资料分析参考

ManykindsofManykindsofinteraction•••••••••Formfill-inAugmentedandforHuman–ComputerunderstandforHuman–Computerunderstandyour•understandlimitations,capacities,tools,understandpsychological,socialhumanandtheirinteraction••Usability5humanfactorsUsability5humanfactorscentraltointerface•–TimetoHowlongdoesittakefortypicalmembersofthecommunitytolearnrelevanttask?SpeedofHowlongdoesittaketoperformrelevantbenchmarks?RateoferrorsbyusersHowmanyandwhatkindsoferrorsaremadeduringbenchmarktasks?Retention（保持力）overFrequencyofuseandeaseoflearningSubjectivesatisfactionAllowforuserfeedbackviainterviews,free-formcommentsandsatisfactionscales––––Designingfor•ExampleDesigningfor•Exampleairplane–Ifboosterpumpfailsturnonfuelvalve（燃油阀）within3seconds–Testsshowedittookatleastfivesecondstoactuallydoit!–HumanfactorsbecamecriticallyThe•Informationi/oThe•Informationi/o–visual,auditory,haptic,Informationstoredin•–sensory,short-term,long-•Informationprocessedand–reasoning,problemsolving,skill,EmotioninfluenceshumancapabilitiesEachpersonisdifferent••CoreCorecognitivePerceptionandrecognitionReading,speakingandProblem-solving,planning,reasoninganddecision-making,learning•••••TwoTwostagesinphysicalreceptionofprocessingandinterpretationofTheEye-TheEye-physical•mechanismforreceivinglightandtransformingitintoelectricalenergylightreflectsfromobjectsimagesarefocusedupside-downonretinacontainsrodsforlowlightvisionandconesforcolorvisionganglioncells神经节细胞detectpatternandmovement••••InterpretingtheInterpretingthe•Sizeandvisualangleindicateshowmuchofviewobjectoccupies(relatestosizeanddistancefromvisualacuityistheabilitytoperceivefamiliarobjectsperceivedasconstant(inspiteofchangesinvisualanglewhenfarcueslikeoverlappinghelpperceptionofsizeanddepthInterpretingthesignal•Interpretingthesignal•subjectivereactiontolevelsoflightaffectedbyluminanceofobjectmeasuredbyjustnoticeabledifferencevisualacuityincreaseswithluminanceasdoes––––•––––madeupofhue,intensity,saturationconessensitivetocolorwavelengthsblueacuityislowest8%malesand1%femalescolorcolorand••bothoftenusedcolorand••bothoftenusedvery––––oldermonitorslimitedcoloroverusedbecause‘itisbewarecolorusesparingly(保守的)toreinforce(加强other3Dgoodforphysicalinformationandsomebutifoverused•e.g.textin3Dpiebaduseofbaduseof•overuse-withoutverygoodreason(e.g.colourblindnesspooruseofcontrastdoadjustyourset!adjustyourmonitortogreyscanyoustillreadyour•••Interpretingthesignal•Interpretingthesignal•Thevisualsystemcompensateschangesin•Contextisusedtoresolve•Opticalillusions(视觉上的错觉sometimesoccurduetoovercompensationOpticalthePonzoillusion(OpticalthePonzoillusion(庞邹错觉theMullerLyerillusion•Severalvisualpattern•Severalvisualpatterndecodedusinginternalrepresentationofinterpretedusingknowledgeofsyntax(句法),semantics,pragmatics(语用学)–••••Readinginvolvessaccades(跳阅，扫视andfixationsPerceptionoccursduringfixationsWordshapeisimportanttorecognitionNegativecontrastimprovesreadingfromcomputerscreen•Providesinformationaboutdistances,directions,objectsPhysical•Providesinformationaboutdistances,directions,objectsPhysical•–outer––protectsinnerandamplifiestransmitssoundwavesasvibrations(震动)toinnerearchemicaltransmittersarereleasedandcauseimpulsesinauditorymiddle––inner–•––––––typeorHearing•HumansHearing•Humanscanhearfrequenciesfrom20Hzto15kHz(20kHz)–lessaccuratedistinguishinghighfrequencies•Auditorysystemfilters–canattendtosoundsoverbackground•••Providesimportantfeedback•••ProvidesimportantfeedbackaboutMaybekeysenseforsomeonewhoisvisuallyimpaired(受损的).Stimulusreceivedviareceptorsintheskin:–thermoreceptors(热感受器 –heatand––nociceptors(伤害感受器––(someinstant,someSomeareasmoresensitivethanotherse.g.fingers.Kinethesis(动觉)-awarenessofbodyposition–affectscomfortand••TimetakentoTimetakentorespondtoreactiontime+movementMovementtimedependentonage,fitnessetc.Reactiontime-dependentonstimulustype:•••–––~~150~Movement•Fitts'Movement•Fitts'Lawdescribesthetimetakentohitascreentarget:Mt=a+blog2(D/S+aandbareempiricallydeterminedconstantsMtismovementtimeDisSisSizeoftargetsaslargeaspossibledistancesassmallaspossibleSelectingthingsSelectingthingstoconcentrateonfromthemassaroundus,atapointintimeFocussedanddividedattentionenablesustobeselectiveintermsofthemassofcompetingstimulibutlimitsourabilitytokeeptrackofallevents–magiciansusethistotheirInformationattheinterfaceshouldbestructuredtocaptureusers’attention,e.g.useperceptualboundaries(windows),color,reversevideo,soundandflashing•••DesignimplicationsforDesignimplicationsfor••MakeinformationsalientwhenitneedsattendingUsetechniquesthatmakethingsstandoutlikecolor,ordering,spacing,underlining,sequencingandAexampleofcrisp,simpledesignAvoidusingtoomuchbecausethesoftwareallows••Anexampleofover-useofOurStatethebadBeclear,don’tAnexampleofover-useofOurStatethebadBeclear,don’ttrytoobscurethePerceptionandPerceptionand•Howinformationisacquiredfromtheworldandtransformedintoexperiences•Obviousimplicationistodesignrepresentationsthatarereadilyperceivable,Textshouldbelegible(清晰地IconsshouldbeeasytodistinguishandWhichiseasiesttoreadandWhichiseasiesttoreadandWhatistheWhatistheWhatistheWhatistheWhatistheTherearethreetypesTherearethreetypesofmemorySensoryShort-termmemoryorworkingLong-termInvolvesencodingInvolvesencodingandrecallingknowledgeandactingWedon’tremembereverything-involvesfilteringandContextisimportantinaffectingourWerecognizethingsmuchbetterthanbeingabletorecallTheriseoftheGUIovercommand-basedBetteratrememberingimagesthanTheuseoficonsratherthan•••••sensory•Bufferssensory•Buffersforstimulireceivedthroughiconic(图像的memory:visualechoic(拟声的，回声的)memory:aural(听觉的plieory:tactile(触觉的stereoContinuously••Short-termmemoryShort-termmemory•Scratch-pad(便笺式fortemporary–rapidaccess~rapiddecay(衰退)~–limitedcapacity-7±201210121414HECATRANUPTHETRTheproblemwithTheproblemwiththeclassic•GeorgeMiller’stheorycanrememberofhowmuchinformation••People’simmediatememorycapacityisveryManydesignershavebeenledtobelievethatthisisusefulfindingforinteractiondesignWhatsomedesignersgetupWhatsomedesignersgetup•••••Presentonly7optionsonamenuDisplayonly7iconsonatoolbarHavenomorethan7bulletsinalistPlaceonly7itemsonapulldownPlaceonly7tabsonthetopofawebsite–Butthisiswrong?••Inappropriate••InappropriateapplicationofthePeoplecanscanlistsofbullets,tabs,menuitemstilltheyseetheonetheywantTheydon’thavetorecallthemfrommemoryhavingonlybrieflyheardorseenthemSometimesasmallnumberofitemsisgooddesignButitdependsontaskandavailablescreenestate•••Long-termmemory•Repository(仓库forallLong-termmemory•Repository(仓库forallour–––slowaccess~1/10secondslowdecay,ifanyhugeorunlimited•Two–episodic(插曲式的，由一系列片段组成eventsof–serialmemory–semantic–structuredmemoryoffacts,concepts,semanticLTMderivedfromepisodicLong-termmemory•SemanticmemoryLong-termmemory•Semanticmemoryprovidesaccesstorepresentsrelationshipsbetweenbitsofsupports–•Model:semantic–inheritance(继承childnodesinheritpropertiesofparentnoddesrelationshipsbetweenbitsofinformationsupportsinferencethrough––LTMLTM-semanticModelsofModelsofLTM-ProductionRepresentationofproceduralCondition/actionifconditionisthenuseruletodetermineIFdogiswaggingtailTHENpat