做题时1不要看见一个你觉得正确选项就直接了而去看别讲稿

放置一个具有高度迷惑性的选项在正确选项前，这样能驱使你去看每一个选项。CriticalReasoningBible放置一个具有高度迷惑性的选项在正确选项前，这样能驱使你去看每一个选项。CriticalReasoningBibleChapter2&3BasicBasically,GMATcriticalreasoningstimulushastwotypes:anargumentorasetoffactualTodealwithstimulus,therearethreeMakeaquickanalysisofthetopicunderReadtheentirestimulusveryAnalyzethestructureoftheBasedonthesesteps,thereareseveralprimaryobjectiveswhenreadingObjective1:DeterminewhetherthestimuluscontainsanargumentoronlyasetoffactualDifference:Thelackofastrongreactionisoftenanindicationthatyouarenotreadinganargumentandareinsteadreadingjustasetoffacts.PremiseIndicators(前提标志词Because/since/for/forexample/forthereasonthat/asindicatedby/dueto/owingto/thiscanbeseenfrom/weknowthisby…ConclusionIndicators(结论标志词Thus/therefore/hence/consequently/asaresult/so/accordingly//mustbethat/showsthat/concludethat/followsthat/forthisN+.thus Nsince后面的都是前提，thuspremiseObjective2:Ifthestimuluscontainsanargument,identifytheconclusionofIfthestimuluscontainsafactsetexamineeachfact.最常见的迷惑形式：结论标志词，和前提标志词背对背Therefore,since..….,结论Thusbecause.…,Hence,dueto……..,结论Whenreading,alwaysbeawareofthepresenceofthewordslisted1一旦找到结论，必须马上锁1一旦找到结论，必须马上锁定。在确定结论之后才能看问题和选项如果原文中包含完整论证，找出结论；如果原文中只包含事实，仔细检查每个事TheorganizationofanEachstimulusiscompromisedbyvariousparts:Premise,Conclusion,AdditionalPremise,Counter-Premiseandsoon.①Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonpremises(Maybeonepremiseoranumberofpremises).Soitiscrucialtorecognizewhatistheconclusionandwhatisthepremise.Theremayexistsomeconfusingformsintheargument.②AdditionalPremiseIndicators:Furthermore,Moreover,Besides,In附加前提标志词：Furthermore,Moreover,Besides,InSometimestheauthorwillmakeanargumentandthenforgoodmeasureaddanotherthatsupportstheconclusionbutissometimesnon-essentialtothe③Counter-PremiseIndicators:But,Yet,Ontheotherhand,Admittedly,Incontrast,Although,though,Whereas,Despite,Afterall,Thegeneralcounter-premiseconceptdiscussesanidealthatissomewaydifferentfromanotherpartoftheargument.But,byraisingcounter-premises,theauthorcanminimizetheobjectionsthatmayoccuragainsthis/herownconclusion.反对前提可以使对结论的反对意见程度变当原文没有只指示词时，这时候假定一个句子是前提，另一个是结论，然后自己加上因果联系词，因为前提，所以结论看看是否符合逻辑。如果不符合，那么就倒过来再④ComplexTheseargumentscontainmorethanoneconclusion.Intheseinstances,oneoftheconclusionsisthemainconclusion,andtheotherconclusionsaresubsidiaryconclusions.一个主结论和一个次结论，次结论作为主结论的前提，或者起到一个过渡或者推导的Sometimes,2opposingviewmayexistinoneargument.(SuchasConversationTheseargumentscontainwordssuchas“however,but”.Thedifferencebetweenargumentsandcounter-premiseindicatoristhefinalconclusionandthenumberof我们会在第十章看到的：一个常见 复杂论述的形式1.放置一个主结论在文章的第一句话放置一个次结在文章的最后一句话中，中间被一个结论指示词隔开。这个形式将会诱导你去把第二个结论当做主结论2发生在两个说话人中，这样出题人可以再问你多种多2发生在两个说话人中，这样出题人可以再问你多种多样的的问题。