高考英语阅读理解五步法专项带练(58)讲义

①TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.②Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottemptedbysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.③Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.④Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformation-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.【素材来源：四川省成都市树德中学2023-2024学年高三上学期期末英语试题】28.WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischel’stest?A.Takeanexaminationalone.B.Sharetheirtreatswithothers.C.Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.D.Showrespectfortheresearchers.29.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween_______.A.thecalorie-poorworldandourgoodappetitesB.theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneedsC.thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfitD.therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrains30.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?A.Beselectiveinformationconsumers.B.Absorbnewinformationreadily.C.Usediverseinformationsources.D.Protecttheinformationenvironment.31.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.EatLess,ReadMoreB.TheLater,theBetterC.TheMarshmallowTestforGrownupsD.TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumans【五步法解析】串联题干WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischel’stest?AccordingtoParagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween_______.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?归纳主题词：test,readers,mismatch,secondtreat28.WhatdidthechildrenneedtodotogetasecondtreatinMischel’stest?在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要做什么才能得到第二次奖励?A.Takeanexaminationalone.独自参加考试。B.Sharetheirtreatswithothers.与他人分享他们的食物。C.Delayeatingforfifteenminutes.推迟15分钟进食。D.Showrespectfortheresearchers.尊重研究人员①TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.29.AccordingtoParagraph3,thereisamismatchbetween_______.根据第3段，两者之间存在不匹配A.thecalorie-poorworldandourgoodappetites卡路里匮乏的世界和我们的好胃口B.theshortageofsugarandournutritionalneeds糖的短缺和我们的营养需求C.thetemptingfoodsandoureffortstokeepfit诱人的食物和我们为保持健康所做的努力D.therichfoodsupplyandourunchangedbrains丰富的食物供应和我们不变的大脑（反话正说）③Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.我们之所以会受到甜食的诱惑，是因为我们的祖先生活在一个卡路里匮乏的世界里，我们的大脑对这些甜食形成了一种反应机制，反映了它们的价值——一种奖励和满足感。Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗明知不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。30.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?作者建议读者做什么?A.Beselectiveinformationconsumers.做有选择性的信息消费者B.Absorbnewinformationreadily.容易吸收新信息。C.Usediverseinformationsources.使用不同的信息源D.Protecttheinformationenvironment.保护信息环境。考察的是因果关系的行文逻辑和词汇复现同义替换：selective=bemorethoughtfulabout④Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformation-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.Therefore,justasweneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourcaloricconsumption,wealsoneedtobemorethoughtfulaboutourinformationconsumption,resistingthetemptationofthemental“junkfood”inordertomanageourtimemosteffectively.因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。31.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?下面哪个是这篇文章最好的标题?A.EatLess,ReadMore少吃多读B.TheLater,theBetter越晚越好C.TheMarshmallowTestforGrownups成人棉花糖测试(原词对应）D.TheBitterTruthaboutEarlyHumans关于早期人类的痛苦真相①TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.【逐句翻译】第一段TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedbypsychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.斯坦福棉花糖(棉花糖)测试最初是由心理学家沃尔特·米歇尔在20世纪60年代末进行的。Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.幼儿园里4到6岁的孩子被安排在一个房间里。Asinglesugarytreat,selectedbythechild,wasplacedonatable.句子结构分析：selectedby..过去分词作定语修饰asinglesurgerytreat句意：孩子们选了一份糖，放在桌子上。Eachchildwastold(that)iftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat,theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.句子结构分析：that引导宾语从句；if引导条件状语从句（主将从现结构）句意：每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃糖果前等15分钟，他们就会得到第二次糖果。Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.然后把他们单独留在房间里Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.句子结构分析：with后接介词短语修饰students句意：对这些孩子以后生活的后续研究表明，等待足够长的时间以获得第二次奖励的能力与各种形式的成功之间存在联系。【真题必考词汇】Followupvt.把…贯彻到底，对…采取进一步行动;跟着，追逐，继续Followuptheshipmentandreceivedthegoodsingoodquality.跟进运输,及时收到优质的货品.第二段：Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。We’renottemptedbysugarytreats,butbyourcomputers,phones,andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformation//thatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.句子结构分析：第一个that引导定语从句修饰devices;第二个that引导定语从句修饰information句意：诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。第三段：Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld,andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.句子结构分析：because引导原因状语从句；that引导定语从句修饰thesetreats;afeelingof..后接同位语修饰value.句意：我们之所以会受到甜食的诱惑，是因为我们的祖先生活在一个卡路里匮乏的世界里，我们的大脑对这些甜食形成了一种反应机制，反映了它们的价值——一种奖励和满足感。【真题必考词汇】Temptvt.引诱，怂恿;吸引;冒…的风险;使感兴趣Don'ttemptthievesbyleavingvaluablesclearlyvisible.别把贵重物品放在显眼处招贼。Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus,dramaticallyreducingthecostandeffortinvolvedinobtainingcalories,westillhavethesamebrainswehadthousandsofyearsago,andthismismatchisattheheartofwhysomanyofusstruggletoresisttemptingfoodsthatweknowweshouldn’teat.句子结构分析：reducing现在分词作伴随状语；that引导定语从句修饰temptingfoods句意：但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。【真题必考词汇】reshapevt.重塑;给…以新形态;采取新形式;打开新局面Recessionhassimplyacceleratedchangesthathavebeenreshapingtheindustryanyway.经济萧条只不过加速了原本就在改变行业状况的变化。2.reducev.减少，缩小;使变成;节食;使不得不;使沦为（不好境地）;（使）浓缩Costshavebeenreducedby20%overthepastyear.过去一年，各项费用已经减少了20%。3.mismatchn.错配，失谐Thereisamismatchbetweentheskillsofferedbypeopleandtheskillsneededbyindustry.行业需要的技术与人们可以提供的技能并不匹配。第四段：Asimilarprocessisatworkinourresponsetoinformation.我们对信息的反应也有类似的过程。【真题必考词汇】Inresponseto对…做出反应ThemeetingwascalledinresponsetoarequestfromVenezuela.应委内瑞拉的要求召开了这次会议。Ourformativeenvironmentasaspecieswasinformation-poor,soourbrainsdevelopedamechanismthatprizednewinformation.句子结构分析：that引导定语从句修饰mechanism句意：作为一个物种，我们的形成环境是缺乏信息的，所以我们的大脑发展了一种重视新信息的机制。【真题必考词汇】mechanismn.[生]机制，机能，[乐]机理;（机械）结构，机械装置[作用]，（故事的）结构;[艺]手法，技巧，途径;机械作用There'snomechanismforpunishingarmsexporterswhobreaktherules.对违规的武器出口商实施惩罚尚无执行机制。prizev.重视;撬动;竭力打探(考察的是熟词僻义）Istillprizeallthoseearlypamphlets.我仍珍视所有的那些早期小册子.Butglobalconnectivityhasgreatlychangedourinformationenvironment.但全球互联互通极大地改变了我们的信息环境。Wearenowceaselesslybombarded(轰炸)withnewinformation.我们现在不断受到新信息的轰炸(轰炸)。【真题必考词汇】carelesslyadv.无忧无虑地;粗心大意地;草率地;淡漠地