考研英语模拟题整理版 一

考研英语考曲中芯模加敢整理版一

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fromeachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,

CorDonANSWERSHEETɪ.(10points)

AsformercolonistsofGreatBritain,theFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesadoptedmuchof

thelegalsystemofGreatBritain.Wehavea“commonlaw"，orlawmadebycourts_1_a

monarchorothercentralgovernmental_2_likealegislature.Thejury,a_3_ofordinary

citizenschosentodecideacase,isan_4—partofourcommon-lawsystem.

Useofjuriestodecidecasesisa_5_featureoftheAmericanlegalsystem.Fewother

countriesintheworldusejuriesasWedointheUnitedStates.—6—thecenturies,manypeople

havebelievedthatjuriesinmostcasesreachafairerandmorejustresult_7_wouldbeobtained

usingajudge_8—,asmanycountriesdo.—9—ajurydecidescasesafter“―10一”，or

discussionsamongagroupofpeople,thejuιy,sdecisionislikelytohavethe_11_frommany

differentpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds,whomustasagroupdecidewhatisright.

Juriesareusedinbothcivilcases,whichdecide_12_among_13_citizens,andcriminal

cases,whichdecidecasesbroughtbythegovernment_14_thatindividualshavecommitted

crimes.JuriesareselectedfromtheU.S.citizensand_15_.Jurors,consistingof_16—

numbers,arecalledforeachcaserequiringajuι*y.

Thejudge_17_tothecase_18_theselectionofjurorstoserveasthejuryforthatcase.In

somestates,-19_jurorsarequestionedbythejudge;inothers,theyarequestionedbythe

lawyersrepresentingthe_20—underrulesdictatedbystatelaw.

L[A]otherthanLB]ratherthanLdmorethan[D]orrather

2.[A]agency[B]organization[c]institution[D]authority

3.[A]panelLB]crewLc]band[D]flock

4.[A]innateLB]intactLc]integral[D]integrated

5.[A]discriminating[B]distinguishing[c]determining[D]diminishing

6.[A]inLB]byEc]after[D]over

7.[A]thatLB]whichEc]than[D]as

8.[A]alikeLB]alone[c]altogether[D]apart

9.[A]AlthoughLB]BecauseLc]If[D]While

10.[A]deliberations[B]meditationsEclreflections[D]speculations

11.[A]outline[B]outcomeLc]input[D]intake

12.[A]arguments[B]controversies[c]disputes[D]hostilities

13.[A]fellow[B]individualLc]personal[D]private

14.[A]asserting[B]alleging[c]maintaining[D]testifying

15.[A]assembled[B]evokedLc]rallied[D]summoned

16.[A]set[B]exactEC]given[D]placed

17.[A]allocated[B]allotted[c]appointed[D]assigned

18.[A]administers[B]managesLc]oversees[D]presides

19.[A]inspective[B]irrespective[c]perspective[D]prospective

20.[A]bodies[B]partiesLc]sides[D]units

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Passage1

Moderntechnologyhasputmenonthemoonanddecipheredthehumangenome.Butwhen

itcomestobrewingupflutomakevaccines,sciencestillturnstotheincredibleedibleegg.Ever

sincethe1940s,vaccinemakershavegrownlargebatchesofvirusinsidechickeneggs.Butgiven

thatsome36,000Americansdieofflueachyear,it,sremarkablethatourfirstlineofdefenseis

stillwhatSecretaryofHealthandHumanServicesTommyThompsoncalls“thecumbersomeand

archaicegg-basedproduction.,,Newcell-basedtechnologiesareinthepipeline,however,and

mayfinallygetthesupporttheyneednowthattheUnitedStatesisfacedwithacriticalshortageof

fluvaccine.Althoughexpertsdisagreeonwhethernewwaysofproducingvaccinecouldhave

preventedashortageliketheonehappeningtoday,thereisnodoubtthattheexistingsystemhas

seriousflaws.

Eachyear,vaccinemanufacturersplaceadvanceordersformillionsofspeciallygrown

chickeneggs.Meanwhile,public-healthofficialsmonitorcirculatingstrainsofflu,andeach

Marchtheyrecommendthreestrains—twoinfluenzaAstrainsandoneBstrain—for

manufacturerstoincludeinvaccines.Inthelatespringandsummer,automatedmachinesinject

virusintoeggsandlatersuckouttheinfluenza-richgoop.Virusfromtheeggs,innardsgetskilled

andprocessedtoremoveeggproteinsandothercontaminantsbeforebeingpackagedintovialsfor

fallshipment.

