语+宾语+宾语补足语)e.g.Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney.SVP（主语+系动词+表语）e.g.Hisfatherisateacher.therebe句型实际上是主系表结构的倒装。可以用live,stand,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等词代替be动词。e.g.Therelivesanoldmanatthefootofthemountain.Thereexistsnoaironthemoon.定语：用来修饰名词或代词，常翻译为“。。。的”，单个形容词作定语放在被修饰词之前，短语作定语放在被修饰词之后。e.g.Sheisabeautifulgirl.Thedictionaryonthedeskismine.状语:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词和整个句子，说明动作或状态特征。e.g.Hewritescarefully.Heplayedfootballatschool.Exercise分析下列句子成分并标明属于五种基本句型的哪一种。Graduallyasmileappearedonherface.AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.Heorderedhimselfanewdress.Themanagerwantedtheworkdoneontime.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.句子成分主语：表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般用名词、代词、或相当于名词的词、短语或从句来担任。e.g.Playingbasketballismyfavoritesport.Tosavemoneyisimpossiblenow.Theyoungshouldhelptheold.Thatwearescoringgoalsisgood.=Itisgoodthatwearescoringgoals.Onthedeskaresomebooks.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。e.g.Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.简单谓语Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.复合谓语宾语：宾语是动作的对象，作宾语的一般为名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。e.g.Wehavebreakfastatseven.Whowilltakecareoftheelderly?Helefttherejustnow.Hewantedtogohome.Theboyenjoyedplayingvideogames.Ithinkthatheisfitforhisoffice.双宾语：动词后面跟双宾语时通常是间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。①awardsb.sth=awardsth.tosb.类似的还有bring,hand,lend,mail,offer,owe,pass,post,read,return,send,sell,serve,show,take,teach,tell,throw,write等②booksb.sth=booksth.forsb.类似的还有buy,choose,cook,draw,fetch,find,get,make,order,prepare,save,sing,spare等③explaintosb.sth.tell作“告诉”讲时，后接双宾语，作“辨别”讲时，后面可以不跟双宾语。宾语补足语：宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。e.g.TheynamethechildJimmy.WefindEnglishausefultoolinthestudyofscience.Ifoundthebookveryinteresting.Ifoundeverythingingoodcondition.Theteachertoldtheclasstoputawaytheirbooks.Iheardsomeonesinginthenextroom.表语：位于系动词的后面，表示主语的性质、特征、身份等。一般由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语、从句来充当。系动词的分类：状态系动词：be动词持续系动词：keep,remain,stay,stand,lie表“像”系动词:seem,look,appear感官系动词:look,feel,smell,sound,taste变化系动词:bee,grow,turn,fall,get,go,e,run终止系动词:prove,turnout同位语：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，用来说明或解释的成分叫作被说明或解释成分的同位语。同位语通常放在其说明的名词或代词之后。e.g.Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.定语：限制性定语起修饰限定作用；非限制性定语起补充说明作用。E.g.Theauthorofthisbookdiedyoung.Theman,cruelbeyondbelief,treatedhiswifebadly.状语:分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、程度、条件、方式和让步等。e.g.Hehasbeenworkinghereforover10years.ImustworkhardinorderthatIcancatchupwithothers.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.简单句、并列句和复合句简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.并列句用and,but,or等并列连词连接或分号连接起来的句子。e.g.HelikesEnglish;hisEnglishisverygood.HelikesEnglish,so/andhisEnglishisverygood.复合句用从属连词连接的句子是复合句。e.g.BecausehelikesEnglish,hisEnglishisverygood.Whenhiswifewasill,hehadtostayathome.当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变成句子时，整个句子就成了复合句。e.g.Theboywhoiswearingahatismybrother.Iwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenhecamein.Whathesaidiswrong.Exercise判断下列句子是简单句、并列举还是复合句。WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn'tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn'tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.11.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.12.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.13.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.14.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.15.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.单句改错Althoughweallowtomatoplantstogrowinthesameplaceyearafteryear,butwehaveneverhadanydiseaseorinsectattachproblems.Asshegaveittome,whenthephonerangandshewenttoanswerit.ButIhavespentmostmymoney,soIcannotevengooutoftown.【2013新课标I]Hehadadeepvoice,whichsethimapartfromothersinoursmalltown,hewasstrongandpowerful.5.【2009陕西]Somefriendsofhisgotoseehimeveryday,theytakehimlotsofgoodbooksandfreshfruit.6.MynameisZhangHong,and20yearsold.7.【2016全国I]Thoughnotverybig,buttherestaurantispopularinourarea.8.【2013辽宁]Withlittlesleepandhardlyanybreak,soheworksfrommorningtillnight.9.Hishomeworkfinished,sohewentouttoplay.10.【2020全国III]Inordertomakesureallofusareingoodhealth,andshemakesspecificplansforus.11.【2006全国I]Theydidnotwantbreakfastbecausethattheyweregoingoutearlyinthemorning.12.IreadtheannouncementofthesummercampthatyouhavepostedontheInternetandthatIaminterestedinit.13.【2014大纲卷]Theunderstandingbetweentwofriendsmeansbothofthemhavesimilarideasandtrustingeachother.14.【2014新课标ⅡI]Wecanlieonthegrassforarest,orsatbythelakelisteningtomusic.15.【2005湖北]Inotherwords,theyhelptokeeppeoplestrongandfeelgood.16.【2009重庆]However,everykindofChinesefoodisworthtrying,becauseeachhasadelicioustasteandgoodforhealth.17.Ididn'tmunicatewithothersinEnglishandnotwillingtopracticeiteither.18.【2012全国大纲I]Forexample,howmanytimeshaveyouwalkedoutofaroomandleavethelightsortelevisiononwhennooneelsewasthere?19.【2008浙江]Iheadedforthepany,feelingsureIwouldeasilyfinish300envelopsinfivehoursandtoearnthemoney.20.【2015课标Ⅱ〗Awomansawhimcryingandtellinghimtowaitoutsideashop.语法填空【2004天津]Atweekends,wewouldplaybasketball,______(swim)inthepoolorgoforapicnic.22.【2004全国II]IamthinkingofmakingatriptoLondon,and______(visit)theBritishMuseumandsomeparks.23.【2004湖南]Then,Iputmybookundermydesk,______(open)itandstartedlookingfortheanswers.24.【2004福建]Shestoppedtolookoutofthewindowand_______(find)acloudofsmokeingoutofherneighbor'shouse.25.【2021全国甲]Mybikewasoldandshaky_______didthejob.26.【2021浙江第1次]Inastudyof33yearsoftrendsinBodyMassIndex(体重指数)across200countries,thescientistsfoundthatpeopleworldwidearegettingheavier______thatmostoftheriseisduetogainsinBMI(体重指数)inruralareas.27.【2016四川]Itwastimeforhertohaveanewbaby,_______itwasalsotimefortheyoungpandatobeindependent.28.【2016全国II]Confuciusbelievedkniveswouldremindpeopleofkillingsand__________(be)tooviolentforuseatthetable.29.【2017新课标Ⅱ]Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,_________(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofoverthetop.写作技能提升非常感谢你，你不仅给了我生命，而且教我如何做一个好人。(thankyousomuchfor,notonly,butalso)_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________