OneImportantPrinciple:Orderofpresentationhasnoeffectonthelogicalstructureoftheargument.Theconclusioncanappearatthebeginning,themiddle,ortheendoftheObjective3:Ifthestimuluscontainsanargument,determinewhethertheargumentisorWhatiscrucialherearethehiddenassumptions.Thecontextofpremisesneverbetreatedasuntrue,butthelineofreasoningmaynotbevalid.So,thehiddenassumptionsplaycrucialroleinthelineofreasoning.Objective4:Readcloselyandknowpreciselywhattheauthorsaid.DonotPayattentiontoQuantityIndicators&ProbabilityQuantityIndicators：all,every.most,many,some,several,sole,only,notall,ProbabilityIndicators.must,will,always,notalways,probably,likely,would,necessarily,could，rarely,neverObjective5:Carefullyreadandidentifythequestionstem.Donotassumethatwordsareautomaticallyassociatedwithcertainquestion三大MUSTBE/一定为Mustbetrue/MostMainpoint/MainStrengthen/MethodofResolvetheFlawintheTwoAssumptions:Thingsthatareassumedtobetruebeforereachingtheconclusion.(Orwecansaythingsthatareassumedtobetrueinthelineofreasoning.)Inferences:Thingsthatmustbetrueonthebasisoftheargument.Thatisthingsthatcanandwillbedrawnbasedontheargumentgiven.*EvaluatetheArgumentHELPHURT第一FAMILY:MUSTBE/PROVE题正确选项中不得出现原文中没有的新信Stimuls是被接受的，即使它含有推理的缺陷HELP*EvaluatetheArgumentHELPHURT第一FAMILY:MUSTBE/PROVE题正确选项中不得出现原文中没有的新信Stimuls是被接受的，即使它含有推理的缺陷HELPHURTHELP**只有两种类型的题目在原文中没有结论：MUSTBETRUERESOLVETHE**Weaken,Mustbetrue,Assumption,Strengthen,MainPoint,MethodofReasoning,FlawintheReasoning,ParallelReasoning,EvaluatetheArgumentQuestion1.Mustbetrue/Most3.5.Resolvethe7.Methodof9.Parallel2.Main4.Strengthen/6.8.Flawinthe10.EvaluatetheAllquestiontypesarevariationsofthreemainquestion“families”,andeachfamilyiscomprisedquestiontypesthataresimilartoFamily#1:Family#2:Family#3:Type:1,2,7,8,Type:3,4,Type:AnswerChoice→AnswerChoice→Thearrowsrepresenttheflowofinformation:OnepartoftheproblemissimplyacceptedandotherpartisTheFirstTheSecondTheThird1.Youmustacceptthestimulusinformation-evenifitcontainsanerrorofreasoning-anduseittoprovethatoneoftheanswerchoicesmustbe1.Theinformationinthestimulusissuspect.Thereareoftenreasoningerrorspresent,anddependingonthequestion,youwillhelpshoreupargumentinsome1.Theinformationinthestimulussuspect.Thereareoftenreasonerrorpresent,andyouwillfurtweakentheargumentinsomeway.objective6:Prephase:Afterreadingthequestionstem,takeamomentobjective6:Prephase:Afterreadingthequestionstem,takeamomenttomentallyformulateyouranswertothequestionstem.stimulus的，而且会帮你快速排出错误选项，通常情况下你预测的也是正确选项。Objective7:Alwaysreadeachofthefiveanswer5个选项都要看Objective8:SeparatetheanswerchoicesintoContendersandLosers.Aftercompletingthisprocess,reviewtheContendersanddecidewhichansweristhecorrect你迷惑的，或者有吸引里力的选项，分 loser。这样可以平均每道逻辑题剩下30秒，不要小看这30秒。GMAT的一个真理是：littlethingsmakeabigdifferenceObjective9:IfallfiveanswerchoicesappeartobeLosers,returntothestimulusandre-evaluatetheargument.stimulusNoteta马上抛之脑后，千万不要去想，否则很容易使你分心，而且很可能会让你做错下一道题，这就是GMAT的陷阱，这不仅是一个考能力的考试，还是一个考心理素质的考试你不会的别人也不一定会，但别人不会你很可能会。永远记住这句Chapter4MustbeTrueOG:26.31,33,56,Youmustlockdowntheunderstandingrequiredofthisquestioncategory:whatdidyoureadinthestimulusandwhatdoyouknowonthebasisofthatreading?2.Anyinformationinananswerchoicethatdoesnotappeareitherdirectlyinthestimulusorasacombinationofitemsinthestimuluswillbeincorrect.2.Theanswerchoicesareacceptedasgiven,eveniftheyinclude“new”information.Yourtaskistodeterminewhichanswerchoicebestmeetsthequestionposedinthestem.2.Theanswerchoicesareacceptedgiven,eveniftheyinclude“neinformation.Yourtaskistodetermwhichanswerchoicebestattacksargumentinthestimulus.P.s.Oftenweseeinquestion“Theinformationabove,iftrue,P.s.Often,weseeinquestion“Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,…allmostmanycouldcanHighlyallmostmanycouldcanHighlyAttention:Numbers&Percentage,ProbabilityIndicators,Modifier(Differencesbetween“many,all,entirely,most,Youcannotbringininformationfromoutsidethestimulustoanswerthequestions;alloftheinformationnecessarytoanswerthequestionresidesinthestimulus.ThecorrectanswertoaMustBeTruequestioncanalwaysbeprovenbyreferringtothefactssatedintheCorrectAnswersinMustbeTrue1.ParaphrasedParaphrasedAnswersareanswersthatrestateaportionofthestimulusindifferentterms.Becausethelanguageisnotexactlythesameasinthestimulus,ParaphrasedAnswerscanbeeasytomiss.ParaphrasedAnswersaredesignedtotestyourabilitytodiscerntheauthor’sexactmeaning.Sometimestheanswercanappeartobealmosttooobvioussinceitisdrawndirectlyfromthestimulus.2.Answersthatarethesumoftwoormorestimulusstatement(CombinationAnyanswerchoicethatwouldresultfromcombiningtwoormorestatementsinthestimuluswillbecorrect.IncorrectAnswersinMustbeTrue1.CouldbeTrueorLikelytobeTrueTheseanswersareattractivebecausethereisnothingdemonstrablywrongwithinthem.Regardless,likeallincorrectanswers,theseanswersfailtheFactTest.2ExaggeratedAnswers(ExaggeratedAnswerstakeinformationfromthestimulusandthenstretchthatinformationtomakeabroadenstatementthatisnotsupportedbythestimulus.3.“New”InformationNewInformationAnswersincludeinformationnotexplicitlymentionedinthestimulus.Becarefulwiththeseanswers,becausesometimestheymaybecorrect:First,examinethescopeoftheargumenttomakesurethe“new”informationdoesnotfallwithinthesphereofatermorconceptinthestimulusThiscategoryofincorrectanswerisverybroad,andsomeofthetypesmentionedbelowwillfallunderthisgeneralideabutplaceanemphasisonaspecificaspectoftheanswers.Second,examinetheanswertomakesureitisnottheconsequenceSecond,examinetheanswertomakesureitisnottheconsequenceofcombiningstimulusstimulus4TheShellGame欺骗性选项Anideaorconceptisraisedinthestimulus,andthenaverysimilarideaappearsintheanswerchoice,buttheideaischangedjustenoughtobeincorrectbutstillattractive.nsrsTheOppositeAnswerprovidesananswerthatiscompletelyoppositeofthestatedfactsthe6TheReverseAnswer调换原文中的两个词的位置（ReverseTheReverseAnswerisattractivebecauseitcontainsfamiliarelementsfromthestimulus,butthereversedstatementisincorrectbecauseitrearrangesthoseelementstocreatenew,unsupported**factopinionSomeeconomistsclaim……stimulus，你可以排除掉那些做出一个浅薄Most，sometimesoftenmany,Chapter5MainPointOg:,ThecentraltruthofMainPointLikeallMustbeTrueQuestions,thecorrectanswermustpasstheFactTest,butwiththeadditionalcriterionthatthecorrectanswerchoicemustcapturetheauthor’spoint. Manypeoplehavesometypeofsecuritysystemintheirhomes.ReverseAnswer:Somepeoplehavemanytypesofsecuritysystemintheir1）Capturetheauthor’sconclusionwhenreading1）Capturetheauthor’sconclusionwhenreadingtheTwoincorrectanswerAnswersthataretruebutdonotencapsulatetheauthor’sAnswersthatrepeatpremisesofthe错误Youmustisolatetheconclusionandthenlookforaparaphraseofthatconclusion.ManyMainPointquestionstimuliavoidusingtraditionalconclusionindicatorsandthislackofargumentindicator“guideposts”makesyourtaskmoreRemember,ifyouarestrugglingtoidentifytheconclusioninanargument,youalwaysusethemethodologyRecognizethedifferencesbetweenMainPointandMustBeTrueThemainpointoftheargumentaboveisWhichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheeditor’sWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheconclusionoftheTheauthorhopestoprovewhichoftheTheargumentseemstoleaduptowhichoftheWhichofthefollowingistheauthor’smainMustBeTruequestionstemsappearinavarietyofformats,butoneorbothofthefeaturesdescribedbelowappearconsistently:1.Thestemoftenindicatestheinformationinthestimulusshouldbetakenastrue,PromptforMain 题干中已经存在结论，选项只是重述结论 逻辑含义是，面那选项将很好的描述作者的观点，作者的观ConclusionIdentificationTakethestatementsunderconsiderationfortheconclusionandplacetheminanarrangementthatforcesonetobetheconclusionandtheother(s)tobethepremise(s).Usepremiseandconclusionindicatorstoachievethisend.Oncethepiecesarearranged,determineifthearrangementmakeslogicalsense.Ifso,youhavemadethecorrectidentification.Ifnot,reversethearrangementandexaminetherelationshipagain.Continueuntilyoufindanarrangementthatislogical.“Ifthestatementsabovearetrue...”“Thestatementsabove,iftrue...”“Ifthestatementsabovearetrue...”“Thestatementsabove,iftrue...”“IftheinformationaboveisThistypeofphrasehelpsindicatethatyouaredealingwithaFirstFamilyquestion2.Thestemasksyoutoidentifyasingleanswerchoicethatisprovenorsupported,as“...whichoneofthefollowingmustalsobe“...whichoneofthefollowingconclusionscanbeproperlydrawnonthebasisofit?”“...moststronglysupportwhichoneofthefollowing?”“WhichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperlyIneachcase,thequestionstemindicatesthatoneoftheanswerchoicesisprovenbytheinformationinthestimulus.原文本没有结论，这里选项中有可能是事PromptforMustBe让你自己归纳作者的观点“Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?”“Iftheinformationaboveiscorrect,whichoneofthefollowingconclusionscanbeproperlydrawnonthebasisofit?”“Thestatementsabove,iftrue,moststronglysupportwhichoneofthefollowing?”“Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperlyinferredfromthepassage?”“WhichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbytheinformationChapter6WeakenInadditiontothePrimaryObjectives,keepthefollowingrulesinmindwhenapproachingWeakenQuestions:1Thestimuluswillcontainanargumentweaken题原文中必须出现结论，因此判Becauseyouareaskedtoweakentheauthor’sreasoning,andreasoningrequiresaconclusion,anargumentwillalwaysbepresent.Inordertomaximizeyourchancesofsuccess,youmustidentify,isolate,andassessthepremisesandtheconclusionoftheargument.Onlybyunderstandingthestructureoftheargumentcanyougaintheperspectivenecessarytoattacktheauthor’s2Focusontheconclusion.AlmostallcorrectWeakenanswerchoicesimpacttheconclusion.Themoreyouknowaboutthespecificsoftheconclusion,thebetterarmedyouwillbetodifferentiatebetweencorrectandincorrectanswers.3Theinformationinthestimulusissuspect.Thereareoftenreasoningerrorspresent,andyoumustreadtheargumentvery也有可能是结论；不同于mainpoint，这里让你自己归纳作者的观点；逻辑含义是，下面哪个‘事实’或者‘结论’被上面的信息所支持 有可能4Weakenquestionsoftenyieldstrong4WeakenquestionsoftenyieldstrongprephraseWeaken题经常需要用到预测Besuretoactivelyconsidertherangeofpossibleanswersbeforeproceedingtoanswer5.Theanswerchoicesareacceptedasgiven,eveniftheyinclude“newinformation.