教师用书mass-media传媒英语词汇解释、课文及课后翻译(中传研究生用)Unit-5

Unit5TelevisionContents:KeytotheexercisesTranslationSupplementaryReadingPartOneKeytotheexercisesPassageAI.Lead-inQuestions:1.Itdepends.2.BigBrother,TheApprentice,AmericanIdoloranyotherfamousrealityTVshows.3.Mostprobablyyes,becauseTVshowsalwaysindicatekindsofvalues,whichinfluenceaudiences’behaviorsandthoughts.ThatiswhyparentsalwaysconcernchildrenbecomemoreviolentafterwatchingviolenceonTV.Andanotherobviousexampleisadvertisements,whicharedirectedtoinfluencebuyinghabitsofaudiences.4.Thisisquiteabigtopic.TVguys,whoseultimatepurposeistomakemostprofitsoutofleastcost,therefore,mayresorttosomesensationalmannerstoattracttheattentionofaudience.Comparingwithinternet,whichfeaturestimelynewsandfreeinteractions,TVbroadcastersmayseekcooperationorintegrationwithinternetgiants,realizingwin-winoutcomes.II.WordsStudyPost-readingActivitiesI.UnderstandingthetextAnswerthefollowingquestions.1．Becauseofthepressureforprofits.Quick-fixandlow-qualityproductiondoesn’tneedexperiencedstaff,whowillaskforahigherpaymentnecessarily.Anotherreasonisthatbossesbelievenewcomersalwaysbringwiththemnewideas.2．Theemployerbelievesso.Buttheauthordoesn’tthinkso.3．Independentproductioncompaniesareproducingprogramsforbroadcasters.4．Withdigitalmedia,everyonecanbecomeaninformationsource.Wecanproduce,editandevenshowourownworks,whichisgiftedwithmorefreedomthantraditionalTVmedia.Differentstudentsmayhavedifferentanswerstowardsthisquestion.5．Definitelyyes,becauseseriousfactualprogramproductionandeditingarefarmoredemandingthantheworkofrealityshows,whichstressmoreonentertainmentelements.6．No,theyneedtoenrichtheirknowledgeanddevelopamoreseriousandall-roundthinkinghabits.Inaword,theyshouldstudyhardtobequalified.7．Answerphonecallsandcontactsponsors.Actually,programresearchersshouldberesponsibleforstudyingthemarketoftheprogram.II.Translation:TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.1.