阅读理解说明文议论文20篇-2023年高考英语阅读理解名校模拟训练 解析版

2023年高考英语阅读理解满分攻略+名校模拟专项训练

专题08阅读理解说明文+议论文20篇解析版

专家说考情高考新考法名师谈技法

高频必考点：2022年全国甲卷考查一道标题归纳题、一道文章1.标题概括题每年必考，难度最大

1.细节理解题大意题和一道段落大意题2.利用说明文“倒三角形”特点，

2.猜测词义题22022年全国乙卷考查一道标题归纳题紧扣首段和段首句

3.推理判断题2022年新高考全国I卷考查一道段落大意题3.最佳标题的特点是概括性强,主

4.标题概括题2022年新高考全国II卷考查一道标题归纳题题突出，体现关键词。

（2023•黑龙江哈尔滨•哈九中校考三模）Forthefirsttime,scientistshavesuccessfullygrownplantsinlunar

soilbroughtbacktoEarthbyNASA,sApolloastronauts.ResearchershadnoideaifanythingwouldSProUt（发芽）

intheharshmoondirtandwantedtoseeifitcouldbeusedtogrowfoodbythenextgenerationoflunarexplorers.

ςςAftertwodays,theystartedtosprout!”saidAnna-LisaPaul,aprofessorinHorticulturalSciencesatthe

UniversityofFlorida,whotookpartintheexperiment.''Everythingsprouted.Ican,ttellyouhowastonishedwe

were!Everyplant—whetherinalunarsampleorinacontrol（参照实验）一lookedthesameupuntilaboutday

six.”

RobertFerloftheUniversityofFlorida'sInstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciencesandhiscolleagues

plantedthalecress（鼠耳芥）inmoonsoilreturnedbyApollo11,sNeilAnnstrongandBuzzAldrin,andothermoon

walkers.Alloftheseedssprouted.Butwithinaweek,thecoarseness（粗糙度）andotherpropertiesofthelunarsoil

stressedthesmall,floweringweedssomuchthattheygrewmoreslowlythanseedlingsplantedindirtfromEarth.

Mostofthemoonplantsendedupstunted（发育不良）.

Thelongerthesoilwasexposedtotoughcosmicradiationandsolarwindonthemoon,theworsetheplants

seemedtodo.TheApolloIIsamples-exposedacoupleofbillionyearslongertotheelements—weretheleast

likelyforplantstogrow,scientistssaid.Onesolutionmightbetouseyoungergeologicspotsonthemoon,likelava

flows,fordiggingupplantingsoil.Theenvironmentalsocouldbeimproved,changingthenutrientmixtureor

adjustingtheartificiallighting.

NASAsaidthetimingforsuchanexperimentwasright,withthespaceagencylookingtoputastronautsback

onthemooninafewyears.Theidealsituationwouldbeforfutureastronautstomakeuseoftheendlesssupplyof

availablelocaldirtforindoorplantingratherthansetupahydroponic（水培的）orall-watersystem,scientistssaid.

“Thefactthatanythinggrewmeansthatwehaveareallygoodstartingpoint,andnowthequestionishowdowe

optimizeandimprove,,,saidSharmilaBhattacharya,NASA,sprogramscientistforspacebiology.

1.Whydidthescientiststrytogrowplantsinthelunarsoil?

A.Tosolvethefoodcrisisintheworld.B.Totakemoredirtfromthemoon.

C.Topreparefoodforfutureastronauts.D.Tosendmoreexplorerstothemoon.

2.Whatmadethesproutedseedsendupstunted?

A.Theverylowqualityofthesoil.B.Theyfloweredtoomuchsoon.

C.Thepolluteddirtontheearth.D.Thechangeofartificiallighting.

3.Whatkindofmoonsoilwouldprobablybesuitableforplantgrowth?

A.Theonereceivingcosmicradiation.B.Theoneexposedtosolarwind.

C.Theonehavingaverylonghistory.D.Theonecomingfromlavaflows.

4.Whatwillscientistsmostprobablydonext?

A.Useavailableearthdirtforplanting.B.Continuetogrowplantsinlunarsoil.