要默认UnlikeMustbeTrueQuestions,Weakenanswerchoicescanbringintoconsiderationinformationoutsideofortangentialtothestimulus.Justbecauseafactorideaisnotmentionedinthestimulusisnotgroundsfordismissingananswerchoice.YourprimarytaskistowhichanswerchoicebestattackstheargumentintheAnswersthatweakentheargument’sconclusionwillattackassumptionsmadebytheauthor.Typically,theauthorwillfailtoconsiderotherpossibilitiesorleaveoutakeypieceofinformation.Inthissense,theauthorassumesthattheseelementsdonotexistheorshemakestheconclusion,andifyouseeagaporholeintheargument,considerthatthecorrectmightattackthisThreeincorrectanswer1.OppositeWeaken2．ShellGameweaken3.OutofScopeCommonWeakeningScenariosweakenIncompleteInformationTheauthorfailstoconsiderallofthepossibilities,orreliesuponevidencethatisincomplete.Thisflawcanbeattackedbybringingupnewpossibilitiesorinformation.ImproperComparisonFalseanalogy:Theauthorattemptstocomparetwoormoreitemsthatareessentially Theauthorqualifiesorlimitstheconclusioninsuchawayastoleavetheargumentopento**E!!4个选项都犹豫不决时，E**E!!4个选项都犹豫不决时，EWeakenFamily3:AnswerChoice→OG:1，15,23,30,35,36,40,45,60,argumentHowtoweakenan1.the2the正选的形式一般是，体现出结论没有考虑到一些因素和可能性正确的weaken攻击了原文中隐含的假设或者逻辑链。即一个可以攻击的逻辑链必然包含了些错误的假设，一些可能性没有考虑的，找到这样的GAP或者漏洞攻击即可Aor1.Primary①Carefullyreadthestimulus,findtheargument,andpayattentiontothe②Focusontheconclusion(Thespecificsoftheconclusion),andusethearrowtodrawthelineofreasoning③PrephasethestimulusbyfindingtheGAP:Activelyinvolvedinevery④Accepttheanswersasthewaytheyaregiven,eveniftheyinclude“new”information.Choosetheanswerthatmayforcetheauthortomakeresponsetowardsyouranswer2.Theincorrectanswer①OppositeAnswers:Neverforgetthatyouaremeanttoweakenthe②ShellGameAnswers:PayattentiontothespecificsoftheIftheyaskyouabout“Schooldropouts”,neverchoosetheanswerconcerning“Schoolgraduates”.Likewise,iftheyaskyouabout“塑料怎么会让动物窒息”,neverchoosetheanswerconcerning“动物吃了塑料会中毒”(Meetandrecitewords.)③OutofScopeAnswers:Again,③OutofScopeAnswers:Again,payattentiontothespecificsofthe3.Typesof①Premise&Conclusion(Nocause&effectreasoning)Findtheanswerchoicethatdirectlyweakenstheconclusion.(TheanswerchoicenotbeprinciplesbutSub-IncompleteInformation(LikeCause&EffectTheauthorfailstoconsiderallofthepossibilities,orreliesuponevidencethatisincomplete.Thisflawcanbeattackedbybringingupnewpossibilitiesorinformation.ImproperTheauthorattemptstocomparetwoormoreitemsthatareessentiallyC)QualifiedTheauthorqualifiesorlimitstheconclusioninsuchawayastoleavetheargumentopentoattack.