阅读理解的结构化整理（说明文1）-学生版

阅读理解的结构化整理（说明文1）一、说明文结构1.总分式（1）总分（无结尾）：《苏州园林》（2）总分总：《故宫博物馆》（3）分总2.并列式文章没有主次轻重之分：《论读书》，三个部分分别谈到了读书的目的、读书的方法、读书的好处。3.连贯式各层之间按照事物发展过程安排层次，（时间为线索）前后互相承接。4.递进式各层之间的关系是由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质。各层之间的关系是递进的。如《向沙漠进军》。递进结构的主要形式有：①现象——本质；②特点——用途；③原因——结果；④整体——部分；⑤主要——次要；⑥概括——具体。二、说明一项发明或发现结构分析典例分析（2022·吉林·东北师范大学）Ajointresearchteamrecentlyhavedevelopedanewelectronicskinthatissimilartohumanskininstrength,durabilityandsensitivity.Theskinoreskinmayplayanimportantroleinnextgenerationpersonalizedmedicine,softroboticsandartificialintelligence.“Theidealeskinwillmimic(模仿)themanynaturalfunctionsofhumanskin,suchassensingtemperatureandtouch,accuratelyandinrealtime,”saysleadingresearcherYichenCai.However,makingsuitablyflexibleelectronicsthatcanperformsuchdelicatetaskswhilealsousedrepeatedlyischallenging,andeachmaterialinvolvedmustbecarefullyengineered.Mosteskinsaremadebyputtinganactivesensoronthesurfacethatattachestohumanskin.However,theconnectionbetweenthemisoftentooweak,whichreducesthedurabilityandsensitivityofthematerial;otherwise,ifitistoostrong,itwon’tbeflexibleenough,makingitmorelikelytobreakthecircuit.“Thelandscapeofskinelectronicskeepsshiftingataremarkablepace,”saysCai.“Thediscoveryof2Dsensorshasacceleratedeffortstoturnthesequitethinbutstrongmaterialsintofunctional,durableartificialskins.”Thenewmanmadeskinbuiltbytheresearcherscouldsenseobjectsfrom20centimetersaway.Itcouldfurthermakeaquickresponsewhentouchedinlessthanonetenthofasecond.“Itisastrikingachievementforaneskintomaintaintoughnessafterrepeateduse,”saidShen,“whichmimicsthesoftnessandrapidrecoveryofhumanskin.”Thistypeofeskincouldmonitorarangeofbiologicalinformation,suchaschangesinbloodpressure,whichcanbedetectedfrommovementsofarmsandlegs.ThisdatacanthenbesharedandstoredonthecloudviaWiFi.“Oneremainingproblemtothewidespreaduseofeskinsliesinmassproductionofhighresolutionsensors,”addsgroupleaderVincentTung,“however,thelatesttechnologyoffersnewpromise.”（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：（6）第六段：（7）第七段：1．What’sthefeatureoftheneweskin?A．It’sflexibleandsensitive. B．Itisalmostthesameashumanskin.C．Ithasfragileelectronics. D．IthasprovedimportantinareaslikeAI.2．Whatcantheneweskindo？A．Itcanrapidlyreacttotouches. B．Itcanchangehuman’sbloodpressure.C．Itcanhealthewoundedskinquickly. D．Itcanadjusthuman'stemperature.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“striking”inparagraph5probablymean？A．Slight. B．Noticeable. C．Wellknown. D．Insignificant.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ABreakthroughinHighTechnology B．ManmadeSkinImprovedC．Eskin,aPromisingBusiness D．TheWideSpreadUseofEskin实战演练（一）（2022·四川·成都外国语学校）Happinessisnotawarmphone,accordingtoanewstudyexploringthelinkbetweenyounglifesatisfactionandscreentime.ThestudywasledbyprofessorofpsychologyJeanM.TwengeatSanDiegoStateUniversity(SDSU).Toresearchthislink,Twenge,alongwithcolleaguesGabrielleMartinatSDSUandW.KeithCampbellattheUniversityofGeorgia,dealtwithdatafromtheMonitoringtheFuture(MtF)study,anationallyrepresentativesurveyofmorethanamillionU.S.8th,10th,and12thgraders.ThesurveyaskedstudentsquestionsabouthowoftentheyspenttimeontheirPhones,tabletsandputers,aswellasquestionsabouttheirfacetofacesocialinteractionsandtheiroverallhappiness.Onaveragefoundthatteenswhospentmoretimeinfrontofscreendevices—playingputergames,usingsocialmedia,textingandvideochatting—werelesshappythanthosewhoinvestedmoretimeinnonscreenactivitieslikesports,readingnewspapersandmagazines,andfacetofacesocialinteractions."Thekeytodigitalmediauseandhappinessislimiteduse,"Twengesaid."Aimtospendnomorethantwohoursadayondigitalmedia,andtrytoincreasetheamountoftimeyouspendseeingfriendsfacetofaceandexercising—twoactivitiesreliablylinkedtogreaterhappiness."Lookingathistoricaltrendsfromthesameagegroupssincethe1990s,it'seasytofindthattheincreaseofscreendevicesovertimehappenedatthesametimeasageneraldropoffinreportedhappinessinU.S.teens.Specifically,youngpeopledlifesatisfactionandhappinessdeclinedsharplyafter2012.That'stheyearwhenthepercentageofAmericanswhoownedasmartphoneroseabove50percent.Byfarthelargestchangeinteens'livesbetween2012and2016wastheincreaseintheamountoftimetheyspentondigitalmedia,andthefollowingdeclineininpersonsocialactivitiesandsleep.