高中英语语法-独立主格结构课件

一．独立主格结构独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中做的短语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

独立主格结构主要有两局部构成：逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。作为逻辑主语；现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语。状语名词或代词结构:名词/代词+非谓语〔doing&todo&done〕形容词&副词介词短语逻辑主语Takingyourageintoconsideration,You’dbetternotgohiking.Youragetakenintoconsideration,you’dbetternotgohiking.(逻辑主语you)(逻主yourage)(Ⅰ)名词/代词+分词(过去分词done

&现在分词doing)当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。一般位于句首,也可放在句尾;作伴随状语时,常放在句首。1.________________,theyleftthemeeting–room.〔问题解决了〕〔settle〕2.____________,we`llgothereonfoot.(时间允许的话)(permit)3.Hewaslyingonthegrass,(他的手交叉在头下)__________________________(cross)ThisproblemsettledTimepermittinghishandscrossedunderhishead.(Ⅱ)名词/代词+(being)形容词_________________,hehadtostayhometolookafterher.(他妈妈生病了)2.Heenteredthehouse,(他的鼻子冻得通红)___________________〔red〕(Ⅲ)名词／代词＋〔being)副词Heputonhissocks，_____________.〔反的一面在外面〕(out)Hismother(being)illhisnoseredwithcold.wrongsideout(Ⅳ)名词／代词＋不定式1.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest__inayear.A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed2.__________________________(最后一个人的到来)，ourpartywasstarted.（arrive）CThelastguesttoarrive〔Ⅴ〕名词／代词＋介词短语在这一结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，这些名词前习惯不用冠词。1.Ourteachercameintotheclassroom,_________________.(手上一本书)2.____________________thesoldierrushedtothetopofthemountain.(肩上一面旗帜〕bookinhandFlagonshoulder(Ⅵ)有些独立主格结构中没有分词，仅

在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语

的词或词组，省去的分词一般是being或havingbeen，这是为了简练。但在

“being+过去分词”或“therebeing＋

过去分词”结构中，being不可省。1.________________________,hewenttoschool.(早餐结束后)〔over〕2.__________________________________,shewentbacktoherroom.(没有闹钟的原因)3._____________________________,wecan‘tgothere.(房间正在被油漆)Breakfast(being)overTherebeingnocauseforalarmTheroombeingpaintednow二．With和without复合结构with+宾语+形容词副词名词介词短语v-ingv-edtodo主动、进行被动、完成将要发生逻辑主语〔Ⅰ〕with/without＋名词／代词＋现在分词。用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。Icouldn`tfinishmyworkwiththosechildren__.A.playingaroundB.playsaroundC.playedaroundD.toplayaroundA1.,theweatherisbecominghotterandhotter.随着夏天的到来，天气越来越热。2.

，shefeltabituneasy.老师站在旁边，她觉得有点不自然。WithsummercomingWiththeteacherstandingbeside活学巧用(Ⅱ)with/without名词／代词+过去分词。用过去分词表示被动或已完成的动作。Inthereading-room,wefoundherseatedatadesk,withherattention__

onabook.A.fixingB.fixesC.fixedD.tofixC1.

,shefeltgreatlyrelieved.工作完成了，她大大地松了一口气。2.

,helooksmuchyounger.理了头发，他显得年轻多了。WiththeworkdoneWithhishaircut活学巧用(Ⅲ)with/without＋名词／代词＋不定式。用不定式表示将要发生的动作。

1.Withalotofdifficultproblems__,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled

C2.因为有太多的作业要做，所以我们不能出去玩。Withsomuchworktodo,wecan’tgoouttoplay.(Ⅳ)with/without＋名词／代词＋形容词。

Shesleepswiththewindowopen.她开着窗户睡觉.她父母死了，那女孩只好辍学。Withherparentsdead,thegirlhadtoleaveschool.

(V)with/without+名词／代词＋介词短语。

1.Hesleeps.(手上拿着一本书〕2.Agirlgotonthebus.〔脖子上带着条项链〕withabookinhishand.withanecklacearoundherneckThegirllookedupwithtearsinhereyes.