C.Putmoreastronautsbackonthemoon.D.Setupahydroponicorall-watersystem.

【答案】1.C2.A3.D4.B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了日前美国佛罗里达大学的研究人员首次在阿波罗号宇航员带回的月

球土壤里种出了植物，这个突破性进展意味着人类朝着在月球上种植粮食又迈近了一步。

L细节理解题。文章第一段讲到“ResearchershadnoideaifanythingwouldSPrOUt（发芽）intheharshmoon

dirtandwantedtoseeifitcouldbeusedtogrowfoodbythenextgenerationoflunarexplorers,研究人员不

知道在严酷的月球泥土中是否会发芽，他们想看看下一代月球探险家是否可以用它来种植食物。）”可知科

学家们试图在月球土壤中种植植物是为未来的宇航员准备食物，故选C.

2.细节理解题。文章第三段讲到“Butwithinaweek,thecoarseness（粗糙度）andotherpropertiesofthe

lunarsoilstressedthesmall,floweringweedssomuchthattheygrewmoreslowlythanseedlingsplantedin

dirtfromEarth.Mostofthemoonplantsendedupstunted（发育不良）.（但在一周内，月球土壤的粗糙度和

其他特性给开花的小杂草带来了很大的压力，以至于它们的生长速度比种植在地球泥土中的幼苗慢。大多

数月球植物最终发育不良。）”可知让发芽的种子最终发育不良的是土壤质量很低，故选A。

3.细节理解题。文章第四段讲到“OiIesolutionmightbetouseyoungergeologicspotsonthemoon,likelava

flows,fordiggingupplantingSoiLL种解决方案可能是利用月球上较年轻的地质点，如熔岩流，挖掘种植

土壤。户可知样来自熔岩流的的月球土壤可能适合植物生长，故选D。

4.推理判断题。文章最后一段讲到“Thefactthatanythinggrewmeansthatwehaveareallygoodstarting

point9andnowthequestionishowdovveoptimizeandimprove（任何增长的事实都意味着我们有一个非常

好的起点，现在的问题是我们如何优化和改进）”可知科学家下一步最有可能继续在月球土壤中种植植物，

故选B。

（2023届河南省洛阳市高三综合练习题英语（二））Onethingwealwaysrememberfromourchildhoodis

ourfavouriteteddybear.Thissoftraggedtoywasourcomfortandcompanion.Aswegrowup,wenormallygive

upourchildishways,andourfurryfriendoftenendsupinstorageoratayardsale.Butthat,snotthecasefor

everyone.

ɪtseemsthatsomegrown-upscontinuetoneedtheircuddly（让人想抱的）toybytheirsides.Andforsome

adults,softtoysremainanessentialpresence—theytakethemwherevertheygo.

Acuddlytoycancomeinmanyforms一animals,strangeshapesorjustapieceofstuffedmaterial.Butit,sthe

teddybearinparticularthatseemstohavealastingappeal—itgivesusanostalgic（怀旧的）feelingandareminder

ofouryoungerdays.DavidCannadine,ahistorian,says,ςςPcrhapsit,sthatbearsrepresentthehappysecurityofa

childhoodfriendwhoneverchangesorletsyoudown.Forwhateverreason,teddiesappealtobothchildrenand

adultsofallages.”

Theteddybearismuchcelebratedthesedays,andthey,vebecomesomethingthatwedon,tjustgrowupwith

一peoplebuythemasadultstoo.Thereareshopswhichsellonlyteddybears,thereareteddybearmuseumsin

manycountries,andteddybearfestivalsregularlytakeplacearoundtheworld.

WhileoursofttoysofferUSakindofcomfortblanket,someexpertssayit,snothingtobeashamedof.It,s

sometimesgoodtoletgooftherestrictionsofadultlifeandbeabigkidagain.Manyadultspurchaseplaythings

theyenjoyedaschildrenbecausetheybringbackhappymemories.Colouringbooks,cuddlytoysandboardgames

weretopofthelist.So,ifyou,restillkeepingyourteddyasecret,don,tworry一you,renotalone!

5.Whatareteddybearsusuallyusedfor?

A.Keepingpeoplecompany.

B.Makingadultsstayyoung.

