城市规划毕业设计外文翻译最全完整版样本

SpatialPlanningSystemofNationalTerritoryinJapan，ChinaandKorea日本、中华人民共和国和韩国国土空间规划体系KyungrockYE，Jun-huaZHANG，TakeshiKINOSHITA，Xing-yanWANGAbstract：ThisstudyconductedthenationalterritoryplanningsystemofJapan，ChinaandKorea，onapremisetodiscusspossibilityofintegratedspatialplanningofEasternAsia.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoarrangemajorspatialplansofthreecountriesaccordingtoclassificationofurbanandnon-urbanarea，andtoclarifyingroleofeachspatialplan.。文摘:本研究是在进行中华人民共和国、日本、韩国国土规划体系前提下,探讨整个亚洲东部综合空间规划也许性。本研究目是依照都市区域和非都市区域分类，明确大空间筹划下三个国家在规划中所扮演角色。Asaresult，Korea，thesmallestcountryamongthreecountries，hasonesystemonlanduse，developmentandconservation，consideringwholenationalterritorytobeonecityplanningarea，andaroleandrelationofeachspatialplaniscomparativelyclear.Ontheotherhand，China，thelargestcountryamongthreecountries，althougharoleandrelationofeachspatialplanareclearinurbanarea，ageneralrecognitionfornecessityofnon-urbanareaplanningisweak.IncaseofJapan，thecharacteristicsthatthespatialplanningsystemisconsistedonthedivisionintourbanareaandnon-urbanarea，isverysimilartoChina，andthereishardlyrelationbetweenthesetwokindsofspatialplanning.最后,作为最小国家韩国,已拥有一种针对土地使用、发展与保护体系,它把整个国家领土是一种都市规划区考虑，每个空间规划角色和关系较为清晰。另一方面,作为最大国家中华人民共和国,尽管市区空间规划是很明确，但人们对非都市空间规划注重限度都非常薄弱。在日本，空间规划系统对都市区域和非都市地区划分原则跟中华人民共和国是非常相似,这两种类型空间规划几乎没有必然关系。Keywords：Nationalterritoryplan；Japan；China；Korea；Spatialplanning；EasternAsiaCommunity.核心词:国土规划;日本、中华人民共和国、韩国、空间规划、东亚共同体。RecentlyitisfrequentlydiscussedontheEasternAsiaCommunity.Thisisstillmainlyfocusedontheeconomy，butinenvironmentalaspectwealsohavesomecommonseriousproblems,e.g.sustainabledevelopment，bio-diversity，outstandinglandscape/natureconservation，balanceddevelopmentoftownandcountry，culturalassetsconservation/utilizationandseveralenvironmentalproblems.Inordertosettlethesesubjects，itisimportantnotonlytochallengebyeachcountrybutalsotoprepareacommonframeworkforcomprehensivespatialplanningcoveringwholeeasternAsia..近来东亚共同体经常被讨论，重要关注依然是经济问题,但在环保方面咱们也有某些常用严重问题需要解决,如可持续发展、生物多样性、先进景观、自然保护、城乡协调发展、文化遗产保护、环境问题等。解决这些问题,重要不但是对每个国家挑战,而是需要准备一种常用全面覆盖整个亚洲空间规划框架。ThisstudywasdonetoclarifythesimilaritiesanddifferencesofnationalterritoryplanningsystemofJapan，ChinaandKoreaasafirststeptodiscussonthesubjectsandpossibilitiesofcomprehensiveEasternAsianspatialplanning.UntilnowthenationalterritoryplanningsystemofJapanandKoreahavealreadybeenstudied，butthecomparativestudybetweenthreecountriesincludingChinafromtheviewpointofspatialplanninghasneverseenbefore.Weusedmainlyrelatedliteraturesonplanningsystemandgovernment'sofficialwebsitesofeachcountrytoclarifythepurposesofthisstudy.Andweclassifiedeachcountry'smajorspatialplansintofourcategories,national，regional，urbanareaandnon-urbanarea，anddiscussedontheverticalandhorizontalrelationbetweenthem.本研究之目：第一步是明确日本、中华人民共和国和韩国国土规划体系异同,讨论综合东亚空间规划课题和也许性。迄今为止,日本和韩国国土规划体系已经进行了比较研究阶段,但从空间规划角度对三个国家比较研究尚未进行。咱们重要在每一种国家规划系统有关文献、政府官方网站上阐明了本篇研究目。咱们按照整个大空间规划把每个国家分为国家、地区、都市区域和非都市区域四类,讨论垂直和水平关系。