独立电视台执行主席麦克尔·格雷德〔MichealGrade〕〔英国播送公司前任主席〕面对受众指责独立电视台时，反戈一击，他批评了英国播送公司二台〔BBC2〕的节目。他说这些节目大量聘用缺乏训练和经验缺乏的新手。暴露出种种欺骗观众的做法，让业内人士感到很为难。2.他说：“撤销对独立制作公司的管制之前，为播送公司工作要签订长期合同。当时还有一个正式的培训系统，同时还有一个非正式的培训体系，由像我这样的制片人或者编辑组织讲座，教人们如何制作节目。现在任何人都可以涉足播送电视行业，甚至不需要什么特殊的训练，行业呈现出随意化趋势。竞争非常剧烈，合同都是短期合同，想来工作的人数比工作时机多得多。”3.因为大家长时间在一起工作，一起吃喝。有一种与世隔绝，被孤立的感觉。你们在一起合作是为了提供产品，不用想太多的问题，根本不用从新闻职业的角度思考问题，这或许是真实电视的另一面吧。4.这种软性纪录片模式造成了业内的道德问题。因为人们习惯于制造“戏剧性”的真相，模糊真实情况，以适应节目设计的需要。播送电视公司需要这样的节目，要险象环生，还有完整的叙事主线和情节，这些更适用于好莱坞的剧本。B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingtheexpressionsinbrackets.1.Therevelationofhisscandalouspastledtohisresignation.2.Itwasaninnocentdeception,meantasajoke.3．Acasualnewspaperreaderwouldn'tlikearticlesonpoliticseveryday.4．Thishotelisfamousforitsentertainment.5．Hewasbashedupintheplaygroundbysomeolderboys.6.Skillhasbeenmaderedundantbymachine.III.VocabularyactivityTheanswerisopen.IV.OralactivityTheanswerisopen.PassageBPost-readingActivities:I.UnderstandingthetextAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.Thepeoplewhoaregoodatshowingthemselvesratherthanthosewhocanserveasarolemodel.2.TheauthorbelievesrealAmericanidolsonlyexistinreallifebutnotinTVprogram.3.ThetrueAmericanidolsshouldhaveaspiritofgivingandsacrificing.4.Becauseitiscarefullydirectedtocatchsomeprimaryinterestsofhumanbeing.5.Yes,suchasSuperGirl,anationalsingingcontest,coveredbyHunanProvincialTVStation.TranslationA.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.1.你们需要美国偶像吗？我来给你说说，什么样的人才是美国偶像。在巡逻的警察，在世界各地冒着生命危险执行任务的军人们，还有那些通过自己的工作和奉献赢得孩子们尊敬的教师。2.我们应该像那些在学校门口十字路口的保安和恪尽职守的邮递员敬礼，他们风雨无阻，忠实地履行着自己的职责。美国有各种各样的真正的偶像。其中包括：为慈善组织捐款效劳的播送电视名人和体育明星、传教士、收养被虐待的猫、狗和其他小动物的人，他们为这些小动物寻找平安温暖的家。