C.Beingsoldforpocketmoney.

D.Beingcollectedforappreciation.

6.Whyareteddybearssoattractivetopeople?

A.Theycomeinvariousshapesandcolors.

B.Theyaremadeofstrangefurrymaterials.

C.Theyhelptoensurechildren,ssafety.

D.Theycarrywiththemtruefriendship.

7.Whichadviceisreasonableforanadult?

A.Takelessnoticeofshame.B.Trytoactlikeachild.

C.Followsocialrulesstrictly.D.Buytoysifnecessary.

8.Whatmaybeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.NoMoreTeddyBearsB.ATeddyBearforLife

C.ChildishTeddyBearsD.AdultsinNeedofToys

【答案】5.A6.D7.D8.B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍泰迪熊是许多人从小就熟悉的玩具。这个毛茸茸的伙伴给童年

带来了欢乐和慰藉。一些人即使已经长大，对它的喜爱也丝毫不减。

5.细节理解题。根据第一段“ThissoftraggedtoywasourcomfortandCOmPanion.（这个柔软的破烂玩具是

我们的安慰和伴侣。）"和第二段"ItSeemSthatsomegrown-upscontinuetoneedtheircuddly（让人想抱的）

toybytheirsides.Andforsomeadults,softtoysremainanessentialpresence-theytakethemwhereverthey

go.（似乎一些成年人仍然需要他们的可爱的玩具在他们身边。对于一些成年人来说，毛绒玩具仍然是必不

可少的存在一他们走到哪里都带着它们。）”可知，泰迪熊通常用来陪伴他人。故选A。

6.推理判断题。根据第三段“Butit,stheteddybearinparticularthatseemstohavealastingappeal—itgives

usaIlOStaIgiC（怀I日的）feelingandareminderofouryoungerdays.DavidCannadine9ahistorian,says,

66Perhapsit,sthatbearsrepresentthehappysecurityofachildhoodfriendwhoneverchangesorletsyou

down.Forwhateverreason,teddiesappealtobothchildrenandadultsofallages.”（但泰迪熊似乎具有持久

的吸引力，它给我们一种怀旧的感觉，提醒我们年轻的日子。历史学家大卫♦坎纳丁说：“也许熊代表了童年

朋友的快乐安全感，他永远不会改变你，也不会让你失望。不管出于什么原因，泰迪熊对所有年龄段的儿

童和成年人都很有吸引力。”产可推断，泰迪熊对人们如此有吸引力因为它们带给他们真正的友谊。故选Do

7.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Whileoursofttoysofferusakindofcomfortblanket,someexpertssayit,s

nothingtobeashamedof.It'ssometimesgoodtoletgooftherestrictionsofadultlifeandbeabigkidagain.

Manyadultspurchaseplaythingstheyenjoyedaschildrenbecausetheybringbackhappymemories.

Colouringbooks,cuddlytoysandboardgamesweretopofthelist.So,ifyou,restillkeepingyourteddya

secret,don,tworry—you,renotalone!（虽然我们的毛绒玩具给我们提供了一种舒适的毯子，但一些专家表

示，这没什么好羞耻的。有时候，摆脱成人生活的束缚，重新做一个大孩子是件好事。许多成年人购买他

们小时候喜欢的玩具，因为它们能唤起快乐的回忆。涂色书、可爱的玩具和棋盘游戏是最受欢迎的。所以，

如果你仍然对你的泰迪熊保密，别担心——你不是一个人!）”可推断，对成年人来说，必要时购买玩具。故

选D。

8.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“So,ifyou,restillkeepingyourteddyasecret,don,tworry—you,renotaione!

（所以，如果你仍然对你的泰迪熊保密，别担心——你不是一个人!）”及全文可知，文章主要介绍泰迪熊是许

多人从小就熟悉的玩具。这个毛茸茸的伙伴给童年带来了欢乐和慰藉。一些人即使已经长大，对它的喜爱

也丝毫不减。所以“ATeddyBearforLife（一辈子有一只泰迪熊户作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。

（2023届河南省部分重点高中高三下学期5月顶尖计划联考英语试题）TheAustralianAntarcticDivision

isreadytoleadoneofthemostambitiousandchallengingscientificprojectsyetundertakeninAntarctica-thequest

todrillanicecorecontainingamillion-yearrecordofEarth,sclimateandatmospherichistory.