1NationalTerritoryPlanningSystemofJapanTheComprehensiveNationalDevelopmentAct(1950)，LandUsePlanningAct(1974)andCityPlanningAct(1968)supportJapanesemajorspatialplanning(Table1).TheseareallunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryofLand，infrastructureandTransport.TheCNDPprovidestong-rangevisionsonnation-widelanduse，developmentandconservation，socialoverheadcapital，andatrafficpolicy.Accordingthisplan，theCPDPandMLParetobeprepared.ThePlansprovidedbyLandUsePlanningActincludesNLPandPLPontheperspectiveofeffectivenationallanduseandLUMPthatclassifiedprefecturallanduseintofiveareas(town，agriculture，forest，naturalparkandnaturalconservationarea).Fig.1showsthattherearemaintwospatialplansbytwoactsatnationalandregionallevel，buttherelationandarolesharingbetweentheactsandplans.Representativeplansofurbanareaandnon-urbanareaaretheMLPbyLandUsePlanningActandtheCPbyCityPlanningAct，buttherelationbetweenthetwoisnotclearandactuallytheonlyCPplaysakeyroletocontrollanduse.itisclearthattheJapanesenationalterritoryplanningisdividedintoNLPandCPandtheroleofregionalplanningisrelativelysmall.Thereforetheareathatiscloselycoveredbymainthreeactsisonly'cityplanningarea'，theothernon-urbanareaisdependedonotherrelatedacts(Fig.1).TheareaclassificationbyLUMPsupportscompetentministriesandacts，andseparateplansareappliedtoeacharea.Inotherwords，onemaysaythattheJapanesenationalterritoryplanningstressestheurbanareas'plansandinnon-urbanareasthereisnocomprehensiveplanthatunifiestherelatedplans(Fig.1)andaframe/roleofregionalplanningisrelativelyweak.一、日本国土规划系统综合国家发展行动(1950年)、土地运用总体规划(1974年)和都市规划条例(1968)都支持日本重要空间规划(表1)。这些都是其管辖下土地、基本设施、运送。CNDP提供在全国土地运用、保护和发展、社会资本,交通政策概念规划。依照该规划,CPDP和MLP已经开始准备。这个能提供土地运用总体规划筹划涉及对国家土地运用分类PLP和NLP和对县级土地运用提成五类(镇、农、林、天然公园和自然保护区)LUMP。图1显示了两个在国家和地区水平上重要空间筹划行为,但这种关系和角色被行为和筹划分享，市区和非市区域代表筹划是由土地运用总体规划MLP和都市规划CP,但两者之间关系尚不清晰,其实只有CP扮演着核心角色来控制土地使用。很明显,日本国土规划分为NLP和CP，而区域规划影响是较小。因而,市区重要由三个行为控制,而其她非市区是依托其他有关行为。LUMP对这个地区别类支持主管部门和行为,并单独应用于各区域筹划中。换句话说,日本国土规划强调都市地区筹划和非地区并没有全面结合有关筹划,区域规划还相对薄弱。2.NationalTerritoryPlanningSystemofChinaTheLandManagementAct(1986)，CityPlanningAct(1989)，andtheVillageandCountryPlanningRegulations(1993)supportChinesemajorspatialplanning.ThecompetentministriesareclassifiedintotheMinistryofLandandResources，theMinistryofConstruction，andtheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission.UndertheLandManagementActtheadministrativeauthorities(upperlevelofprefecture)preparetheCNLUPtoclassifythefuturelanduseandcontrol，toregulatenetvolumeofconstructionsite，andtoprotectfarmlands.UndertheCityPlanningAct，theNTCPprovidesalong-rangehierarchyofcities'populationsizeandcityplanningareainthewholenationalterritoryfromthecomprehensivestrategicviewpointofeconomicalandsocialdevelopmentinharmonywithresourcesandecologicalenvironment.TheCPisconstitutedwithComP(indicatesthefuturedevelopmentdirectionandlanduseofadministrativeunitsupperlevelofprefecture)，DP(whichispreparedinthedistrictarea)，andDeP(providesotherdetailitems).TheVCPprovidesvillageandcountry'sdevelopmentdirectionandplacementplanofproductionandlifefacilitiessuchastransport，disasterprevention，commerceandgreening，etc.