Whyhasthiseggmethodpersistedforsixdecades?Themainreasonisthatit,sreliable.But

eventhoughtheeggsarereliable,theyhaveseriousdrawbacks.Oneisthelongleadtimeneeded

toordertheeggs.Thatmeansit,shardtomakemorevaccineinahurry,incaseofashortageor

unexpectedoutbreak.Andeggsmaysimplybetoocumbersometokeepupwiththehundredsof

millionsofdosesrequiredtohandlethedemandforfluvaccine.

What,smore,someflustrainsdon,tgrowwellineggs.Lastyear,scientistswereunableto

includetheFujianstraininthevaccineformulation.Itwasarelativelynewstrain,and

manufacturerssimplycouldn,tfindaquickwaytoadaptitsothatitgrewwellineggs."Weknew

thestrainwasoutthere,,,recallsTheodoreEickhoffoftheUniversityofColoradoHealth

SciencesCenter,“bulpublic-healthofficialswereleftwithoutavaccine一and,consequently,a

moreseverefluseason.

Worse,thevirusesthatposethegreatestthreatmightbehardesttogrowineggs.That,s

becauseglobalpandemicsliketheonethatkilledover50τnillionpeoplebetween1918and1920

arethoughttooccurwhenabirdinfluenzachangesinawaythatletsitcrossthespeciesbarrier

andinfecthumans.Sincehumanshaven,tencounteredthenewvirusbefore,theyhavelittle

protectiveimmunity.ThedeadlybirdflucirculatinginAsiain1997and1998,forexample,

worriedpublic-healthofficialsbecauseitspreadtosomepeoplewhohandledbirdsandkilled

them—althoughthebugnevercirculatedamonghumans.Butwhenscientiststriedtomake

vaccinetheold-fashionedway,thebirdfluquicklykilledtheeggs.

l.Themoon-landingismentionedinthefirstparagraphtoillustrate.

[A]technologycannotsolveallofourhumanproblems

[B]progressinvaccineresearchforinfluenzahaslaggedbehind

[C]greatachievementshavebeenmadebymeninexploringtheunknown

[D]thedevelopmentofvaccineproductionmethodscannotbestopped

2.Whatstepisessentialtothetraditionalproductionoffluvaccine?

[A]Manufacturersimplantthevaccineintoorderedchickeneggs.

[B]Scientistsidentifytheexactstrainsoonafteraflupandemicstarts.

[C]Publichealthmeasuresaretakenasanimportantpandemic-fightingtool.

[D]Virusesaredeadenedandmadecleanbeforebeingputintovaccineuse.

3.Theforemostreasonwhytheegg-basedmethodisdefectiveliesin.

[A]thecomplexprocessofvaccineproduction

[B]itspotentialthreattohumanbeing

[C]thelowsurvivalratefornewfluvaccines

[D]itscontributiontothefluvaccineshortage

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

[A]Fluvaccinesnowmainlyuseegg-basedtechnology.

[B]Abirdinfluenzahasoncecirculatedamonghumans.

[C]Safetycanbegreatlyimprovedwithcell-culturevaccines.

[D]Modernvaccineproductionmethodsaretoreplaceegg-basedmethods.

5.Intheauthor,sview,thenewvaccineproductionmethodseemstobe.

[A]remarkable[B]criticized[C]efficient[D]accepted

Passage2

TheNationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersisinvestigatingwhethersomebrokerage

housesareinappropriatelypushingindividualstoborrowlargesumsontheirhousestoinvestin

thestockmarket.Canwepersuadetheassociationtoinvestigatewould-beprivatizersofSocial

Security?ForitisnowapparentthattheBushadministration,sprivatizationproposalwillamount

tothesamething:borrowtrillions,putthemoneyinthestockmarketandhope.