Thisrecordwillhelpsolvealong-standingmysteryaboutthetimingofpasticeages-why,almostonemillion

yearsago,thecycleoficeagesshiftedfromaregular41,000-yearcycletoaniceageevery100,000years.

TheAntarcticicecapisformedbylayersofsnowfall,whicharecompressedatdepthintoice.Tracechemicals

andparticlestrappedintheicelayersprovidedataonhowtheclimateandatmospherehaschangedovertime.Past

temperature,thefrequencyandpowerofvolcaniceruptions,seaicecoverage,dustinessandwindpatternsareall

recorded.

Airpocketsinthesnowbecometrappedasbubbles（气泡）intheice.Eachbubbleisanoriginalsampleofthe

atmosphere,fromthetimethesnowwastransformedtoice.Carbondioxide,methane,oxygenandothergasescan

beextractedfromthebubblestorevealtheirpastatmosphericconcentrations.

The41,000-yeariceagecyclematchesaknownperiodicityinthetilt（倾斜）OfEarth'saxis.The100,000-year

cyclematchesaperiodicityintheshapeoftheEarth,sorbit.Whytheiceagecyclesshiftedfrombeingpacedby

oneparameter（参数）totheotherisunresolved.TheAntarcticicesheetwitnessedthesechangesandtheanswerto

thepuzzlemaylieintheancientice.

AleadingtheoryisthatdecliningatmosphericCO2levelswerethecauseofthelonger,coldericeages.The

million-yearicecorerecordwillprovidetheessentialCO2recordtotestthistheory.Bygreatlyextendingthe

detailedrecordofEarth,sclimatehistory,themillion-yearicecorewillalsoplacecurrentchangesinclimateand

greenhousegasconcentrationsintoadeepercontext.

9.Whathappenedtotheearthaboutonemillionyearsago?

A.Thecycleoficeageschanged.

B.Thecycleoficeagesdisappeared.

C.TheAntarcticicecapcameintobeing.

D.TheCO2levelsintheatmosphereincreased.

10.Whatinformationdoesanicecoreprobablyinclude?

A.Themovementsofseaice.

B.Thelevelofvolcanicactivities.

C.Thecauseofvolcaniceruptions.

D.ThecauseofthetiltofEarth,saxis.

ɪI.What,sthemessageconveyedinthefifthparagraph?

A.ThetiltofEarth,saxismayhaveaffectedtheiceages.

B.Theiceagecyclesaren,trelatedtotheEarth,sorbit.

C.TheEarth,sorbitbecamestableabout100,000yearsago.

D.Theorbitalparametersarethekeytostudyingtheancientice.

12.Whafsthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

A.Theevolutionoftheearth,senvironment.

B.TheperiodicityofatmosphericCO2levels.

C.Thetrendofclimatechangeinrecentyears.

D.Thepotentialvalueofthemillion-yearicecore.

【答案】9.A10.B11.A12.D

【导语】这是一篇说明文。澳大利亚南极分部准备实施迄今为止在南极洲进行的最雄心勃勃、最具挑战性

的科学项目之一，即钻探一个包含数百万年地球气候和大气历史记录的冰芯。

9.细节理解题。根据第二段“Thisrecordwillhelpsolvealong-standingmysteryaboutthetimingofpastice

ages-vvhy,almostonemillionyearsago,thecycleoficeagesshiftedfromaregular41,（M）0-vearcycletoanice

ageevery100,000years.（这一记录将有助于解开一个关于过去冰河时期时间的长期谜团，为什么在近100

万年前，冰河时期的周期从4・1万年的常规周期转变为每10万年一次的冰河时期）”可知，大约一百万年前

冰河周期发生了变化，故选A项。

10.细节理解题。根据第三段“TheAntarcticicecapisformedbylayersofsnowfall,whicharecompressedat

depthintoice.Tracechemicalsandparticlestrappedintheicelayersprovidedataonhowtheclimateand

atmospherehaschangedovertime∙Pasttemperature,thefrequencyandpowerofvolcaniceruptions,seaice