，enhancinglocalidentity.TheRPisawideareaplanningofaneconomiccommunitycoveringpluraladministrativeunitstoharmonizeeconomicaldevelopmentandresourcesmanagementlikeas'TheYangtzeRiverDeltaAreaPlan'.Thisplanhaspossibilitytoplayaroleofwidearea(theoreticallywholenationalarea)adjustmentbeyondawallbetweenadministrativeareastargetingaplanofcitysize，transportnetworking，utilization，developmentandconservationofresources，etc.，butitissaidthepowerandmanagementbaseasaspatialplanarerelativelyweak。BythewayintheletterofeachactitisprescribedthattheVCPhastoadjustitselftoCPandCLUP，andtheCFhastoadjustitselftotheCLUPandRP，butactuallyfalsesettinghasoccurredfrequentlybecauseofadifficultiesofplanningadjustmentbetweendifferentministriesandunclearshareoftherolebetweentheseplans.Ontheotherhand，theadministrativeauthoritiesupperlevelofprefecturehasaresponsibilitytoprepareeachplan，thusitissaidthatthereismuchrepetitionofaplan，however，thealmostwholenationalterritory(bothurbanareasandnon-urbanareas)iscloselycoveredbytheseCPandVCP(Table1).Asaresult，inthenationalterritory.planningtherearesimilarplanningconceptsasmuchasthenumberofcompetentministries，possibilitytobecomearepetitionplanishigh.Thisplanningsystemmakecoveringbothtownandcountryareahasalreadybeenestablished，buteachplanistendtobeboundtoanadministrativeauthority，thereforeageneralideasuchasRPisneedtospread，thatcanadjustthemattersinwideareacoveringsomeprovincesandinmediumareacoveringsomecitiesandprefectures.二、中华人民共和国国土规划体系土地管理行为(1986)、都市规划条例(1989)、村庄和国家规划法规(1993)支持中华人民共和国重要空间规划。主管部门分为国土资源部、建设部、国家发展和改革委员会。依照土地管理法行政当局（县上级）拟订CNLUP分类将来土地运用和控制、规范施工现场净体积、保护农田。依照都市规划法，NTCP提供了都市远期层次人口规模,从整个都市综合经济、社会与资源和生态环境协调发展战略高度规划国土面积。CP是由ComP（指出此后发展方向和土地使用单位行政上级县），DP（这是该区面积编写），和DEP（提供其她细节项目）。VCP提供乡村和国家发展方向和安顿筹划生产和生活设施，如交通，灾害防止，商业和绿化等，加强地方认同。RP是一种涵盖了经济社会广泛多元行政区划区规划，协调经济发展和资源管理，就好像'长江三角洲地区筹划'。这个筹划也许性，以发挥广域（理论上整个国民经济领域中作用）超过目的之间都市规模，交通网络，运用、开发和资源保护等规划调节行政区域，但作为一种空间筹划，力度和管理基本相对薄弱。此外，每一种字母方式行为是受到规定，VCP必要调节自己CP和CLUP，并且CF要调节自己CLUP和RP，但事实上错误经常发生，由于经常谋划困难调节各部委之间和它们之间共享筹划作用尚不清晰。另一方面，行政当局县上层有责任准备每个筹划，因而有人说，有诸多重复筹划，但是，几乎整个国家领土（涉及都市地区和非都市地区）密切受这些CP和VCP影响（表1）。因而，在国家国土规划上有类似规划概念跟主管部门数目同样多，从而重复筹划也变得非常高。这个系统使规划覆盖都市和农村地区都已经建立，但每个筹划往往被绑定到一种行政机关，因而，一种总体思路如RP是发扬，可以调节涉及某些省在内大区域，和涉及一种区域及市区域。3NationalTerritoryPlanningSystemofKoreaTheKoreansystemissimplerthantheJapaneseandtheChineseone，reflectingsmallnationalterritory.MajorspatialplanningrelatedactsaretheFrameworkActofNationalTerritory()andtheActonPlanningandUseofNationalTerritory()，andthecompetentauthorityistheMinistryofConstructionandTransportonly.Plansprovidedbythesetwoactscompletelyshareinresponsibility.TheCNTPprovidesfundamentalandlong-rangepoliciesonthenation/region/municipality'sdevelopmentdirectionandfutureimage，utilizationandmanagementoflandresources,disasterpreventionandenvironmentalconservationandimprovement，etc.TheRP(providedbytheActonPlanningandUseofNationalTerritory)，whichiscomprehensiveplancoveringwidearea(thatissetifnecessary)toextendtoseveralcitiesandcounties，aimstoshareinresponsibilityofurbanfunctionsatwidescale，openspaceplanning，environmentalplanning，andlandscapeplanning.TheCP(coveringurbanareas)andtheCoP(coveringnon-urbanofareas)arethelong-rangecomprehensivespatialplanning，andbothplansconsistofamasterplanandamanagementplan.TheCMPandCOMPprovidedirectionandaimsoflanduse,developmentandconservationandtheCMaFandtheCoMaPconductamanagementofthem.ConsistencybetweenplansishighbecauseofaStrlcttopandbottomrelation.TherelationbetweentheCoPandotherrelatedacts(byotherministries)areclear，too.InadditiontheCPandCoPareinthehigherpositionofspatialplanningsystemincompetentadministrativearea，andtheyfunctionasanintegratedplanninginacityoracounty.AsasmallcountryKorea，toapplyingdifferentplanningsystemtotownsideandcountrysideratherbroughtanenvironmentorlandscapeimpoverishmentinnon-urbanareas，thusitbecamepossibletoapplytechniqueofcityplanningtoanon-urbanareaunderestablishmentofnewactsof.AsaresulttheKoreanplanningsystembecamesimplestructure，butthestrictrelationBetweenahigherplanandalowerplanmaybringstandardizationandstiffeningofplanning.thereforeitbecomebasicsubjectshowtosurpassthesimplewayofthinkingofcityplanningsystem，howtoapplyotherrelatedplansandlocalandnationalidentityintoplans，andhowtointegrate/useeffectivelyministries'viewpoints.三、韩国国土规划体系韩国系统要比日本和中华人民共和国简朴些，反映了小国家领土。重要空间规划关于行为，是国家领土（）和规划与国家领土（），而主管机关仅仅是建筑部和交通运送部。这两个筹划所提供行为完全分担责任。CNTP运用土地资源、防止灾害和环保和改进等，对国家、地区、直辖市发展方向和将来形象提供主线和长远政策，RP（由规划和使用法规定管理国土）是个全面筹划，涵盖广泛区域（如果有必要即设立）扩大到好几种都市和县，旨在大规模地在都市功能分担责任，开放空间规划、环境规划、景观规划。CP（涉及市区）和COP（涉及非地区都市）是长期提供全面空间规划，两个筹划涉及一种总体规划和管理筹划.CMP和COMP提供指引和土地运用，开发和保护以及CMaF和COMAP是她们目的进行管理。筹划之间一致性，就像顶部和底部关系。COP和其她部委关系是明确。此外，CP和CoP作为主管行政区域空间规划体系较高位置对一种都市甚至国家进行综合规划。韩国作为一种小国，对城乡和农村采用不同规划制度，以带来非都市地区环境或景观发展，因而它使得运用都市规划下建立新行为非市区成为也许。因而，韩国筹划体制成为构造简朴，但严格意义上，较高和较低筹划也许带来原则化，因而基本问题是如何超越了都市规划体系，思考如何合用其她有关筹划和地方、国家筹划，以及如何简朴办法整合、使用部委观点。4Conclusions(1)Actsandcompetentministriesrelatednationalterritoryplan：OnemaysaythatJapanandChinahavesimilarplanningsystem，as.showing(Fig.l)whenthereispluralactsthatsupportnationalterritoryplan，therelationbetweenplansandaroleofeachministryshouldbemadeclear.(2)Verticalrelationofplans：ChinaandKoreahascomparativelyclearverticalrelationbetweenplansbecausetheybothhavestrongnaturetotransmitplanningpolicyfromtoptobottom.However，aneachplanofChinawasstrictlyboundtoadministrativeunitandinJapantheroleofsemi-wideareaplanningisrelativelyweak.Inthefuture，settingwide-areaplanningbeyondsingleadministrativeunitwouldbepossibletoconnecteffectivelythehigherplansandthelowerplans,accordingtoeconomic，culturalandnaturalconditions.(3)Spatialareacoveredbynationalterritoryplan：InJapantheareacoveredbyacertaincomprehensiveplanisactuallylimitedtocityplanningarea(CPA).Spatialplanningdoesnotcoveralmostnon-CPAarea；thereforecomprehensiveenvironmentalorlandscapeimprovementfromaviewpointofmulti-directionsispossiblydifficult.(4)Weightofplanning：WemightsayJapanputstheweightofplanningtourbanarea，andKorea，theoretically，putstheweighttobothurbanandruralareaequally.InChina，nowadaystheweightofplanningisparticularlyontileurbanareawithhigheconomicgrowth.Howeveritisimportanttaskstoestablishnon-urbanarea'scomprehensiveplanninginthreecountries，inotherwords，toconservetheirownnature，cultureandlandscapesofnon-urbanarea，strengtheninglocalidentityandoriginality.Throughthisstudy，wecanreferthatthereisabigrelationbetweenthesizeofnationalterritoryandacharacteroftheplanningsystem.Widernationalterritoryhasmoremultistageadministrativeunit，andthepl