（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：1．WhichmethoddidTwenge'steamuseforthestudy?A．Calculatingstudents'happiness.B．Askingstudentscertainquestions.C．Analyzingdatafromasurvey.D．Doingexperimentsonscreentime.2．Howdoestheauthordevelopthefindingofthestudyinparagraph3?A．Bymakingaparison. B．Bygivinganexample.C．Bymakinganargument. D．Byintroducingaconcept.3．Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A．Todrawaconclusionfromthestudy.B．Tooffersomeadvicetothereaders.C．Toprovesocialactivities'importance.D．Tosupporttheresearchers'finding.4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．QuittingPhonesEqualsHappinessB．ScreenTimeShouldBeBannedC．Teens'LivesHaveChangedSharplyD．ScreenaddictedTeensAreUnhappier（二）（2022·江苏·南京一模）Virtualrealtycanimprovebrainactivitythatmaybecrucialforleaning,memoryandeventreatingAlzheimer’s,astudyonratshasfound.Aftermonitoringtherats’brainactivity,researchersfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaLosAngelesdiscoveredelectricalactivityinaregionknownasthehippocampusneurons(海马体神经元)differeddependingonwhethertheratswereplacedinrealworldorVRenvironments.Thenewfindingsaresignificantasthehippocampusisaprimarydriveroflearningandmemoryinthebrain.Whenratswalkaroundinreallife,electricalactivityinthehippocampusappearstosynchronize(同步发生)atarateofeightheartbeatspersecond.Heartbeatsatthisfrequencyaregenerallyknownas“theta(Ѳ)waves”,withstrongerѲwavesseemingtoimprovethebrain'sabilitytolearnandkeepsensoryinformation.WhenplacedinaVRenvironment,therat’sѲwavesbecamestronger.“Itturnsoutthatamazingthingshappenwhentheratisinvirtualreality”saidProfMayankMehtafromUCLA．ThescientistsalsofoundthatVRenvironmentscouldchangedifferentelectricalrhythms(节律)indifferentpartsoftheneurons,whichindicatesthatscientistsmaybeabletocontrolhumanbrainrhythms.“Thisisanewtechnologythathasgreatpotential,”Mehtasaid.ThestudyalsoindicateswhyVRmaystimulatetheseuniquebrainwaves.Abigpartofit,Mehtaputs,maybedowntotheverydifferentsetofstimulipresentedinVR.Imaginethatyou’reapproachingadoorwayinreallife.Youreyesseethedoorgettinglarger.Buthowdoyouknowthatyou’removingforwardandthedoorisn’tingtoyou?Theansweristhatyourbrainusesinformationsuchastheaccelerationofyourheadthroughspaceortheshiftofweightfromonefoottotheother－informationthatmaynotbepresentduringaVRexperience.（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：（6）第六段：1．Accordingtothepassage,whyarethenewfindingsimportant?A．VR’scontributionstoleaninghavefinallybeenidentified.B．VRcanaffectelectricalactivityinthehippocampusneurons.C．VRproducesthesameeffectsonbrainsasrealenvironments.D．VRislikelytobeeanotherdriverforlearningandmemory.2．WhatcanwelearnaboutѲwaves?A．Theydon’trespondtodifferentbrainrhythms.B．Theyremainstableindifferentenvironments.C．Theyaffecthowhumanperceiveknowledge.D．Theyhavelittletodowiththerateofheartbeats.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph5referto?A．Thepotentialofthenewtechnology.B．Thecontrolofhumanbrainrhythms.C．Thechangeindifferentpartsofneurons.D．Thestimulationoftheuniquebrainwaves.4．HowdoestheauthorintroduceVR’sdifferentsetofstimuli?A．Byconductingfurthertestsonrats. B．Byparingdifferentenvironments.C．Byprovidingadetailedanalysis D．ByexplainingthetheoryofVR.