Privatizationwouldbeginbydivertingpayrolltaxes,whichpayforcurrentSocialSecurity

benefits,intopersonalinvestmentaccounts.Thegovernmentwouldhavetoborrowtomakeupthe

shortfall.Thiswouldsharplyincreasethegovernment'sdebt."Nevermind,,,privatization

advocatessay,“inthelongrun,peoplewouldmakesomuchonpersonalaccountsthatthe

governmentcouldsavemoneybycuttingretirees,benefits.,,

Evenso,ifpersonalinvestmentaccountswereinvestedinTreasurybonds,thiswhole

processwouldaccomplishpreciselynothing.Theinterestworkerswouldreceiveontheiraccounts

wouldexactlymatchtheinterestthegovernmentwouldhavetopayonitsadditionaldebt.To

compensatefortheinitialborrowing,thegovernmentwouldhavetocutfuturebenefitssomuch

thatworkerswouldgainnothingatall.However,privatizersclaimthattheseinvestmentswould

makealotofmoneyandthat,ineffect,thegovernment,nottheworkers,wouldreapmostofthose

gains,becauseaspersonalaccountsgrew,thegovernmentcouldcutbenefits.

Wecanargueatlengthaboutwhetherthehighstockreturnssuchschemesassumeare

realistic(theyaren,t),butlet,scuttothechase:inessence,suchschemesinvolvehavingthe

governmentborrowheavilyandputthemoneyinthestockmarket.That,sbecausethe

governmentwould,ineffect,confiscateworkers,gainsintheirpersonalaccountsbycuttingthose

workers,benefits.

OnceyourealizeWhatprivatizationreallymeans,itdoesn,tsoundtooresponsible,doesit?

Butthedetailsmakeitconsiderablyworse.First,financialmarketswould,correctly,treatthe

realityofhugedeficitstodayasamuchmoreimportantindicatorofthegovernment'sfiscalhealth

thanthemerepromisethatgovernmentcouldsavemoneybycuttingbenefitsinthedistantfuture.

Afterall,agovernmentbondisalegallybindingpromisetopay,whileabenefitsformulathat

supposedlycutscosts40yearsfromnowisnothingmorethanasuggestiontofutureCongresses,

ɪfaprivatizationplanpassedincalledforsteepbenefitcutsin,whataretheoddsthatthosecuts

wouldreallyhappen?Second,asystemofpersonalaccountswouldpayhugebrokeragefees.Of

course,fromWallStreet,spointofviewthat,sabenefit,notacost.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,4tprivatizers,,arethose.

[AJborrowingfrombankstoinvestinthestockmarket

[B]whoinvestinTreasurybonds

[C]advocatingthegovernmenttoboιτowmoneyfromcitizens

[D]whoearnlargesumsofmoneyinpersonalaccounts

2.Inthefirstparagraph,individualborrowingiscitedbecause.

[A]itsharessimilaritieswiththegovernment'sSocialSecuritypolicies

[B]thereisnoguaranteethatitwillbeprofitableinthestockmarket

[C]itisnotproperforthebrokeragehousestopersuadepeopletoborrowmoney

[D]itisanindicationoftheBushadministration,sseriousconcernoverthestockmarket

3.Accordingtoitsadvocates,whowillgainfromtheprivatizationofSocialSecurity?

[A]Investorsinstockmarkets.

[B]Retiredworkersinthefuture.

[C]ThefutureCongresses.

[D]Accountinformationbrokers.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatSocialSecurityprivatizationwill.

[A]providehighreturnsforthenewgovernments

IB]bestronglyopposedbyWallStreet

[C]bringthefutureretireesmorebenefits

IDJallowindividualstoinvestinpersonalaccounts

5.Theauthor,sattitudetowardstheprivatizationproposalis.

IAJimpartial∣B]suspiciousIC]neutral[D]approval

Passage3

Talktoanyparentofastudentwhotookanadventurousgapyear(ayearbetweenschooland

universitywhensomestudentsearnmoney,travel,etc.)andamistylookwillcomeintotheireyes.

Therearesomedisastersandeventhemostmotivated,organisedgapstudentdoesrequirefamily

back-up,financial,emotionalandphysical.Theparentalmistinessisnotjustaboutthebrilliant

experiencethathasmaturedtheiroffspring;itisvicariousliving.Weallwishpre-universitygap

yearshadbeenthefashioninourday.Wecanseehowmuchtougherourkidsbecome;howmuch

morepreparedtobenefitfromuniversityortodecidepositivelythattheyaregoingtodo

somethingotherthanadegree.

