会计学（第21版）课件：Performance Evaluation Using Variances from Standard Costs

PerformanceEvaluationUsingVariancesfromStandardCostsAccounting,21stEditionWarrenReeveFess

Someoftheactionhasbeenautomated,soclickthemousewhenyouseethislightningboltinthelowerright-handcornerofthescreen.Youcanpointandclickanywhereonthescreen.1. Describethetypesofstandardsandhowtheyareestablishedforbusinesses.2. Explainandillustratehowstandardsareusedinbudgeting.3. Calculateandinterpretdirectmaterialspriceandquantityvariances.4. Calculateandinterpretdirectlaborrateandtimevariances.ObjectivesAfterstudyingthischapter,youshouldbeableto:6. Journalizetheentriesforrecordingstandardsintheaccountsandprepareanincomestatementthatincludesvariancesfromstandards.7. Explainhowstandardsmaybeusedfornonmanufacturingexpenses.8. Explainandprovideexamplesofnonfinancialperformancemeasures.Objectives5. Calculateandinterpretfactoryoverheadcontrollableandvolumevariances.Standards—PerformanceBenchmarksRequiresjointefforts

ofaccountants,engineers,andothermanagementpersonnelSettingStandardsReviewingandRevisingStandardsShouldberevisedwhentheynolongerreflectoperatingconditionstheyintendedtomeasureTypesofStandardsTheoreticalorideal(worldrecord)standardsCurrentlyattainablestandards(normalstandards)WesternRiderInc.,amanufacturerofbluejeans,usesstandardmanufacturingcostsinitsbudgets.WesternRiderInc.StandardCostperPairofXLJeansDirectmaterials:

$5.00persquareyard x 1.5squareyards= $7.50Directlabor:

$9.00perhourx0.80hourperpair = 7.20Factoryoverhead:

$6.00perhourx0.80hourperpair = 4.80

Totalstandardcostperpair $19.50WesternRiderInc.BudgetPerformanceReportFortheMonthEndedJune30,2006Directmaterials $40,150 $37,500 $2,650 StandardCost Cost atActual Variance Actual Volume (favorable)ManufacturingCosts Costs (5,000units) UnfavorableDirectlabor 38,500 36,000 2,500Factoryoverhead 22,400

24,000

(1,600)Totalmfg.costs $101,050 $97,500 $3,5505,000x$7.50perpairTotalManufacturingCostVarianceDirectMaterialsPriceVarianceDirectMaterialsPriceVarianceDirectLaborRateVarianceDirectLaborTimeVarianceVariableFactoryOverheadControllableVarianceFixedFactoryOverheadVolumeVarianceDirectMaterialsCostVarianceDirectLaborCostVarianceFactoryOverheadCostVarianceDirectMaterialsDirectMaterialsPriceVarianceActualpriceperunit $5.50 persq.yd.Standardpriceperunit 5.00 persq.yd.Pricevariance(unfavorable) $0.50 persq.yd.$0.50timestheactualquantityof7,300sq.yds.=

$3,650unfavorableDirectMaterialsQuantityVarianceActualquantityused 7,300sq.yds.Standardquantityatactualproduction 7,500Quantityvariance(favorable) (200)sq.yds.(200)squareyardstimesthestandardpriceof$5.00=($1,000)favorableDirectMaterialsVarianceRelationshipsActualquantityxStandardprice7,300x$5.00=$36,500ActualquantityxActualprice7,300x$5.50=$40,150$3,650UMaterialPriceVarianceStandardquantityxStandardprice7,500x$5.00=$37,500($1,000)FMaterialQuantityVarianceDirectMaterialsVarianceRelationships$2,650UTotalDirectMaterialsCostVarianceActualquantityxStandardprice7,300x$5.00=$36,500ActualquantityxActualprice7,300x$5.50=$40,150StandardquantityxStandardprice7,500x$5.00=$37,500DirectLaborDirectLaborVariancesStandarddirectlaborhoursper ofXLjeans 0.80 directlaborhourActualunitsproduced x5,000 pairsofjeansStandarddirectlaborhours budgetedforactual production 4,000 directlaborhoursStandardrateperDLH x$9.00Standarddirectlaborcost atactualproduction $36,000DirectLaborVariancesActualdirectlaborhours usedinproduction 3,850 directlaborhoursActualrateperdirectlabor hour x$10.00Totalactualdirectlaborcost $38,500DirectLaborRateVarianceActualrate $10.00Standardrate 9.00Ratevariance(unfavorable) $1.00 perDLH$1.00timestheactualtimeof3,850hours=

$3,850unfavorableDirectLaborTimeVarianceActualhours 3,850 DLHStandardhoursatactual production 4,000Timevariance (150) DLH(150)Directlaborhourstimesthestandardrateof$9.00=