coverage,dustinessandwindpatternsareallrecorded.（南极冰盖是由层层降雪形成的，这些降雪在深处被

压缩成冰。被困在冰层中的微量化学物质和颗粒物提供了气候和大气随时间变化的数据。记录了过去的温

度、火山爆发的频率和功率、海冰覆盖率、灰尘和风向）”可知，冰芯中会包含火山活动的信息，故选B项。

11.推理判断题。根据第五段“Whytheiceagecyclesshiftedfrombeingpacedbyoneparameter（参数）tothe

otherisunresolved.TheAntarcticicesheetwitnessedthesechangesandtheanswertothepuzzlemayliein

theancientice.（为什么冰河时期的周期从由一个参数决定另一个，这个问题尚未解决。南极冰盖见证了这些

变化，而这个谜题的答案可能就在古老的冰层中）”可知，地轴的倾斜可能影响了冰河时期，故选A项。

12.主旨大意题。根据最后一段"AleadingtheoryisthatdecliningatmosphericCO2levelswerethecauseof

thelonger,coldericeages.Themillion-yearicecorerecordwillprovidetheessentialCO2recordtotestthis

theory.（一个主要的理论是，大气中二氧化碳水平的下降是冰河时期更长、更冷的原因。百万年的冰芯记

录将为检验这一理论提供必要的二氧化碳记录）”可知，百万年的冰芯记录将为检验这一理论提供必要的二

氧化碳记录，也就是说百万年的冰芯记录有潜在的价值，故选D项。

（江西省重点中学协作体2023届高三第二次联考英语试卷）Weallknowthere,sgoodCholeSterOl（胆固

醉）andbadcholesterol.Itturnsoutthere,sgoodandbadfat,too.Thegoodfatismedicallyknownasbrownfat.

It,sgoodbecauseitbumscalories.Themorefamiliarfat,knownaswhitefat,storesupcaloriesandstubbornly

accumulatesaroundwaistlinesandbottoms.

Scientistshaveknownaboutbrownfatfordecades.Smallmammalsandhumaninfants（婴儿）havedeposits

ofitaroundtheirshoulderblades.Itgeneratesheatandhelpsmaintainthebody,scoretemperature.Recently,three

studiesintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinesuggestthatbrownfat—whichbecomesgraduallylesswithage

—mightserveasawholenewwaytohelppeopleloseweight.44Wecalculatethatifyouhadthreeounces,worthof

brownfat,thatwouldbeenoughtobumup400to500caloriesperday,“saysDr.AaronCypess,anauthorofone

ofthenewstudies.

Thenewstudies,whichcomefromtheUniversityofMaastrichtintheNetherlands,studiedbrownfatactivity

in24healthyyoungmen-10ofthemlean（瘦且健康的）andtheothersoverweight.Studysubjectsspenttwo

hoursinamildlychillyroom——16.1℃.ThentheyunderwentPETscansandCTscanstomeasurethelocation

andmetabolic（新陈代i⅛t的）activityofbrownfatdeposits.Brownfatshowedupas“hotspots“inthescansof23

outofthe24volunteers.Theonewithnodetectablebrownfatwasthemostobese.

Theresearchersalsofoundthatexposuretochillytemperaturescausedanincreaseinthemetabolicrateof

brownfatintheirhealthyadultvolunteers.Theyfigurethatifawaycanbefoundtoactivatethetypicalperson,s

storesofbrownfat,itwillburnoffatleast9poundsofregularwhitefatayear.Sittingathomeat16℃maybea

simplewaytoachievethatandothercandidatetargetsarealreadyknown.

13.Whomayhavethemostbrownfataccordingtothetext?

A.Anenergeticteenager.B.Amiddle-agedman.

C.Alovelybaby.D.Anoldwoman.

14.WhichstatementwillDr.AaronCypessprobablyagreewith?

A.Itdoesn,ttakemuchbrownfattobumcalories.

B.Peoplearesupposedtofocusonlosingweight.

C.Whitefatmainlyaccumulatesaroundshoulderblades.

D.Smallmammalstakeadvantageofbrownfattobeatheat.