B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingtheexpressionsinbrackets.1.Agenuinefriendwillnotdesertyouintimeofadversity.2.Theysalutedeachotherbyraisingtheirhats.3.Evenonthemostcharitableanalysis,ithasnotbeenagreatsuccesssofar.4.Weheardthebeatofthedrum.5.Weshouldkeeptrackofinternationalnews,asmoderncollegeman.VocabularyactivityTheanswerisopen.OralactivityTheanswerisopen.PartTwoTranslationSectionAPassageA电视行业用人标准：训练有素？只要你薪水低就可以了Source:尼古拉·皮尔森〔NicolaPearson〕表示，不要责怪电视行业涉嫌造假的年轻新手。这些年轻人面对的是一个质量低下、讲求多快好省的行业环境。他们在向这样一个行业学习。独立电视台执行主席麦克尔·格雷德〔MichealGrade〕〔英国播送公司前任主席〕面对受众指责独立电视台时，反戈一击，他批评了英国播送公司二台〔BBC2〕的节目。他说这些节目大量聘用缺乏训练和经验缺乏的新手。暴露出种种欺骗观众的做法，让业内人士感到很为难。节目制作方案缩水是不是让制作节目的人也大幅缩水了呢？25岁的麦克是电视台的一名工作人员，他说制作公司总是在压榨利润，电视从业经验不再被看作是优点。“聘用一名新手要廉价得多，付给他们的薪水要少得多，但要求他们什么工作都要做。”麦克在上一份工作中遇到的电视剧制片人只有24岁，那部电视剧就是该制片人唯一的从业经历。而麦克根本没有资格发问，他这样描述业内普遍存在的工作态度：“我们是在给你帮助。”再来看看麦克的下一份工作，麦克说工程研究员的工作就是“接打，拉赞助商。”他感觉这样的工作永远不会让他做上严肃性时事节目。博尔顿相信问题由来已久，他认为这是行业内“随意化”的结果。他说：“撤销对独立制作公司的管制之前，为播送公司工作要签订长期合同。当时还有一个正式的培训系统，同时还有一个非正式的培训体系，由像我这样的制片人或者编辑组织讲座，教人们如何制作节目。现在任何人都可以涉足播送电视行业，甚至不需要什么特殊的训练，行业呈现出随意化趋势。竞争非常剧烈，合同都是短期合同，想来工作的人数比工作时机多得多。”说到创作团队，恩德莫尔公司〔Endemol〕明确表示创意要比经验更重要。一位曾经为《老兄》〔BigBrother〕以及其他一些真人秀节目工作的女制片人说，新调研员或许可以带来好的创意，但不一定知道怎样实现这些创意。争夺收视率的压力意味着每家制作公司都很渴望设计出新的节目形，但是制作公司更要保证大股东公司提供赞助，寻找制作大片的压力也更大。“新人总是不断涌进来，希望他们制作的节目大获成功。如果他们不能马上出成果，就要把位置让出来。”她补充说，另一个问题是做娱乐节目的人通常被提升得更快。“做真实电视是很专业的，你好似被放在了花房里，扶扶梯子，不需要有多么丰富的经验，在编辑方面无需你作决定。因为大家长时间在一起工作，一起吃喝。有一种与世隔绝，被孤立的感觉。你们在一起合作是为了提供产品，不用想太多的问题，根本不用从新闻职业的角度思考问题，这或许是真实电视的另一面吧。”这样的用人趋势已经从真实电视过渡到了观察类/纪录片节目中，例如《动物公园》〔AnimalPark〕，具有真实电视经历的人越来越多。下一代电视人怎样学习技术呢？数字技术意味着每个人都可以制作电影。菲尔·斯坦〔PhilSrein〕放弃了英国播送公司的工作，自己制作纪录片。他说你可以花时间，用自己的钱做调研，制作一部严肃的电影，但要找一个适宜的平台播放，例如YouTube。罗伊·阿克曼〔RoyAckerman〕是DiverseTV一名很有创意的导演，高质量真实电视的制作人。他说责备年轻人为现在的大环境负责是不对的。“老实和品德与年纪大小无关。问题是买家和播送公司带来了腐蚀性文化，他们需要新型节目，用更少的钱制作出更受欢送的节目。这种软性纪录片模式造成了业内的道德问题。因为人们习惯于制造“戏剧性”的真相，模糊真实情况，以适应节目设计的需要。播送电视公司需要这样的节目，要险象环生，还有完整的叙事主线和情节，这些更适用于好莱坞的剧本。真实电视不仅仅需要满足这些条件，如果你手头的时间和资金有限，那么你就有可能造假，以到达播送公司的要求。阿克曼和博尔顿都认为，如果年轻人接受了这样一种玩世不恭的文化，那么我们要扪心自问，我们到底教了他们什么，这是整个电视行业的责任。阿克曼说：“我们应该明确界定什么样的方法是可以接受的。对不老实行为绝不能姑息纵容。这些消极的东西可以很快传染给年轻人。”但是如果市场需要快速制作出来的流行娱乐节目，那么人们就需要学习如何制作这些节目。博尔顿说：“就像我们看到的那样，如果这些制作人员需要立刻制作一部关于年轻人吸毒的节目，或者关于英国女皇的节目，就会露馅了。因此我们需要对新人进行适当的培训。”PassageB我有我的美国偶像鲍勃·巴特兹〔BobBatz〕Source:writers/bb086.htm鲍勃·巴特兹，美国密歇根州人，为日报写稿46年，过去36年一直为俄亥俄州《代顿日报》〔TheDayton(Ohio)DailyNews〕写稿，1981年获得普利策奖提名。我不知道《美国偶像》为什么能如此受欢送。根据收视率调查结果，《美国偶像》是美国最受欢送的电视节目。但就我个人来说，我的美国偶像不包括那些唱通俗歌曲走调的人，也不包括那些胸围大于智商的女人。他们把《美国偶像》看成真实电视，但我一点都不这样看。如果我想要寻找真实的美国偶像，我只要花一点时间去和那些整天奔波在路上的消防员、急救人员或者急救医师呆上一会儿就可以了，这些人面对陌生人伸出援助之手，救死扶伤。你们需要美国偶像吗？我来给你说说，什么样的人才是美国偶像。巡逻中的警察，在世界各地冒着生命危险执行任务的军人们，还有那些通过自己的工作和奉献赢得孩子们尊敬的教师。美国有各种各样真正的偶像，但是上次我看到有些人通过唱歌跑调，或者把棒球打到400英尺就赢得了这种地位。如果你愿意，那些满头乱发的摇滚明星也能被捧为美国偶像吧。对我来说，我更尊重护士、善待父母的人和那些退休后志愿在内城棚户区为无家可归的人效劳的人。我们应该像那些在学校门口十字路口的保安和恪尽职守的邮递员敬礼，他们风雨无阻，忠实地履行着自己的职责。美国有各种各样的真正的偶像。其中包括：为慈善组织捐款效劳的播送电视名人和体育明星、传教士、收养被虐待的猫、狗和其他小动物的人，他们为这些小动物寻找平安温暖的家。还有那些效劳站的老板们，他们亲自为你加油，还有百货商店的圣诞老人，还有那些奉献出自己的时间，从事青少年体育训练工作的成年人。这些都是美国偶像。SectionBI.PrepareforTask脱口秀节目的几个要素主持人是脱口秀节目的中心环节之一，负责组织和协调整个谈话过程。主持人要在节目筹备和调研阶段与制作人员一起筹划节目的选题及每一个细节。主持人应该有自己的风格，让自己的节目与众不同。幽默、睿智和健谈的主持人特别受欢送，主持人应该对话题和故事有足够的敏感。成功的主持人必须具备迷人的个人魅力和出众的语言表达能力。选题是准备脱口秀节目的主要任务之一。所选题材应该能在感情层面上引起观众的兴趣。但适宜的选题并不仅仅依靠主创团队的集体智慧。制作人员应该考虑当下的重大新闻。不要把脱口秀节目和世界割裂开。例如参考材料中奥普拉的脱口秀节目选择了一位在伊拉克战场上九死一生的战地记者及他的家人作为节目嘉宾。节目播出时正值美国国内反战呼声强烈，美军在伊拉克战场阵亡人数不断增加。这一期节目表现了战地记者及其家人强烈的爱国主义和奉献精神，这也正是美国政府和美国传统价值观所看重的。因此选题成功，整个节目就成功一半了。嘉宾是主持人的谈话对象。其实选择嘉宾和选题是同时进行的，这是节目调演阶段的主要任务。嘉宾要在揭幕之前熟悉节目的每一个环节，以确保的现场直播节目的成功。制作人员应该事先与嘉宾谈论节目中将会涉及的所有话题，并根据嘉宾和主持人的需要做出适当的修改和调整。嘉宾应该事先熟悉舞台布景，包括音乐和灯光等。话题成为选题完成后决定节目成功与否的重要因素，选择适宜的话题直接决定了脱口秀节目的传播效果。25分钟的节目中应该谈到好几个话题。要确保话题之间的转换自然顺畅。每个话题都要引出一局部故事内容，展现嘉宾的一个侧面。当把所有的话题放在一起的时候，观众将得到一个完整的故事。可以根据故事的开展安排话题，也可以根据主持人的风格特点安排话题的先后顺序。不管采取何种方式，务必确保每个话题都能抓住观众的注意力。观众或许是准备脱口秀节目过程中最容易被无视的局部。主持人和故事应该能够紧紧吸引观众的注意力。观众在节目过程中应该给予主持人和嘉宾热烈的回应，帮助营造良好的谈话气氛。观众应该事先对节目内容和嘉宾有所了解。