那女孩眼泪汪汪地抬起头。(ⅤI)with/without+名词／代词＋副词。__

productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A.AsB.ForC.WithD.ThroughC1.Thesquarelooksmorebeautiful

.所有的灯都亮时，广场显得更加美丽。

,Tombecomesmorenaughty.父母不在，汤姆变得更淘气。活学巧用withallthelightson2.Withhisparentsaway三．with和without复合结构

与独立主格结构的转化〔Ⅰ〕with和without复合结构与独立主格结构在句中作状语时，一般可相互转换；此外还可变为状语从句或并列句。〔１〕作时间状语Withwintercomingon,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.=Wintercomingon,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.=Whenwintercomeson,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.〔２〕作原因状语

Withthekeylost,shecouldnotentertheroom.

=Thekeylost,shecouldnotentertheroom.

=As/Becausethekeyhadbeenlost,shecouldnotentertheroom.(3)作条件状语

Withtimepermitting,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.

=Timepermitting,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.

=Iftimepermits,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.(4)作伴随状语

Herearethefirstthreevolumeswiththefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.

=Herearethefirstthreevolumes,thefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.=Herearethefirstthreevolumesandthefourthoneiscomingoutnextmonth.

(Ⅱ)with和without复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结

构那么不可作后置定语修饰名词。

Soonshearrivedataparkwithgrassgreenandflowersinblossom.

=Soonshearrivedataparkwhose

grasswasgreenandwhoseflowerswereinblossom.1.__

tenminutes__

beforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedatthestation.A.Therewere;togoB.With;togoC.Iwas;leftD.Ithad;left2.Theladysaidshewouldbuyagiftforherdaughterwiththe__.A.20dollarsremainedB.20dollarstoremainC.remained20dollarsD.remaining20dollars3.__

thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.A.UntilB.AsC.WithD.Because活学巧用4.Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied__

hisworkunfinished.A.forB.withC.fromD.of5.Theweather__

sobad,wehadtoputoffthefootballmatch.A.wasB.isC.wereD.being6.__,therunnersracedontothefinishingline.A.StickinhandB.WithastickinhishandC.SticksinhandD.Sticksinhands7.Theboylayontheground,hiseyes__

andhishands__.A.beingclosed;tremblingB.closed;tremblingC.closed;trembledD.closing;trembled

8.__,theworkcanbedonemuchbetter.A.GivenmoretimeB.WehadbeengivenmoretimeC.MoretimegivenD.Ifmoretimehadgiven9.Weather__,

thesportsmeetwillbeheldasscheduled.A.permitsB.willpermitC.topermitD.permitting10.__

arainyday,hedidn`tgooutforawalkasusual.A.ItwasB.ItisC.ItbeingD.Havingbeen非谓语动词是高中语法的重点，也是难点，咱们常常对此感到头疼。其实只要理解并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点，做起题来会很轻松。熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后，做题时可分四步分析。

指点迷津一、分析句子结构

1.________manytimes,buthestillcouldn'tunderstandit.

2.___

manytimes,hestillcouldn'tunderstandit.

A.HavingbeentoldB.Told

C.HewastoldD.Thoughhetold

CA二、分析逻辑主语

确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。假设不一致，那么须加上自己的逻辑主语。

1.________nobuses,wehavetowalkhome.

2.______SundayIshallhaveaquietdayathome.TherebeingB.ItwereC.TherewereD.Itbeing

AD三、分析语态

分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。

1.______fromspace,theearthlooksblue.

2.______fromspace,wecanseetheearthisblue.A.SeenB.SeeingC.ToseeD.See

AB四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。

1.Thebuilding______nowwillbearestaurant.

2.Thebuilding______nextyearwillbearestaurant.

3.Thebuilding______lastyearisarestaurant.

A.havingbeenbuiltB.tobebuilt

C.beingbuiltD.built

CBD看看独立主格结构和其他句式的结合1.Hehadalotoffriends,onlyafewof_________invitedtohiswedding.

A.whom

B.them

C.which

D.who

【陷阱】容易误选A，认为这是非限制性定语从句。

(1)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,noneof_________carriedoutintheirwork.

A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that

(2)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,noneof_________werecarriedoutintheirwork.

A.which

B.them

C.what

D.that

(3)Theyputforwardalotofplansatthemeeting,butnoneof_____