（三）（2022·贵州贵阳·五校联考）Sometimesmaybeyoutakevitaminstosupportbrainfunction,orstockuponfoodsthatpromotebrainhealth.Butnewguidelines(指南)fromtheAmericanAcademyofNeurologysuggesttherearebetterthingsyoucandotokeepyourmindsharp.AccordingtotheAAN,oneinfouradultsbetweentheagesof80and84havemildcognitiveimpairment.Toaddressthiswidespreadproblem,agroupofneurologistsandAlzheimer’s(阿尔兹海默症的)expertswentthroughexistingresearchtodeterminethebestwaystopreventandtreatcognitivedeclineandyoumightbesurprisedbywhattheyincludedandwhattheydidn’t.Surprisingly,theAANguidelinesdonotincludeanymedication(药物)ordietaryremendations.Theauthorsstressthatnohighqualitylongtermstudiesfindingthatfoodordrugscanhelpwithcognitivedecline.Theguidelinesalsosaydoctorsmayconsiderremendingcognitivetrainingtopatientswithmemoryloss,butnottorelyonit.Sofar,thereport’sauthorssaytheevidenceistooinconclusivetosayforsureifbrainexercises,likememoryandattentiontrainingorproblemsolvingforeverydayissuesassociatedwithmemoryloss,arebeneficial.Still,thesemorningbrainexercisescan’tdoanyharm.Buttherewasonebigdiscoveryfromthenewguidelines:exercisingjusttwiceaweekcouldimprovecognitivedecline.Onestudyshowedadultswithmildcognitiveimpairmentwhodidresistancetrainingtwiceaweekscoredbetteronexecutivefunctionandassociative(联想的)memoryteststhanagroupthatworkedonbalancing,stretching,andrelaxing.What’smore,anotherstudyhadolderadultsattendeitherbiweeklyhealthclassesorsessionsofaerobics,strengthtrainingbalanceexercises,andmultitaskingtraining.Sixmonthslater,theoneswho’dexercisedregularlyscoredbetteroncognitivehealthandmemorytests,plushadlessbrainshrinkage.TheAANnowremendsthatdoctorstellpatientswithmemorylosstoexercisetwiceaweektokeeptheirmindsclear.Ifyouwanttoimproveyourmemory,thisisthebesttimetoexercise.Itlookslikeyou’vegotjustonemorereasontocleartimeinyourscheduleforaworkoutevenifit’sonlyontheweekends.（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：（6）第六段：1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“impairment”inParagraph2referto?A．Decline. B．Error. C．Development. D．Presence2．ANNmaybeuncertainabout__________.A．strengthtraining B．resistancetrainingC．brainexercise D．exercisestwiceaweek3．Whichofthefollowingmaytheauthoragreewith?A．Patientswithmemorylosscanrelyoncognitivetraining.B．Stockinguponvitaminssupportingbrainpowermeansnothing.C．MedicationisofsignificanceintheAANguidelines.D．TheAANguidelinesattachimportancetoexercise.4．Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Exercise. B．Entertainment. C．Health. D．Science.（四）（2022·河南·郑州）Starch(淀粉)isthemainponentofflour,riceandcornamongothers,whilecarbondioxidemakesupthevastmajorityofgreenhousegases.Oneday,humansmaybeableto“eat”carbondioxide,andglobalwarmingcouldbe“eatenaway”bycarbonlovers.Althoughitsoundswild,thedayising.Chinesescientistshavecreatedstarchusingcarbondioxide,hydrogenandelectricity,accordingtoastudypublishedinScienceinSeptember,2021.“Plantscreatestarchthroughphotosynthesis(光合作用),whichisaplexandinefficient(效率低得)process,”MaYanhe,thedirectoroftheTianjinInstituteofIndustrialBiotechnologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,toldChinaDaily.Headdedthatitwouldtakeaplantabout60stepstoturncarbondioxide,waterandsunlightintostarch.“Ourbreakthroughshowsthatmakingstarchisachievableinalab.Thismethodmakesitpossibletoproducefoodinfactoriesandtherearemanyindustriesthatcanbenefitfromthistechnology,”MatoldChinaDaily.Theteamhasbeenworkingontheprocessfor6years.“Thefirststepofthemethodistoconvertcarbondioxideandhydrogenintomethanol(甲醇),whichisamolecule(分子)thatcontainsasinglecarbonatom,”CaiTao,oneofthefirstauthorsofthestudy,toldChinaDaily.Scientiststhenpiecethesesinglecarbonmoleculesintobiggerandmoreplexmolecules.Withthehelpofsuperputing,Chinesescientistshavesimplifiedthenaturalstarchmakingproce