②Premise→Conclusion(CauseandEffectUsethearrowtodiagramthelineofreasoning.Usetheprephasedanswertofindtheexactcorrectanswer.TypicalwaystoattackaCausalA)FindanalternatecauseforthestatedHumanbeingshavecognitivefacultiesthataresuperiortothoseofotheranimals,andoncehumansbecomeawareofthese,theycannotbemadehappybyanythingthatdoesnotinvolvegratificationofthesefaculties.Whichoneofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,mostcallsintoquestiontheviewCertainanimals-dolphinsandchimpanzees,forexample-appeartobecapableofrationalManypeoplefamiliarbothwithintellectualstimulationandwithphysicalpleasuresenjoythelatterone.SomewhoneverexperiencedclassicalmusicasachildwillusuallypreferpopularmusicasanManypeoplewhoareseriousathletesconsiderthemselvestobeManypeoplewhoareseriousathleteslovegourmetShowthatevenShowthatevenwhenthecauseoccurs,theeffectdoesnotoccurShowthatalthoughtheeffectoccurs,thecausedidnotoccurShowthatthestatedrelationshipisShowthatastatisticalproblemexistswiththedatausedtomakethecausal4.Final①Carefullyreadthestimulusandanswerchoices.Payattentiontothespecificsoftheconclusion,andclassifyanswerchoicestoContendersandLosers.②Prephaseanswer.Ifthestimuluscontainscauseandeffectreasoning,usethearrowtodrawit.③Trytofigureouttheunderlineprinciplesineveryexamplethatexistsasananswerchoice.Donotgeneralize.④BeconfidenttoyourselfandpayattentiontotimeChapter7CauseandEffect**Causeand若结论中出现XX导致了XX，即结论中出现因果关系，则结论一定有因XXXX出现在前提中，则结论可能是错的。假如1.Mostcausalconclusionsareflawedbecausetherecanbealternativeexplanationsthestated①Anothercausecouldaccountforthe②Athirdeventcouldhavecausedboththestatedcauseand③Thesituationmayinfactbe④Theeventsmayberelatedbutnot⑤Entireoccurrencecouldbetheresultof2.CausalityintheConclusionversusCausalityintheCasualstatementscanbefoundinthepremisesorconclusionofanargument.Ifthecausalstatementistheconclusion,thenthereasoningisflawed.Ifthecausalstatementispremise,thentheargumentmaybeflawed,butnotbecauseofthecausalThisisanargumentwithaPremise:InNorthAmerica,peopledrinkalotofPremise:ThereisahighfrequencyofcancerinNorthConclusion:Therefore,drinkingmilkcausesConclusion:Therefore,drinkingmilkcausesIfacausalclaimismadeinthepremises,however,thennocausalreasoningerrorexistsinargument.(Ofcourse,theargumentmaybeflawedinotherways.)Asmentionedpreviously,themakersoftheGMATtendtoallowpremisestogounchallengedanditisconsideredacceptableforanauthortobeginhisargumentbystatingacausalrelationshipandthencontinuingfromPremise:DrinkingmilkcausesPremise:TheresidentsofNorthAmericadrinkalotofConclusion:Therefore,inNorthAmericathereisahighfrequencyofcanceramongthe3.Situationsthatcanleadtoerrorsof①Oneeventoccursbefore②Two(ormore)eventsoccuratthesameGMAT总是认为，这个起因是唯一的起因，4.HowtoattackaCausal①FindanalternatecauseforthestatedeffectBecausetheauthorbelievesthatthereisonlyonecause,identifyinganothercauseweakenstheconclusion.②Showthatevenwhenthecauseoccurs,theeffectdoesnotoccurThistypeofansweroftenappearsintheformofcounterexample.Becausetheauthorbelievesthatthecausealwaysproducestheeffect,anyscenariowherethecauseoccursandtheeffectdoesnotweakenstheconclusion.③Showthatalthoughtheeffectoccurs,thecausedidnotoccur表明虽然结果发生，但是原因没有发生有果无因Thistypeofansweroftenappearsintheformofcounterexample.Becausethebelievesthattheeffectisalwaysproducedbythesamecause,anyscenariowheretheeffectoccursandthecausedoesnotweakenstheargument.