II.YourTask参考《范本》文件中的范例一《奥普拉脱口秀剧本》〔OprahTalkShowTranscript〕，及范例二《奥普拉脱口秀》，这段节目于2007年2月首播。根据上文中提到构成脱口秀节目的几个重要因素，自己组织一次脱口秀节目，要仔细观看奥普拉·温福瑞的节目视频和文本。具体活动步骤如下：第一步：确定话题，选出主持人、嘉宾以及观众。选择的话题应该能激发起观众的兴趣，能够引起观众的共鸣。第二步：设计类似家庭环境或者舞台式的聊天场所，将观众的注意力集中在主要表演者身上。注意舞台的布置，根据选择的话题确定灯光和舞台设置。第三步：仔细研究上文中的每一局部。条件允许的情况下，使用摄像机录制节目，尽可能多地在舞台周围布置机位。选择适宜的背景音乐，在适当的时候播放。第四步：观众应该给与主持人和被采访者热烈的回应，衬托良好的舞台气氛。鼓励主持人和观众之间的互动。第五步：将整个节目控制在15分钟之内，在节目结束后讨论参演人员的表现和取得的效果。III.ReferenceforTask脱口秀〔US-TalkShow，Brit-ChatShow〕指一种观众聚集在一起讨论主持人提出的话题的播送或电视节目。一般脱口秀都有一列嘉宾出席，嘉宾通常由有学问的或者对那档节目的特定问题有特殊经验的人组成。从各大都市的地方电台到全国播送的脱口秀包括《拉什·林堡秀》〔RushLimbaughshow〕，各种政治脱口秀在美国非常常见。脱口秀在电视上的播出起源于电视开展的早期阶段。深夜脱口秀节目包括《今夜秀》〔TheTonightShow〕和《大卫深夜秀》〔TheLateShowwithDavidLetterman〕等已经播出了几十年,这些知名节目以名人嘉宾和幽默小品为主要特征。电视新闻先驱爱德华·默罗〔EdwardR.Murrow〕曾于1950年代晚期主持了《小世界》〔SmallWorld〕,从那时起政治脱口秀占据了星期天早晨的电视节目时间。每日联合播出的脱口秀包括以家庭受众为主的《奥普拉·温弗瑞》〔OprahWinfrey〕和《罗茜·欧丹尼秀》〔RosieO'Donnellshows〕，此外还有《杰瑞·斯普英哥秀》〔JerrySpringerShow〕等众多节目。电视网热衷于脱口秀是因为其制作费用低廉。然而，节目成功与否很大程度上取决于主持人的个性，也正是这一点使主持人成为价值不菲的商品。PartThreeSupplementaryReadingI.HistoryofTVSource:SamuelF.B.Morseinventedthetelegraph.But,itwasnotuntil1898that,throughfacilitiesprovidedbyMarconi'snewlyfoundedwirelesscompany,theDublinDailyExpresswasabletorecieveminutebyminutecoverageoftheKingstownRegattaandthentheyprovidedwirelesscoverageofAmerica'sCupraces.Forthenexttwentyyears,radiowaslimitedtoonlymilitaryandmaritimeuse.ItwasextensivelyusedbyalliedandcentralpowersinWorldWarIand,atthesametime,byshipsatsea.Thefirstradio"reporters"appearedinthe1920sandthenthenetworksestablishedtheirnewsorganizationsinthe1930s.Bythe1940scame,thestationswerecoveringtheglobalwar.Duringthe1950s,televisionovertookradio.The1960'ssawprofoundtechnologicalchange:videotapearrived,andviewersbeganseeingtheirnewsincolor.Televisionisnowconsideredtobethebestsourceofentertainmentandapowerfulsourceofinformation.Onecanonlyimaginehowdifferentlifewouldbeinaworldwithouttelevision.Ithasbecomesuchapowerfulmediumthat,withoutit,wewouldbedeprivedofmuchinformation,aswellasentertainment.