15.Whatdothestudiesmentionedinparagraph3show?

A.Youngmenpreferbrownfattowhitefat.

B.Peoplebecomeoverweightforlackofbrownfat.

C.Thelocationofbrownfatdepositsishardtomeasure.

D.Obesepeoplemayhavelessbrownfatthanleanpeople.

16.Whatwillbetalkedaboutinthenextparagraph?

A.Benefitsofstayinginfreezingrooms.B.Waysofactivatingstoresofbrownfat.

C.Targetsofkeepingahealthyweight.D.Risksofeatingtoomuchheavyfood.

【答案】13.C14.A15.D16.B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了不同脂肪的类型以及棕色脂肪可以帮助人们减肥。

13.细节理解题。根据第二段"Scientistshaveknownaboutbrownfatfordecades.Smallmammalsand

humaninfants（婴儿）havedepositsofitaroundtheirshoulderblades.（科学家们几十年前就知道了棕色脂

肪。小型哺乳动物和人类婴儿的肩胛骨周围有这种沉积物）”可知,一个可爱的婴儿的棕色脂肪最多。故选C。

14.细节理解题。根据第二段“"Wecalculatethatifyouhadthreeounces9worthofbrownfat,thatwouldbe

enoughtoburnup400to500caloriesperday,“saysDr.AaronCypess,anauthorofoneofthenewstudies.

（其中一项新研究的作者Aan）IICyPeSS博士说：“我们计算出，如果你有三盎司的棕色脂肪，那就足以每天

燃烧400到500卡路里。”户可知，AanmCyPeSS认为燃烧卡路里不需要很多棕色脂肪。故选A。

15.推理判断题。根据第三段“Thenewstudies,whichcomefromtheUniversityofMaastrichtinthe

Netherlands,studiedbrownfatactivityin24healthyyoungmen—10ofthemlean（瘦且健康的）andthe

othersoverweight.Studysubjectsspenttwohoursinamildlychillyroom—16.1℃.Thentheyunderwent

PETscansandCTscanstomeasurethelocationandmetabolic（新陈代谢的）activityofbrownfatdeposits.

BrownfatshowedupasuhotSPotS”inthescansof23outofthe24volunteers.Theonewithnodetectable

brownfatwasthemostobese.（荷兰马斯特里赫特大学的这项新研究对24名健康年轻男性的棕色脂肪活动

进行了研究，其中10名是瘦子，其余的是超重的。研究对象在16.1。C的微冷房间里待了两个小时。然后，

他们接受了PET扫描和CT扫描，以测量棕色脂肪沉积物的位置和代谢活动。在24名志愿者中，有23人

的扫描结果显示棕色脂肪是“热点”。没有检测到棕色脂肪的人是最肥胖的）”可推知，第3段提到的研究表

明肥胖的人可能比瘦人有更少的棕色脂肪。故选D。

16.推理判断题。根据最后一段"Theyfigurethatifawaycanbefoundtoactivatethetypicalperson,sstores

ofbrownfat,itwillburnoffatleast9poundsofregularwhitefatayear.Sittingathomeat16℃maybea

simplewaytoachievethatandothercandidatetargetsarealreadyknown.（他们认为，如果能找到一种方法

来激活普通人储存的棕色脂肪，那么每年至少会燃烧掉9磅的普通白色脂肪。坐在16℃的家中可能是实现

这一目标的简单方法，其他候选目标已经知道）”可推知，下一段将讨论激活棕色脂肪储存的方法。故选B。

（2023届山东省临沂市高三下学期二模英语试题）Haveyoueverwishedyoucouldbebetterorganisedor

moresociable?Perhapsyou,reaconstantworrier,andyou,dprefertobealittlemorecarefree?

Manysurveysshowthatatleasttwo-thirdsofpeoplewouldliketochangesomeelementsoftheirpersonality.

Inthepast,suchdesiresappearedtobeunachievable.Liketheproverbialleopardthatcouldneverchangeitsspots,

ourvirtuesandflawswerebelievedtobewovenintothefabricofourminds.

Recentscientificresearch,however,provesthisexpectationofpersonality,spermanencewrong.Withtheright

psychologicalstrategiesandenougheffort,manypeoplecansuccessfullyshapetheircorepersonalitiesintowhat

theydesire.