④ShowthatthestatedrelationshipisreversedBecausetheauthorbelievesthatBecausetheauthorbelievesthatthecauseandeffectrelationshipiscorrectlyshowingthattherelationshipisbackwardsunderminesthe⑤Showthatastatisticalproblemexistswiththedatausedtomakethecausal补充:Conditional(ConditionalReasoning在LSATLogicalReasoning中提及，但没有在GMATCritical中被提及ConditionalReasoningAsufficientconditioncanbedefinedasaneventorcircumstancewhoseoccurrenceindicatesthatanecessaryconditionmustalsooccur.Anecessaryconditioncanbedefinedasaneventorcircumstancewhoseoccurrenceisrequiredinorderforasufficientconditiontooccur.TointroduceaPeoplewhoInordertoTointroduceanecessaryOnlyifAsprovenbythediscussionofthepreviousproblem,thereisasimpleruleforweakeningaconditionalconclusion:Toweakenaconditionalconclusion,attackthenecessaryconditionbyshowingthenecessaryconditiondoesnotneedtooccurinorderforthesufficientconditiontooccur.ThiscanbeachievedbypresentingacounterexampleorbypresentinginformationthatshowsthatthesufficientconditioncanoccurwithoutthenecessaryThisleadstoanotherClassicWhenyouhaveconditionalreasoninginthestimulusandaWeakenquestion,immediatelylookforananswerthatattacksthenecessarycondition.引申Lawyer的条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。或举反例，或提供有关信息。就是要为充分条件找到成立的另一理由，即使没有必要条件，充分条件也可以成立。但是不要很多迷惑项是weaken充分条件。很多迷惑项是weaken充分条件。题目要weaken的是B→Aweaken了那完全不起作，Chapter8StrengthenandAssumption6,11,13,14，21,25,32,42,51,53,65,67,68,82,94,100 ,107,109,113,115,119,121InadditiontothePrimaryObjective,keepthesefundamentalrulesinmindwhenapproachingStrengthen&Assumptionquestions:1.Thestimuluswillcontainanargument.Sinceyouarebeingaskedabouttheauthor’sreasoning,andreasoningrequiresaconclusion,anargumentwillalwaysbepresent.Inordertomaximizeyourchanceofsuccess,youshouldidentify,isolate,andassessthepremisesandtheconclusionoftheargument.Onlybyunderstandingthestructureoftheargumentcanyougaintheperspectivenecessarytounderstandtheauthor’s2.Focusontheconclusion.Almostallcorrectanswerchoicesimpacttheconclusion.moreyouknowaboutthespecificsoftheconclusion,thebetterarmedyouwillbetodifferentiatethecorrectandincorrectanswers.3.Theinformationinthestimulusissuspect.Thereareoftenreasoningerrorpresent,youmustreadtheargumentverycarefullyinordertoknowhowtoshoreupthe4.Thesequestionsoftenyieldstrongprephases.Makesureyouactivelyconsidertheofpossibleanswersbeforeproceedingtotheanswer5.Theanswerchoicesareacceptasgiven,eveniftheyinclude“new”information.LikeWeakenQuestions,theanswerchoicestotheproblemsinthischaptercanbringintoconsiderationinformationoutsideofortangentialtothestimulus.JustbecauseafactorideaisnotmentionedinthestimulusisnotgroundsfordismissingananswerThedifferencebetweenStrengthen&AssumptionStrengthenQuestionsaskyoutosupporttheargumentinanywaypossible.Thistypeofanswerhasgreatrange,astheadditionalsupportprovidedbytheanswerchoicecouldberelativelyminorormajor.Speakinginnumericalterms,anyanswerchoicethatstrengthenstheargument,whetherby1%or100%,iscorrect.AssumptionQuestionsaskyoutoidentifyastatementthattheargumentassumessupposes.Anassumptionissimplyanunstatedpremise-whatmustbetrueinordertheargumenttobetrue.Anassumptioncantheargumenttobetrue.Anassumptioncanthereforebedefinedassomethingthatisnecessaryfortheargumenttobetrue.AssumptionsupportStrengthenThecorrectanswerchoicedoesnotnecessarilyjustifytheargument,noristhecorrectanswerchoicenecessarilyanassumptionoftheargument.Thecorrectanswerchoicesimplyhelpstheargumentinsomeway.Howtostrengthenan1.Identifytheconclusion:Thisiswhatyouaretryingto2Personalizethe 