Someofthefirstmajornewsbroadcasts:-Inthesummerof1925:Thefirstmajortrialcoveredbyradioortelevisionwasthe"monkeytrial",whichittookplaceinDayton,-In1933:PresidentRooseveltbroadcasttothenation.-In1938:"WorldNewsRoundup"airsonCBSforthefirsttime.-In1947:OpeningsessionofCongresstelevisedforthefirsttime.-In1950:MurrowwithFredW.Friendlystarts,"HearItNow"asaradioseries,butthenin1951becomesthefirstprestigioustelevisionnewsshow.-In1952:"Today",thefirstnationwidegravel-to-graveltelecastofnationalconventionsstartsonNBC-TV.-In1963:PresidentKennedy'sassassinationandLyndonJohnson'ssuccessionreceivemassivefour-daycoverage.-In1969:Themoonlandingisviewedin94%oftelevisionhomes.-In1980:TedTurnercreatesCableNewsNetwork(CNN).

Thejournaliststhatmakeithappen:TomBrokaw:

"Thefocusisontheperformanceoftheanchor,creatabilityisahugeissueinananchor."BorninthesmallcommunityofWebster,SouthDakota,butgrowingupinasmallertown,Bristol,BrokawplayedguardatYankton

PeterJennings:

"Theratingshavebecomedakindofmeasurementfortheactualqualityoftelevisionnews."BorninTorontoonJuly29,1938,PeterCharlesArchibaldEwartJenningsgrewupinaprivilegedhousehold.PeterJenningsandhissisterSarah,threeyearshisyounger,weretheonlychildrenofCharlesandElizabethJennings.Attheageofnine,Peterhadhisownshowwhereheplayedsongsthathislistenersrequested.Itwasnotuntiltheearly60'sthatPeterJenningsbecamethefirstvoiceofCanada.HeworkedintheCanadianBroadcastingCorporationasanannouncer.NowMr.Jenningsistheanchormanofoneofthemorepopularnewsbroadcasts,"WorldNewsTonight".

MarleneSanders:Sandershastrulyledthewayforotherwomeninnetworknews.In1976shebecametheonlyfemalenationalnetworkvice-presidentinanynewsdivision.Shefirstappearedinafifteen-minutenewscastintheABCnightlynews,thefirstprime-timenewscastbyawoman.WinnerofthreeEmmyAwards,shehasbeenanABCNewscorrespondent,anchorwoman,documentaryproducer,andvicepresident.

PaulineFrederick:ReporterofABCradiointhelate1940's,PaulinejoinedNBCin1953andretiredin1975.ShewasknownasthefirstnewswomantoworkfulltimeonthestaffofanAmericantelevisionnetwork.

DanRather:BorninWharton,

"Mr.Television"-EdwardR.Murrow:Alsoknownas"Mr.Television",MurrowwasbornonApril25,1908inGuilfordCounty,NorthCarolina.EgbertRoscoeMurrowwastheyoungestofthreesons.Hisfatherwasalocomotiveengineer;hismother,adevoutQuaker.HestudiedinWashingtonStateCollege(nowMr.MurrowisconsideredtohavestartedthewholeconceptofRadioNews,mostwellknownfortheunforgetabledocumentaryseries,"Living",whichlastedforabout4years.Thesehalf-hourradioprograms,airedonSundayafternoons,anddealtwithawidevarietyofsubjectsrangingfromairpollutiontotheOlympicGames.Otherseriesheparticipatedinandproducedare:"SeeItNow","AsOthersSeeUs","CBSViewsthePress","CBSIsThere",and"YouAreThere".Mr.TelevisionwasawellrespectedmanwithinthetelevisionandJournalismworld.HeisalegendandaninspirationtohisaudiencesandtopeopleinvolvedwithBroadcastJournalism.Forallofhishardworkanddedicationtothenews,hewasawardedfiveEmmyAwardsandhewillberememberedformanyyearstocome.

TheThreeMajorNetworks:ABC,CBS,NBC.*CNN-"Newsuntiltheendoftheworld".FoundedonJune1,1980,byTedTurner,CNNwasviewedinmorethan90countriesandaglobalnewsservicebytheyear1990.A24hournewsnetworkthatcoversinternationalevents,lettingitsviewersknowwhat'shappeningaroundtheworldsinjustafewminuteshasproventobeverysuccessful.HavingcorrespondentsineverycountrycoveringimportanteventsmakesCNNanextremelycapablesourceofthenews.Thecompetitionisscarceforthisnationallyviewedandcriticallyacclaimednetwork.

Breakingthelanguagebarriersinbroadcasting:

InacountryasdiverseastheU.S.A,languageisabigbarrier.Manychannelsofferingnewsinotherlanguageshavebeguntodevelop,allowingallcomunitiestohaveaccesstotheinformationtheyneed.KMEX-channel34(Univision)FoundedSeptember29,1962,KMEXhasserveditsSpanish-speakingaudiencefor35years.AwinnerofthefirstEdwardR.MurrowAward,KMEXisknowntobethefirsttelevisionstationtocreateaspanish-languagemorningtalkshow("LosAngelesalDia").TheRadioandTVNewsDirectorsAssociationhavenominatedittobe"America'sBestNewscast."II.WhyDoWeTuneInToRealityTV?Source:Researchers:ViewersEnjoyContrastingThemselvesWithParticipantsAugust17,2005(WebMD)

WhataccountsforthepopularityofrealityTV?Peoplemayfindacertainfascinationincontrastingwhattheythinktheywoulddoinagivensituationtotheactionstakenbythe"real"participants—agroupofindividualstheyperceiveastheirpeers.That'stheconclusionofanewstudythatexaminestheongoingpopularityofrealityTV.Unlikeothershowssuchasnewsprogramsorsitcoms,realityTVallowsviewerstoimaginethemselvesasactualparticipants.

