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英语语言学练习----语用学一、Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.contextualviewisoftenconsideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaninginapragmaticsense.(
)isrelatedtoandalsodifferentfromsemantics.(
)notionofcontextisnotimportanttothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.(
)utterancestaketheformofsentences.(
)acttheorywasproposedbytheBritishphilosopherJohnAustininthelate1950s.(
)madeadistinctionbetweenwhathecalled“constatives”and“performatives”.(
)locutionaryactistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexicon,andphonology.(
)theirstudyoflanguagecommunication,linguistsareonlyinterestedinhowaspeakerexpresseshisintentionandpaynoattentiontohowhisintentionisrecognizedbythehearer.(
)areattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosomething.(
)CooperativeprinciplewasproposedbyJohnSearle.(
)arefourmaximsundertheCooperativeprinciple.(
)violationsofthemaximsmakeourlanguageindirect.(
)theutterancestaketheformofsentences.(
)thoughtthatstatingwasalsoakindofact,andthatwecanperformwithlanguage.(
)tothespeechacttheory,whenwearespeakingalanguage,wearedoingsomething,orinotherwordsperformingacts;andtheprocessoflinguisticcommunicationconsistsofasequenceofacts.(
)theactsthatbelongtothesamecategoryactsharethesamepurposeorthesameillocutionaryact,andtheyarethesameintheirstrengthorforce.(
)theutterancesthatcanbemadetoservethesamepurposemayvaryinthesyntacticform.(
)participantsnearlyalwaysobservetheCPandthemaximsoftheCP.(
)sentenceisgrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedastheabstractintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredication.(
)isbasedonsentencemeaning,itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunicationorsimplyinacontext.(
)theprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingmeaninginacertaincontext,pragmaticscanalsoberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.(
)linguistsfoundthatitwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageusewasleftconsidered.essentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.(
)thesharedknowledgebothbythespeakerandthehearer,linguisticcommunicationwouldnotbepossible,andwithoutconsideringsuchknowledge,linguisticcommunicationcannotbesatisfactorilyaccountedforinasemanticsense.(
)perlocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.(
)toPaulGrice’sidea,inmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate,otherwise,itwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.(
)illocutionaryactistheconsequenceoforthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.
【Keys】:1.T
2.T
11.T
16.F
17.T
21.T
26.T
27.F二、Filleachoffollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.Thesharedknowledgewhichconstitutescontextisoftwotypes;theknowledgeofthel________theyuse,andtheknowledgeaboutthew_______,includingthegeneralknowledgeabouttheworldandspecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace.2.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu________,anditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyused.3.TheideaofPaulGriceisthatinmakingconversation,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtoc_______,otherwise,itwouldbeimpossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.Thegeneralprincipleiscalledthec________p_________,abbreviatedasCP.4.TherearefourmaximsundertheCP:themaximofquantity,themaximofq_________,themaximofrelationandthemaximofm____________.5.Themaximofrelationrequiresthatwhattheconversationparticipantssaymustber__________.6.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingmeaninginacertaincontext,p__________canberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.7.Ifc___________isnotconsidered,thestudyofmeaningisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics.8.Themeaningofanu__________isconcreteandcontext-dependent.9.Ani___________actistheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention.10.AccordingtoSeale,s__________actsfallintofivegeneralcategories.11.C__________arethosespeechactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction.12.Toasksomeonetopassabookisobviouslyad__________.13.AccordingtoPaulGrice,inmakingc__________theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate.14.Mostoftheviolationsofthefourmaximsgiverisetoc___________implicatures.15.ThesignificanceofGrice’sc___________principleliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveymorethanisliterallysaid.【Keys】:1.language,word
2.utterance
3.cooperate,CooperativePrinciple
4.quality,mannar
5.relevant
6.pragmatics
7.context
8.utterance9.illocutionary
10.speech
11.Commissive
12.dirextive
13.conversation
14.conversational
15.Cooperative三、Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.1.__________resultedmainlyfromtheeapansionofthestudyoflinguistics,especiallythatofsemantics.
A.Pragmatics
B.Pragmatism
C.Phonology
D.Practicalism2.Oncethenotionof_________wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspiiledintopragmatics.
A.meaning
B.context
C.form
D.content3.Ifasentenceisregardedaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomes_______.
A.asentence
B.anact
C.aunit
D.anutterance4.A___________analysisofanutterancewillrevealwhatthespeakerintendstodowithit.
A.semantic
B.syntactic
C.pragmatic
D.grammatical5._______acttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.
A.Speaking
B.Speech
C.Sound
D.Spoken6.______actistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.
A.Alocutionary
B.Anillocutionary
C.Aperlocutionary
D.Aspeech7.OneofthecontributionsSearlehasmadeishisclassificationof__________acts.
A.locutionary
B.illocutionary
C.perlocutionary
D.speech8.Theillocutionarypointof__________istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.
A.directives
B.commisives
C.expressives
D.declarations9.Alltheutterancethatcanbemadetoservethesamepurposemayvaryintheir_________form.
A.syntactic
B.semantic
C.grammatical
D.pragmatic10.ThecooperativePrincipleisproposedby________.
A.JohnSearle
B.JohnAustin
C.PaulGrice
D.JohnLyons11.Linguistsfoundthatitwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthe________oflanguageusewasleftunconsidered.
A.brevity
B.context
C.accuracy
D.noneoftheabove12.Ofthethreespeechacts,linguisticaremostinterestedinthe_________.
A.locutionaryact
B.perlocutionaryact
C.illocutionaryact
D.noneoftheabove13.Themaximofquantityrequires:___________.
A.makeyourcontributionadinformativeasrequired.
B.Donotmakecontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.
C.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.
D.BothAandB.14.Themaximofqualityrequireds:donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe________.
A.false
B.true
C.brief
D.orderly15.MostoftheviolationsofthemaximsoftheCPgiveriseto_______.
A.utterancemeaning
B.speechacttheory
C.conversationalimplicatures
D.alloftheabove.16.ThesignificanceofGrice’sCPliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconvey_________isliterallysaid.
A.morethan
B.lessthan
C.thesameas
D.noneoftheabove.【Keys】:1.A
2.B
3.D
4.C
5.B
6.C
7.B
8.C
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