Ourgenesalmostcertainlyplayarole:it,swhypeoplc,spersonalitiesoftenreflecttheirbiologicalparents9

ones.Theinfluenceofoursocialenvironmentwasthoughttoendinearlyadulthood,asthebrainreachedmaturity.

Ifthisweretrue,itwouldn'tbepossibletoshiftpersonalityatwill.Yetthatisexactlywhatpsychologyprofessor

NathanHudsonandhiscolleagueshaveshownwithaseriesofgroundbreakingstudies.

Theinterventionsintheirstudiestypicallyinvolvearrangingregularactivitiesthatreflectthepersonalities

peoplewishtoadopt.Aquietpersonwhowishedtobemoreoutgoing,forexample,mighthavethegoalof

introducingthemselvestoastrangeronceaweek,ormakingsmalltalkwiththecashierattheirlocalsupermarket.

Theaimisforthethinkingpatternsandbehaviourstheygeneratetobecomehabitual.Inthefirsttrial,

providedparticipantsactuallycompletedthosearrangedtasks,theirpersonalitiesshiftedinthedesireddirection.

Similarlyexcitingresultscouldbeseeninalatertrial.Thedifferencesofparticipants,personalitiesbeforeandafter

theinterventionwerestillapparentthreemonthsaftertheexperimenthadended.AsAristotlearguedmorethan

2,300yearsago,WebecomewhatWerepeatedlydo.

Theunexpectedplasticityofourmindsshouldbegoodnewsforanyonewhowishestheywereabitmore

sociable,organised,orhappy-go-lucky.Anotherpotentialbenefitisthatawarenessofthisresearchcouldhelp

improvementalhealth.

17.Whyis“leopard"mentionedinparagraph2?

A.Toexplainthatourmindsconsistofvirtuesandflaws.

B.Toshowthesimilaritybetweenleopardsandhumanbeings.

C.Toproveapossibilitythatpeoplecanchangetheirpersonality.

D.Todemonstratethepreviousbeliefthatpersonalitiesremainfixed.

18.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthe“interventions”?

A.Thetwotrialsreacheddifferentconclusions.B.Activitiesaretailoredtospecificpersonalitites.

C.Thepurposeistobetterpeople,spersonalities.D.People,spersonalitiescanbechangedbutcan,tlast.

19.WhathasNathanHudson'steamshownthroughtheirstudies?

A.Thepreviousexpectationofpersonality,spermanencewasconfirmed.

B.Theinfluenceofoursocialenvironmentendswhenthebrainmatures.

C.Thedesiretochangesomeelementsofourpersonalitycanbeachieved.

D.Ourgenesplayagreaterroleinourpersonalitythansocialenvironment.

20.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.WeAreWhatWeDoB.HabitsMakeThingsEasier

C.YourPersonalityIsNotSetInStoneD.ALeopardNeverChangesItsSpots

【答案】17.D18.B19.C20.C

【导语】这是一篇说明文。最近的科学研究证明，这种对人格持久性的期望是错误的。通过正确的心理策

略和足够的努力，许多人可以成功地将他们的核心个性塑造成他们想要的样子。文章介绍了研究开展的过

程以及发现和意义：对于那些希望自己更善于交际、更有条理或更随遇而安的人来说，我们大脑意想不到

的可塑性应该是个好消息。另一个潜在的好处是，意识到这项研究可以帮助改善心理健康。

17.推理判断题。根据第二段“Manysurveysshowthatatleasttwo-thirdsofpeoplewouldliketochangesome

elementsoftheirpersonality.Inthepast,suchdesiresappearedtobeunachievable.Liketheproverbial

leopardthatcouldneverchangeitsspots,ourvirtuesandflawswerebelievedtobewovenintothefabricof

ourminds.（许多调查显示，至少三分之二的人想要改变他们性格中的某些元素。在过去，这样的愿望似乎

是无法实现的。就像谚语所说的“江山易改本性难移”一样，我们的优点和缺点被认为是编织在我们的思想

结构中）”可推知，在第二段提到了“豹”是为了证明先前的观点，即人格是固定的。故选D。

18.推理判断题。根据第五段"Theinterventionsintheirstudiestypicallyinvolvearrangingregularactivities