TheresearchappearsintheSeptemberissueoftheJournalofConsumerResearch.BlendingFantasyandRealityInmanyoftherealityshows,"ordinary"peopleareplacedinexotic,unfamiliarsurroundingswheretheyarepittedagainsttheelements.Othersfocusonordinarypeopleengagingincommonactivitiessuchasdatingorhomeredecorating.Inbothinstances,viewersaregiventhechancetocompareandcontrasttheirownliveswiththoseoftheshows'protagonists.Theresultingexperienceisacomplexlyconstructed—andhighlyindividualized—experiencetheresearcherscall"hyperauthenticity."

Thatviewersmaybedrawnbythechancetomentally"test"theirbehavioragainstthatoftheactualparticipantscontrastswiththecommoncriticismofrealityTVviewersaspassivevoyeurs.Researchersinterviewed15realityTVviewers.Theviewerswereaskedtokeepajournalrecordingtheirthoughts,feelings,andexperienceswhileviewingatleastoneofthreerealityTVprogramsthatairedduringthe2000-2001Americantelevisionseason.ExoticLocaleaDraw

Theywereaskedtochooseaprogramtowatch.Thosewithnopreferencewereassignedone.SixparticipantswatchedSurvivorII,whilefoureachwatchedTemptationIslandorTheMole.TheparticipantsalsowroteabouttheirthoughtsonotherrealityTVshows.ParticipantswhowatchedTheMolesaidtheyweredrawntoitsexoticsetting."It'snotlikeSurvivorwhereyouhavetogototheoutback,onadesertisland,eatrats,andcookfood,althoughthathasitsentertainmentvalueaswell.Buttheseguysstayedinfive-starhotelsinSpainandFranceandategrapefruit.That'sgreat,"writesCalvin,oneoftheparticipants,inhisjournal.Atthesametime,CalvinthoughtTheMolehadmorebasisinrealitybecause,unliketheothershows,playersinTheMolecontroltheirownfate.

SomeShowsRejectedas'TooReal'

Gina,anotherparticipant,saidthatalthoughsheenjoyedmostrealityshows,shefoundBigBrother"tooreal.""Itwasjusttoo'oh,we'resittingaroundonthecouch,'andthatwastooreal...There'salinebetween,youknow,truerealityandrealitythat'sentertaining."ToGina,entertainmentvalueresidedintheprogram'sprovisionofasituationthatwasbeyondtheviewer'sdaily"real"life.AbilitytoIdentifyCriticaltoEnjoyment

PriscillaandPam,twootherstudyparticipants,rejectedTemptationIsland,notbecausetheydidn'tlikethefantasyelementprovidedbythelocale,butbecausetheysawthegoalsofthe"characters"asnotbeinggenuineandconsistentwithpersonalstandardsofconduct.Participantsinthestudyagreedthatcharacteridentification,orengagement,couldonlyevolveovertime."WhenyoufirststartwatchingSurvivor,youdon'tknowthepeople...Itgetsmoreinterestingonceyougettoknowthem,"writesShirley,oneoftheparticipants.Shebegantoenjoytheshowonlyaftershelearnedenoughabouttheparticipantstobegintoidentifythesocialrelationsamongthem,shesays-aprocessthatallowedhertodefineherselfthroughsocialcomparison.Participantsagreedthatthepresenceofa"personyoulovetohate"madetheshowsmoreinteresting.

WhatActuallyHappenedvs.WhatMightHaveBeen

WhereassomeweredrawntoshowslikeTemptationIslandbecausetheyfoundthesingles"sobeautiful"and"likepeopletheyknew,"othersfoundtheshowsfuntowatchbecausetheyfeaturedpeoplelikethemselves.MostagreedthatthemainthingthatmaderealityTVshowsmoreinterestingthansitcomslikeFrazieristhat,unlikeFrazier,theyareunscripted.