($1,350)favorableDirectLaborVarianceRelationshipsActualhoursxStandardrate3,850x$9.00=$34,650ActualhoursxActualrate3,850x$10=$38,500$3,850UDirectLaborRateVarianceStandardhoursxStandardrate4,000x$9.00=$36,000($1,350)FDirectLaborTimeVarianceDirectLaborVarianceRelationshipsActualhoursxStandardrate3,850x$9.00=$34,650ActualhoursxActualrate3,850x$10=$38,500StandardhoursxStandardrate4,000x$9.00=$36,000$2,500UTotalDirectLaborCostVarianceFactoryOverheadOverheadisappliedat$6.00perdirectlaborhourbasedonestimated5,000totalhours.Variancesfromstandardforfactoryoverheadresultfrom:1. Actualvariablefactoryoverheadcostgreaterorlessthanbudgetedvariablefactoryoverheadforactualproduction.2. Actualproductionatalevelaboveorbelow100%ofnormalcapacity.WesternRiderInc.produced5,000pairsofXLjeansinJune.Eachpairrequires0.80standardlaborhoursforproduction.Thefirmoperatedat80%ofcapacity. DirectLaborHours 4,000 5,000 5,500Totalvariablecosts $14,400 $18,000 $19,800Percentageofcapacity 80% 100% 110%Actualvariableoverhead 10,400Variableoverhead variance—favorable $(4,000) F

ControllablevariancebasedonvariablecostsLevelofactivity DirectLaborHours 4,000 5,000 5,500Percentageofcapacity 80% 100% 110%Totalfixedcosts 12,000 12,000 12,000FixedcostperDLH $3.00 $2.40 $2.18 DesiredcapacityStandardhoursatactualproductionWesternRiderInc.produced5,000pairsofXLjeansinJune.Eachpairrequires0.80standardlaborhoursforproduction.Thefirmoperatedat80%ofcapacity. DirectLaborHours 4,000 5,000 5,500Percentageofcapacity 80% 100% 110%Totalfixedcosts 12,000 12,000 12,000FixedcostperDLH $3.00 $2.40 $2.18 100%ofnormalcapacity 5,000 DLHStandardhoursatactualproduction 4,000 DLHCapacitynotused 1,000 DLHStandardfixedoverheadrateat100% x$2.40Fixedoverheadvolumevariance $2,400 UWesternRiderInc.produced5,000pairsofXLjeansinJune.Eachpairrequires0.80standardlaborhoursforproduction.Thefirmoperatedat80%ofcapacity.WesternRiderInc.FactoryOverheadCostVarianceReportFortheMonthEndedJune30,2006Productivecapacityforthemonth(100%ofnormal) 5,000hoursActualproductionforthemonth 4,000hours

Budget(atActualVariancesProduction)ActualFavorableUnfavorableVariablefactoryoverheadcosts $14,400 $10,400 $4,000Fixedfactoryoverheadcosts 12,000

12,000Totalfactoryoverheadcosts $26,400 $22,400Totalcontrollablevariances $4,000 $0Netcontrollablevariances— favorable $4,000Volumevariance—unfavorable: Capacitynotusedatthestandardrateforfixed factoryoverhead—1,000x$2.40 2,400Totalfactoryoverheadcostvariance--favorable $1,600FixedOverheadVariancesandtheFactoryOverheadAccountFactoryOverheadActualfactory overhead $22,400$10,400+$12,000Appliedfactory overhead $24,0004,000hoursx$6.00perhourBalance,June30 1,600FixedOverheadVariancesandtheFactoryOverheadAccountFactoryOverheadActualfactory overhead $22,400Appliedfactory overhead $24,000Balance,June30 1,600Controllable Variance: $4,000 F$22,400–$26,400FixedOverheadVariancesandtheFactoryOverheadAccountFactoryOverheadActualfactory overhead $22,400Appliedfactory overhead $24,000Balance,June30 1,600Volume Variance: $2,400 U$26,400–$24,000FixedOverheadVariancesandtheFactoryOverheadAccountTotalFactoryOverheadVarianceControllablevariance $4,000 FVolumevariance 2,400 UTotal $1,600 FFixedOverheadVariancesandtheFactoryOverheadAccountControllablevariance $14,400Fixedfactoryoverhead 12,000Total $26,400BudgetedFactoryOverheadforAmountProducedRecordingandReportingVariancesfromStandards Aug.1 Materials(7,300sq.yds.X$5.00) 3650000 DirectMaterialsPriceVariance 365000AccountsPayable 4015000OnAugust1,WesternRiderInc.purchased,onaccount,the7,300squareyardsofbluedenimat$5.50persquareyard.Recall,thestandardpricewas$5.00.$5.507,300= $40,150$5.007,300= $36,500$3,650UDirectmaterialspricevariancexx Aug.31WorkinProcess(7,500x$5.00) 3750000 DirectMaterialsQuantityVariance 100000

Materials(7,300x$5.00) 3650000WesternRiderInc.used7,300squareyardsofbluedenimtoproduce5,000pairsofXLjeans,comparedtothestandardof7,500squareyards.DatetheentryAugust31.StandardpricexActualquantityStandardpricexStandardquantity$5.007,300= $36,500$5.007,500= $37,500$1,000FDirectMaterialsquantityvariance Aug.31 WorkinProcess 3600000 DirectLaborRateVariance 385000DirectLaborTimeVariance 135000WagesPayable 3850000ForthemonthofAugust,WesternRiderInc.accruedwagesof$38,500(3,850hoursat$10perhour)inproducing5,000XLJeans.Thestandardrateis$9perhourandeachpairofjeanshadatimestandardof0.8hr.Actualrate xActualhoursStandardratexActualhoursStandardratexStandardquantity= $38,500= $34,650= $36,000$10.003,850$9.003,850$3,850U(rate)$9.004,000$1,350F(time)Thisentryisnotshowninthetextbook.WesternRiderInc.IncomeStatementFortheMonthEndedJune30,2006Sa