Gapyearsarefashionable,asisreflectedinthehugegrowthinthenumberofcharitiesand

privatecompaniesofferingthem.PicturesofPrinceWilliamtoilinginChilehavehelped,butthe

trendhasbeengatheringsteamforadecade.Therangeofgappackagesstartswithbackpacking,

includesworkingwithcharities,buildinghospitalsandschoolsand,verycommonly,workingasa

languageassistant,teachingEnglish.Withthistrend,however,comesadanger.Onceparentsfeel

thatawell-structuredyearisessentialtotheirwould-beundergraduate'sprogresstoabetter

university,agooddegree,animpressiveCVandwellpaidemployment,asthegapcompanies,

blurbssuggestitmightbe,thenparentswillstartorganising—andpayingfor一thegaps.

Wheretherearedisasters,accordingtoRichardOliver,directorofthegapcompanies,

umbrellaorganisation,theYearOutGroup,itisusuallybecauseofpoorplanning.Thatcanbethe

faultofthecompanyorofthestudent,hesays,butthebestinsuranceisthoughtfulpreparation.

“Whenpeoplegetitwrong,itisusuallymedicalor,especiallyamonggirls,itisthattheyhavenot

beenawayfromhomebeforeorbecauseexpectationdoesnotmatchreality.^^

Thepointofagapyearisthatitshouldbethetimewhentheschoolleavergetstodothe

thingthatheorshefancies.Kidsdon,tmatureifmumanddaddecidehowtheyaregoingto

mature.Ifthe18-year-old,swayofmaturingistosloboutonHampsteadHeathsoakingup

sunshineorspendingayearworkingwithfishermeninCornwall,thenthat,swhatwillbe

productiveforthatperson.Theconsensus,however,isthatsomestructureisanadvantageandthat

theprimemoverneedstobethestudent.

The18-year-oldwhowasdispatchedbyhisparentsattwoweeks,noticetoCanadatolearn

tobeasnowboardinginstructoratacostof£5,800,probablycamebackwithlittlemorethana

hangover.The18-year-oldonthesamepackagewhoworkedforhisfareandspenttherestofhis

yearinstructinginresortsfromNewZealandtoSwitzerland,andcamebacktoapplyfor

university,isthepositivecounterbalance.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatparentsofgapstudentsmay.

[A]helpchildrentobepreparedfordisasters

[B]receiveallkindsofsupportfromtheirchildren

[C]haverichexperienceinbringinguptheiroffspring

[D]experiencewatchingchildrengrowup

2.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrue?

[A]thepopularityofgapyearsresultsfromanincreasingnumberofcharities.

[B]PrinceWilliamwasworkinghardduringhisgapyear.

[C]gapyearsarenotasfashionableastheyweretenyearsago.

[D]awell-structuredgapyearisaguaranteeofuniversitysuccess.

3.Theword“packages”(Line3,Paragraph2)means.

[A]parcelscarriedintravelling

[B]acomprehensivesetofactivities

[C]somethingpresentedinaparticularway

[D]charityactions

4.Whatcancausethedisastersofgapyears?

[A]Interventionofparents.

[B]Carefulplanning.

[C]Goodhealth.

[D]Realisticexpectation.

5.An18-year-oldisbelievedtotakeameaningfulgapyearwhenhe/she.

[A]livesuptohis/herparents,expectations

[B]spendstimebeinglazyanddoingnothing

[C]learnsskillsbyspendingparents,money

[D]earnshisorherlivingandgainsworkingexperience

Passage4

IslamicterrorismmaybeadistantthreatforShearerLumberProducts,atimbercompany

basedinIdaho.Buteco-terrorismisaveryrealone.InNovember,theEarthLiberationFront

(ELF),anundergroundorganization,gavewarningthatithad“spiked”treesintheNezPerce

nationalforesttoprotestagainstlogging.Spikinginvolveshidingmetalbarsintreetrunks,

therebypotentiallycripplingchainsawsandhurtingpeople.Moresuchattacksareexpected.How

dotheyfitintoAmerica,swaronterrorism?