Inconclusion,saytheresearchers,thesuccessofreality-basedentertainmentmaybethedepictionbycertainshows,suchasTemptationIsland,ofarealitythatistotallyforeigntoviewers."Itmayreflectanostalgiaforauthenticityamongtheclassofconsumerstowhomitismostrigorouslydenied,"theywrite.Accordingtotheresearchers,othersmayappealsimplybecausetheyaresofamiliar,andthereforeunderstandable,toviewers."ShowslikeCopsorBigBrothercouldbeviewedasanechoofmodernistangst,"theywrite.

"Studyparticipantswonderedwhythecastmembersactedorspokeastheydid,theywonderedwhattheywoulddoifinthecastmember'splace,theywonderedwhattheproducerswere'upto,'andtheywonderedwhatactuallyhappenedandwhatmighthavebeen."

Sources:Rose,R.L.JournalofConsumerResearch,September2005;vol32:pp284-296.Newsrelease.

III.OprahWinfreyBiographySource:EntertainmentExecutive

OprahWinfreyDateofbirth:January29,1954BorninKosciusko,Mississippi,OprahWinfreywasrearedbyhergrandmotheronafarmwhereshe"beganherbroadcastingcareer"bylearningtoreadaloudandperformrecitationsattheageofthree.Fromagesixto13,shelivedinMilwaukeewithhermother.Aftersufferingabuseandmolestation,sheranawayandwassenttoajuveniledetentionhomeattheageof13,onlytobedeniedadmissionbecauseallthebedswerefilled.Asalastresort,shewassenttoNashvilletoliveunderherfather'sstrictdiscipline.VernonWinfreysawtoitthathisdaughtermetamidnightcurfew,andherequiredhertoreadabookandwriteabookreporteachweek."Asstrictashewas,"saysOprah,"hehadsomeconcernsaboutmemakingthebestofmylife,andwouldnotacceptanythinglessthanwhathethoughtwasmybest."OprahWinfrey'sbroadcastingcareerbeganatage17,whenshewashiredbyWVOLradioinNashville,andtwoyearslatersignedonwithWTVF-TVinNashvilleasareporter/anchor.SheattendedTennesseeStateUniversity,whereshemajoredinSpeechCommunicationsandPerformingArts.In1976,shemovedtoBaltimoretojoinWJZ-TVnewsasaco-anchor,andin1978discoveredhertalentforhostingtalkshowswhenshebecameco-hostofWJZ-TV's"PeopleAreTalking,"whilecontinuingtoserveasanchorandnewsreporter.InJanuary1984,shecametoChicagotohostWLS-TV's"AMChicago,"afalteringlocaltalkshow.Inlessthanayear,sheturned"AMChicago"intothehottestshowintown.Theformatwassoonexpandedtoonehour,andinSeptember1985itwasrenamed"TheOprahWinfreyShow."SeennationallysinceSeptember8,1986,"TheOprahWinfreyShow"becamethenumberonetalkshowinnationalsyndicationinlessthanayear.InJune1987,initsfirstyearofeligibility,"TheOprahWinfreyShow"receivedthreeDaytimeEmmyAwardsinthecategoriesofOutstandingHost,OutstandingTalk/ServiceProgramandOutstandingDirection.InJune1988,"TheOprahWinfreyShow"receiveditssecondconsecutiveDaytimeEmmyAwardasOutstandingTalk/ServiceProgram,andsheherselfreceivedtheInternationalRadioandTelevisionSociety's"BroadcasteroftheYear"Award.ShewastheyoungestpersonandonlythefifthwomanevertoreceivethehonorinIRTS's25-yearhistory.BeforeAmericafellinlovewithOprahWinfreythetalkshowhost,shecapturedthenation'sattentionwithherpoignantportrayalofSofiainStevenSpielberg's1985adaptationofAliceWalker'snovel,TheColorPurple.Winfrey'sperformanceearnedhernominationsforanOscarandGoldenGlobeAwardinthecategoryofBestSupportingActress.Cri