thatreflectthepersonalitiespeoplewishtoadopt.Aquietpersonwhowishedtobemoreoutgoing,for

example,mighthavethegoalofintroducingthemselvestoastrangeronceaweek,ormakingsmalltalkwith

thecashierattheirlocalSUPermarket.（在他们的研究中，干预通常包括安排反映人们希望采用的个性的定期

活动。例如，一个安静的人希望变得更外向，他的目标可能是每周向陌生人介绍自己一次，或者在当地超

市与收银员闲聊一次）”可推知，活动是为特定的个性量身定制的。故选B。

19.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Inthefirsttrial,providedparticipantsactuallycompletedthosearranged

tasks,theirpersonalitiesshiftedinthedesireddirection.Similarlyexcitingresultscouldbeseeninalater

trial.Thedifferencesofparticipants9personalitiesbeforeandaftertheinterventionwerestillapparentthree

monthsaftertheexperimenthadended.AsAristotlearguedmorethan2,3θ0yearsago9webecomewhatWe

repeatedIydo.（在第一次试验中，如果参与者确实完成了这些安排好的任务，他们的性格就会朝着预期的方

向转变。在随后的试验中也可以看到同样令人兴奋的结果。实验结束三个月后，参与者在干预前后的性格

差异仍然很明显。正如亚里士多德在2300多年前所说的那样，我们反复做什么，我们就会成为什么）”可知，

内森•哈德森的团队通过他们的研究表明了改变我们个性的某些元素的愿望是可以实现的。故选C.

20.主旨大意题。根据第三段“Recentscientificresearch,however,provesthisexpectationofpersonality,s

permanencewrong.Withtherightpsychologicalstrategiesandenougheffort,manypeoplecansuccessfully

shapetheircorepersonalitiesintowhattheydesire.（然而，最近的科学研究证明，这种对人格持久性的期望

是错误的。通过正确的心理策略和足够的努力，许多人可以成功地将他们的核心个性塑造成他们想要的样

子）”可知，文章主要介绍了最近的科学研究证明，这种对人格持久性的期望是错误的。通过正确的心理策

略和足够的努力，许多人可以成功地将他们的核心个性塑造成他们想要的样子，C选项“你的性格不是一成

不变的”最符合文章标题。故选C。

（2023届吉林省长春市高三质量监测（四）英语试题）Spaceelevators一yes,literalelevatorsthatwillcarry

usintoorbit-maynotbeasfarfromrealityaswethink,saysStephenCohen,aspaceengineerandphysicsprofessor.

Accordingtohisideas,suchawildconceptcouldberealisticrelativelysoon.

So,whatexactlyisaspaceelevator?Well,humansareheadedtoMarsby2040,ifallgoeswell,andoneofthe

largestissuesisthetransport.Gettingpeopleuptospaceisadifficultandexpensivetask.Amuchbetterway,some

believe,couldbetoputareally,reallylongcable（电缆）fromtheEarth,ssurfaceallthewaytoorbit,andpassa

pod（分离舱）upanddownthecable.Itwouldsaveonfuel,reduceoverallexpenses,andbefarlessdangerousthan

rockets.

However,asyoucanimagine,though,spaceelevatorsdonotcomewithoutsignificantquestions.Forexample,

howwouldtheropestaytight?Howcouldweensurethatnothingcomesalonganddestroysthecable,liketerrible

weatherorspacejunk?Howwouldyouevenbuildsuchathing?

StephenCohen,along-timespaceelevatorenthusiast,believeshehasalltheanswers:Basically,asatellite

orbitingEarthdropsacable（avery,verylongone）whileusingfueltogetawayfromtheEarthfurtherintospace.In

thiswaythecableremainstightasitisfastenedtotheground.

Unfortunately,moderntechcan,tsolvethisbecausethecableneedsaspecificstrengthofaround50timesthat

ofsteel.ButaccordingtoCohen,we,relikelyaround10yearsawayfromthematerialbeingmadeandweshallbe

walkingonMarsevenbefore2040.

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