3Lookforweaknessesintheargument.GAP4.Argumentscontainanalogiesorusesurveysrelyuponthevalidityofthoseanalogiesandsurveys.Answerchoicesthatstrengthentheanalogyorsurvey,orestablishtheirsoundness,areusuallycorrect.Argumentargument5.Rememberthatthecorrectanswercanstrengthentheargumentjustalittleoralot.Thisvariationiswhatmakesthesequestionsdifficult.argumentThreeIncorrectAnswer1.OppositeWeakenargument因为这个选项和结论有着直接的关系，所以显得非常诱人，预判选Ifyouseeaweaknessorflawintheargument,lookforananswerthateliminatestheweakness.Inotherwords,closeanygaporholeintheargument.ManyStrengthenquestionsrequirestudentstofindthemissinglinkbetweenapremiseandtheconclusion.Thesemissinglinksareassumptionsmadebytheauthor,andbringinganassumptiontolightstrengthenstheargumentbecauseitvalidatespartoftheauthor’sthinking.ThisideawillbediscussedfurtherintheAssumptionsectionofthechapter.Whenevaluatingananswer,askyourself,“Wouldthisanswerchoiceassisttheauthorinway?”Ifso,youhavethecorrectShellGameOutShellGameOutofScopeCausalityandStrengthenInstrengthenquestions,supportingacauseandeffectrelationshipalmostalwaysconsistsofperformingoneofthefollowingtasks:1.Eliminateanyalternatecausesforthestated排除他消除其他原因的可能性也是一种加Becausetheauthorbelievesthereisonlyonecause(thestatedcauseinargument),eliminatingotherpossiblecausesstrengthensthe2.Showthatwhenthecauseoccurs,theeffectoccurs.(Thistypeofanswercanappearintheformofanexample.)有因必有果这个类型常以一个例子的形式出Becausetheauthorbelievesthatthecausealwaysproducestheeffect,anywherethecauseoccursandtheeffectfollowslendscredibilitytotheconclusion.Thistypeofanswercanappearintheformofaexample.3.Showthatwhenthecausedoesnotoccur,theeffectdoesnot无因无果作者这个因必然会导致这个结果。选项如果这个原因不发生么结果也一定不发生。支持结论；og上蝙蝠那道题；Usingthereasoninginthepreviouspoint,anyscenariowherethecausedoesnotandtheeffectdoesnotoccursupportstheconclusion.Thistypeofansweralsocanappearintheformofanexample.4.Eliminatethepossibilitythatthestatedrelationshipis因果不颠倒。消除因果倒置的可能性Becausetheauthorbelievesthatthecauseandeffectrelationshipiscorrectlystated,eliminatingthepossibilitythattherelationshipisbackwards(theclaimedeffectisactuallythecauseoftheclaimedcause)strengthensthe5.Showthatthedatausedtomakethecausalstatementareaccurate,oreliminatethepossibleproblemswiththedata.证明（消除数据存在的问题Ifthedatausedtomakeacausalstatementisinerror,thenthevalidityoftheclaimisinquestion.Anyinformationthateliminateserrororreducesthepossibilityoferrorwillsupporttheargument.JustifytheConclusionToJustifytheConclusionTosolvethistypeofquestion,applytheJustifyFormula:Premises+Answerchoice=ConclusionMostJustifytheConclusionquestionstemstypicallycontainsomeofthefollowingthreeThestemusestheword“if”oranothersufficientconditionThestemusesthephrase“allowstheconclusiontobeproperlydrawn”or“enablestheconclusiontobeproperlydrawn.”ThestemdoesnotlessenthedegreeofBecauselogicallyprovinganargumentisadifficulttaskthatrequires100%certainty,onlycertaintypesofargumentationtendtoappearinJustifystim