Thenation,sforestshaveseenashaɪpincreaseinviolentincidents一equipmentvandalized,

peopleintimidated-overthepasttenyears.Shearernowcarefullyinspectseverytreebefore

cuttingandhasbeenusingmetaldetectorstocheckeverytrunkbeingprocessed.YetIhor

Mereszczak,oftheNezPerceForestService,saysithasbeenhardtogettheFBΓsattention,and

investigationshavegotnowhere.

TheELFisonlyonethreadinawebofundergroundradicalenvironmentalists.Itsaimisto

inflictasmuchfinancialpainaspossibleonorganizationsorpeoplewho,byitslights,are

exploitingtheenvironment.TheELEthoughmadeupofanonymouscells,nonethelessoperatesa

websiteofferingtipsonhowtocausefireswithelectrictimers.Untilrecently,italsohadapublic

spokesman.

TogetherwiththeAnimalLiberationFront(ALF),whichoperatesalongthesamelines,the

ELFisestimatedtoberesponsibleforover$45m-worthofdamageinNorthAmericaoverthepast

fewyears.In1998,itcausedfiresthatdid$12m-worthofdamageinVail,Colorado,tomakethe

pointthattheskiresort,sexpansionwasthreateningplaceswherelynxeslive.Earlierthisyear,the

ELFburneddowntheofficesofalumbercompanyinOregon.SinceSeptember1lth,theALFand

ELFhaveclaimedresponsibilityforstartingafireataprimateresearchcenterinNewMexico,

releasingminkfromanIowafurfarm,andfirebombingafederalcorralforwildhorsesin

California.

Aretheyterrorists?Thetwogroupsrejectthelabel,claimingtotakeallprecautionsagainst

harming“animals,whetherhumansornot”.ButearlierthisyearLouisFreeh,theFBI,sboss,

listedbothorganizationsamongthemostactivedomesticterroristgroups.ScottMcInnis,the

RepublicancongressmanwhosedistrictincludesVail,arguesitisonlyamatteroftimebefore

somebodygetshurt,andhenowexpectstheFBItoputinmoreresources.

TheHousesubcommitteeonforests,whichMrMcInnisheads,willholdahearingon

eco-terrorisminFebruary.Buthehasannoyedsomemainstreamgreengroupsbyaskingthemto

denouncetheELF,sandALF,smethods.Greenpeace,forinstance,saysthatitsdisapprovalis

self-evident,andresentsbeingaskedtoexpressit.Mr.McInnisstillwantstheiranswerby

December1st,butthewaroneco-terrorismisofftoarockystart.

1.WhatdidtheELFdotoShearerLumberProducts?

[A]Hurtitsemployees.[B]Crippleditsequipments.

[C]Hidmetalsinitstrees.[D]Protestedagainstitsspiking.

2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

[A]Shearerhasexperiencedmanyviolentincidents

[B]newtoolshavebeenusedtoinvestigateterrorists

[C]FBIhasbeenactiveinthewaroneco-terrorism

[D]ELFopenlydeclaresitsbeliefsandends

3.AccordingtoELF,allofthefollowingareenvironmentallyharmfulexcept.

[A]causingfireinthehouses[B]expandingskiresort

[C]doingresearchonanimals[D]invadingintoanimalhabitats

4.Itistrueofradicalenvironmentaliststhatthey.

[A]aimatcausingdamagetocompanies

[B]resorttoviolencetoachievetheirpurpose

[C]willdonoharmtorealpeople

[D]aredividedonopinionsaboutterrorism

5.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.

[A]TheGreenThreat[B]ProtectingForests

[C]Earth,sLiberation[D]TeιτorismDefeated

PartB

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutpreparingintheacademic

community.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph

(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheading

whichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETɪ.(10points)

[A]PhysicalChanges

[B]LOWSelf-Esteem

[C]EmergingIndependenceandSearchforIdentity

[D]EmotionalTurbulence

[E]InterestintheOppositeSex

[F]PeerPressureandConformity

Thetransitiontoadulthoodisdifficult.Rapidphysicalgrowthbeginsinearlyadolescence一

typicallybetweentheagesof9and13—andthoughtprocessesstarttotakeonadult

characteristics.Manyyoungstersfindthesechangesdistressingbecausetheydonotfully

understandwhatishappeningtothem.Fearsandanxietiescanbeputtorestbysimplykeepingan

openlineofcommunicationandpreparingforchangebeforeitoccurs.Themainissuesthatarise

duringadolescenceare:

(41)__________

Achild,sselfworthisparticularlyfragileduringadolescence.Teenagersoftenstrugglewith

anoverwhelmingsensethatnobodylikesthem,thatthey,renotasgoodasotherpeople,thatthey

arefailures,losers,uglyorunintelligent.

(42)__________

Someformofbodilydissatisfactioniscommonamongpre-teens,ɪfdissatisfactionisgreat,it

maycausethemtobecomeshyorveryeasilyembarrassed.Inothercases,teensmayactthe

opposite—loudandangry—inanefforttocompensateforfeelingsofself-consciousnessand

inferiority.Asalarmingasthesebodilychangescanbe,adolescentsmayfinditequallydistressing

tonotexperiencethechangesatthesametimeastheirpeers.Latematurationcancausefeelings

ofinferiorityandawkwardness.

(43)__________

Youngpeoplefeelmorestronglyabouteverythingduringadolescence.Fearsbecomemore

frightening,pleasuresbecomemoreexciting,iπ*itationsbecomemoredistressingandfrustrations

becomemoreintolerable.Everyexperienceappearsking-sizedduringadolescence.Youngsters

havingadifficultadolescencemaybecomeseriouslydepressedand/orengageinself-destructive

behavior.Often,thefirstcluethatateenagerneedsprofessionalhelpisadeep-rootedshiftin

attitudeandbehavior.Parentsshouldbealerttothewarningsignsofpersonalitychangeindicating

thatateenagerneedshelp.Theyincluderepeatedschoolabsences,slumpinggrades,useofalcohol

orillegalsubstances,hostileordangerousbehaviorandextremewithdrawalandreclusiveness.

(44)__________

Thereistremendouspressureonadolescentstoconformtothestandardsoftheirpeers.This

pressuretowardconformitycanbedangerousinthatitappliesnotonlytoclothingandhairstyles;

itmayleadthemtodothingsthattheyknowarewrong.

(45)__________

Adolescencemarksaperiodofincreasingindependencethatoftenleadstoconflictbetween

teenagersandparents.Thistensionisanormalpartofgrowingup—andforparents,anormal

partoftheletting-goprocess.Anothernormalpartofadolescenceisconfusionovervaluesand

beliefs.Thistimeofquestioningisimportantasyoungpeopleexaminethevaluestheyhavebeen

taughtandbegintoembracetheirownbeliefs.Thoughtheymayadoptthesamebeliefsastheir

parents,discoveringthemontheirownenablestheyoungpersontodevelopasenseofintegrity.

Althoughadolescencewillpresentchallengesforyoungpeopleandtheirparents,awareness

andcommunicationcanhelppavethewayforasmoothtransitionintothisexcitingphaseoflife.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Economics,asWeknowit,isthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproduction,distribution,

exchange,andconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhich

individuals,groups,businessenteψrises,andgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyany

economicobjectivetheyselect.(46)OtherEeldSOfStUdyalsoCentribUtetothisknowledge:

PSyChoIogyandethicstrytoexplainhowObjeCtiVeSareformed,histOryrecordsChangeSinhuman

objectives，andSOCiOIogyinterpretshumanbehaviorinSoCiaIcontexts.

Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.(47)Thefirst,PriCetheoryOr

microeconomics,explainshowtheinterPlayOfSUPPlyanddemandinCOmPetitiVemarketsCreateS

amultitudeOfindiVidUaIprices,Wagerates,DrOfkmargins,andrentalchanges.Microeconomics

assumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgive

themasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssay,theymaximizeutility.Fortheirpart,

entrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations.

Thesecondfield,macroeconomics,dealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeand

employment.Macroeconomicsdatesfromthebook,TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,Interest,

andMoney(1935),bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperity

anddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumers,

businessinvestors,andgovernments,(48)Because,accordingK)Keynes,inadequatetotaldemand

increasesUnemPloyment,theindicatedCUreiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesOrmore

SDendingandConSeqUentlyIargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment.

Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople,smindsthroughouttheages.(49)AriStoHeandPlatO

inancientGreeCeWroteaboutPrOblemSOfwealth,property,